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Anthropology
Q:
One byproduct of colonial dealings with indigenous peoples has been the growth of _____ and the use of anthropological techniques and knowledge for certain "practical" ends.
a. applied anthropology
b. ethnography
c. ethnology
d. quantitative anthropology
e. qualitative anthropology
Q:
Which of the following statements about the Yanomami is incorrect?
a. The Yanomami were repeatedly assaulted by miners and cattle ranchers wanting their natural resources.
b. The various invaders into Yanomami territory introduced sexually transmitted diseases and alcoholism.
c. Prior to the arrival of missionaries and foreign traders, the Yanomami did not have to deal with cultural change.
d. The Brazilian state sent in military units to protect the miners as they torched large swathes of forestland.
e. In the late 1960s, a measles epidemic killed hundreds of Yanomami.
Q:
Ethnocide is represented by each of the following except:
a. systematic killing of men, women, and children among Native American populations during the Anglo-European settling of New England.
b. decimation of the Kung population as the result of disease.
c. movement of hunting and gathering peoples from their jungle environment to land that they are expected to farm.
d. resettlement of groups that were formerly enemies to the same reservation.
e. development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation.
Q:
The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity is called
a. genocide.
b. ethnocide.
c. homicide.
d. extinction.
e. acculturation.
Q:
As a result of prolonged first-hand contact between societies A and B, which of the following is least likely to occur?
a. The cultures of A and B might fuse, becoming a single culture with elements of both.
b. Society A might retain its distinctive culture, but lose its autonomy and come to survive as a subculture, such as a caste or ethnic group.
c. Society A might be wiped out by society B, with only a few scattered refugees living as members of the dominant society.
d. Societies A and B would each retain their distinctive cultures living side by side in peace, harmony, and prosperity.
e. Society B might be entirely destroyed by society A.
Q:
Acculturation differs from other types of processes of change because it always involves an element of
a. improvement.
b. progress.
c. coercion.
d. innovation.
e. religious change.
Q:
When two societies with different cultures come into prolonged, first-hand contact, and one or both of these societies experience major processes of change, it is called
a. diffusion.
b. acculturation.
c. innovation.
d. syncretism.
e. juxtaposition.
Q:
According to Stephen Jay Gould, "Wheels, like wings, fins, and brains, are exquisite devices for certain purposes, not signs of intrinsic superiority." Which of the following statements about the use of the wheel in the Middle East is correct?
a. Wheels were never appropriate vehicles in the Middle East and were never used there; camels have been used as beasts of burden since before Biblical times.
b. Wheels have always been used in the Middle East, as they are the most appropriate vehicle for traveling across deserts and were first invented there.
c. Wheels were once widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century A.D., had been replaced by camels because the Roman roads had deteriorated and the camel was more suitable to the uneven terrain.
d. Camels were once widespread throughout the Middle East during Biblical times, but as civilization advanced, were replaced by vehicles that made use of the wheel.
e. Wheels were never introduced to the Middle East until the modern era. However, they were the first to use trains and other forms of rapid transportation.
Q:
In Biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century, the old Roman roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This illustrates that the processes of change is sometimes due to
a. primary innovation.
b. secondary innovation.
c. diffusion.
d. cultural loss.
e. revitalization.
Q:
Which system was adopted widely as a result of the French military expansion under Napoleon?
a. Monarchy
b. Democracy
c. Metric
d. Decimal
e. Dewey decimal
Q:
In 1493, Christopher Columbus introduced Europe to the American plant
a. potatoes.
b. wheat.
c. coffee.
d. maize.
e. tobacco.
Q:
Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect?
a. Usually, cultures borrow selections that are most compatible with their existing culture.
b. The extent of cultural borrowing varies enormously.
c. Diffusion occurs consistently over time.
d. Cultures often adapt borrowed elements.
e. Cultures may undergo rapid change as a result of diffusion.
Q:
According to the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton, about 90% of any culture's content comes from
a. primary innovation.
b. diffusion.
c. invention.
d. syncretism.
e. revolution.
Q:
The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called a(n)
a. diffusion principle.
b. primary innovation.
c. modernization.
d. integrative mechanism.
e. secondary innovation.
Q:
Anthropologist Eric Wolf did all of the following except:
a. worked tirelessly on behalf of applied anthropology.
b. did extensive research on peasants.
c. focused intently on promoting ethics in anthropological research.
d. studied the transformative impact of capitalism on traditional societies.
e. explored how ideas and power are connected through the medium of culture.
Q:
One of the first and most prominent anthropologists to focus on these worldwide transformations was
a. Franz Boas.
b. Eric Wolf.
c. Laura Nader.
d. William Jankowiak.
e. John Swetnam.
Q:
The chance discovery of some new principle that can be applied in a variety of ways is called a(n)
a. primary innovation.
b. primary syncretism.
c. applied anthropology.
d. cultural adaptation.
e. secondary innovation.
Q:
All of the following statements about cultural change are correct except:
a. all cultures are capable of adapting to changing conditions.
b. not all change is positive or adaptive.
c. all cultures are equally well equipped for making adjustments in a timely way.
d. sometimes the pace of culture change increases dramatically.
e. elements of a culture may persist for long periods of time.
Q:
Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called
a. syncopation.
b. irregular repetition.
c. polyrhythm.
d. pentatonality.
e. tone color.
Q:
Which musical system divides the octave into five nearly equidistant tones?
a. Octave
b. Pentatonic
c. Natural
d. Tonal
e. Formless
Q:
The study of music in its cultural setting is called
a. ethnohistory.
b. ethnomusicology.
c. ethnography.
d. folklore.
e. verbal arts.
Q:
Rarely has a culture been reported to lack any kind of music. Bone flutes and whistles have been found by archaeologists that date back approximately how many years ago?
a. 10,000
b. 33,000
c. 42,000
d. 57,000
e. 100,000
Q:
The "little songs" of the Bedouin are an outlet for taboo thoughts because they
a. are heroic poems.
b. are elaborately structured and used on ceremonial occasions.
c. are sung by men only.
d. express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system.
e. are sung by older women only.
Q:
Americans are familiar with the story of Cinderella. Similar stories may be found throughout the world: a poor, beautiful girl, downtrodden by her stepmother, receives supernatural aid to win the hand of a noble prince who is searching for a bride. Although the circumstances differ (the girl may be a rural peasant or a servant in a great house, the supernatural helper may be a fairy godmother or a goldfish, the prince may belong to European feudalism or the Aztec empire), all the stories exhibit the same basic
a. motif.
b. tonality.
c. legend.
d. mythological structure.
e. epic.
Q:
Your text describes a type of narrative found in many cultures in which a peasant father and his son, while traveling with their beast of burden, meet a number of people who criticize them. What is the motif?
a. The "motif" refers to the psychological motives of the characters in a story, in this case, the desire of the son to do better than his father.
b. The "motif" is meant to be the historical background to the story, in this case, the history of exploitation of the peasantry.
c. The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case, a father and son trying to please everyone.
d. The "motif" is meant to be the physical environment in which the story occurs, in this case, the yam gardens of Ghana.
e. The "motif" refers to the economic background, in this case, feudalism.
Q:
Most of the situation comedies, soap operas, and adventure series shown on television are non-religious, non-historical, and appreciated primarily as a source of entertainment. Thus they may be classified as what kind of verbal arts?
a. Dramas
b. Legends
c. Myths
d. Epics
e. Tales
Q:
Which of the following is typically found in preliterate societies with a form of state political organization, serving to transmit and preserve a culture's legal and political precedents and practices?
a. Epics
b. Legends
c. Myths
d. Tales
e. Sagas
Q:
Semi-historical narratives that account for the deeds of heroes, the movements of peoples, and the establishment of local customs are called
a. myths.
b. legends.
c. epics.
d. tales.
e. dramas.
Q:
In a literate society, the function of legends has been largely taken over by
a. psychology.
b. anthropology.
c. sociology.
d. history.
e. political science.
Q:
In the myth of Tabaldak and Odziozo, Tabaldak first created the Abenakis from stone, and then from living wood. What does this tell us about the functions of myths?
a. Myths function to tell actual history; the Abenakis believe that they were originally made of wood.
b. Myths bring humor into the lives of the Abenakis because they are so ridiculous.
c. Myths function primarily to provide entertainment; the Abenakis know they were not made from wood, but like to tell this story to visiting anthropologists who are so gullible.
d. Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone.
e. Myths provide knowledge of woodworking and stonemasonry to the Abenakis.
Q:
The narratives that make up the verbal arts include all of the following except:
a. paintings.
b. legends.
c. myths.
d. tales.
e. epics.
Q:
Legends, rhymes, jokes, chants, and dramas are all examples of which kind of art?
a. Narrative
b. Dramatic
c. Visual
d. Performative
e. Verbal
Q:
Anthropologists prefer to use the term verbal arts rather than the term folklore because
a. the term folklore is used only by linguists; the term verbal arts is used only by anthropologists.
b. the term verbal arts sounds more sophisticated.
c. the term verbal arts is more scientific.
d. the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use.
e. the term folklore refers only to fairy tales.
Q:
The interpretive approach to rock art among the Bushmen and all over southern Africa indicates a significant influence of
a. hierarchical classes.
b. egalitarianism.
c. shamanism.
d. hunting and gathering.
e. spiritual lineage.
Q:
Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance identified as a(n)
a. acid base inhibitor.
b. acid.
c. alkaloid.
d. barbiturate.
e. phosphate.
Q:
Peyote art is a traditional form among the
a. Cheyenne.
b. Hurok.
c. Huichol.
d. Chumash.
e. Comanche.
Q:
During the first stage of trance,
a. the shamans dance and invite others to participate.
b. individuals experience iconic images and feel as if they are one with the deity.
c. the individual does not initially experience an altered state.
d. the nervous system generates patterns of dots, zigzags, curves, and lines.
e. the individual begins to make sense of abstract forms based on cultural knowledge.
Q:
Which of the following is not a common depiction of Bushmen rock art?
a. Hunting scenes
b. Women
c. Drums
d. Trance dancers
e. Fly whisks
Q:
The Bushmen use many natural minerals and materials for their rock art. Which of the following is not a commonly used material?
a. Bicarbonate
b. Gypsum
c. Ferric oxide
d. Blood
e. Silica
Q:
All of the following statements about tattoos are correct except:
a. tattoos are transformed into fine art through redefinition and framing based on formal and ideological qualities.
b. tattoos were first brought to the U.S. by British Captain John Smith from the Pacific.
c. tattoos can function as a mark of affiliation and identity for the bearer.
d. there are class distinctions in tattoos and tattoo art.
e. tattoos have long been one of the simplest ways of identifying the human as a social being.
Q:
Tattoos are universal forms of body art that may initially date as far back as how many years ago?
a. 10,000-40,000
b. 40,000-75,000
c. 5,000-10,000
d. 60,000-70,000
e. 10,000-12,000
Q:
Tattoos communicate through all of the following except:
a. manner of execution.
b. verbal words.
c. style.
d. sign-to-meaning correspondence.
e. color.
Q:
What interesting cultural substitution is in the Marcos Zapata painting of The Last Supper (ca. 1710-1773)?
a. Instead of wine, the disciples are drinking beer
b. The men are dressed in ponchos and wearing Andean hats
c. Instead of sitting at a table, they are eating on the floor
d. Instead of eating sheep, they are eating guinea pig
e. Jesus is an Andean woman instead of a Jewish man
Q:
If the animal figures on a Haida totem are highly stylized and represent only the most basic forms of animals, then the totem would be considered as
a. representational.
b. abstract.
c. narrative.
d. symbolic.
e. performative.
Q:
Weavings, etchings, rock carvings, and tattoos are all classified as which kind of art?
a. Visual
b. Verbal
c. Musical
d. Performative
e. Transformative
Q:
All of the following are approaches that anthropologists bring to the study of art except:
a. narrative approach.
b. interpretive approach.
c. aesthetic approach.
d. cataloguing and description of art.
e. assessing the economic value.
Q:
The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure suggests all of the following except:
a. humans may have an innate or acquired need to produce art.
b. the human mind requires the stimulation of imaginative play, and art is a basic expression.
c. all societies, from food-foraging bands to industrial states, include art in their culture.
d. art is a necessary activity in which all normal, active members of society participate.
e. art is a very specialized activity that likely led to the creation of distinct classes in society.
Q:
All peoples engage in artistic behavior as they use their imagination creatively to interpret, understand, and even enjoy life. The archaeological record suggests that humans have produced art for how many years?
a. 250,000
b. 150,000
c. 80,000
d. 40,000
e. 10,000
Q:
When ideas are promoted by artful means and dramatically staged to challenge opinions, it is called
a. staged art.
b. culinary art.
c. domestic art.
d. performance art.
e. narrative art.
Q:
Whether beneficial or unbeneficial, all art is an expression of
a. the innate need to be playful and engage in manual arts.
b. a fundamental human capacity for symbolic and religious expression.
c. state-level societies that can afford specialists.
d. political domination of minorities by elites.
e. the symbolic representation of form and the expression of creative imagination.
Q:
In the United States, numerous examples exist of marginalized social and ethnic groups attempting to gain a larger audience and more compassion for their plight through song. Perhaps no better example exists than African Americans, who were brought to the New World as slaves. Discuss the influence their experience has had on this country's music.
Q:
Explain the relationship of art to globalization and cultural survival.
Q:
What are the functions of art? Name, discuss, and give examples for at least five functions. Be creative as you develop this discussion and think of examples from your own life.
Q:
Explain the function of music as a verbal and musical cultural art form.
Q:
Provide examples from any part of the world that support the notion that there is a link between art and cultural survival.
Q:
What is the role of symbolism in art?
Q:
Anthropological interest in tales centers in part on the fact that their distribution provides evidence of cultural contacts or cultural isolation. Using examples from your text, as well as some of your own, explain.
Q:
Anthropological interest in art goes beyond the appreciation of beauty in its many various forms. Explain why anthropologists are interested in art and how that interest has contributed to the understanding of cultures. Give two specific examples to illustrate your points.
Q:
Explain how class and status have come to define the once working-class art form of tattooing.
Q:
Art can and does play a role in indigenous rights efforts. Explain art's role in indigenous people's efforts to gain their rights.
Q:
Art in all its forms has countless functions beyond providing aesthetic pleasure. Discuss some of the functions of art.
Q:
Art and religion are often intertwined, sometimes identical. Give some examples of how spiritual and artistic enterprises are related, and discuss the issues involved in understanding and explaining them.
Q:
Laura Bohannan, in a classic essay called "Shakespeare in the Bush," describes the problems she had in conveying an appreciation of Hamlet to the Tiv of Nigeria. She eventually realized that, far from being universalistic and transcendent, even great art is to some extent culture-bound. Is there any possibility of coming up with aesthetic standards that are applicable cross-culturally? Would some works of art be recognizable as better than others to people outside of their cultures of origin?
Q:
Many famous biographies or novels about artists in the West stress the individual creativity of the artist (for example, James Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man). Artists are portrayed as people who have the vision to rise above and beyond the social and cultural conditions into which they were born, sometimes even crossing the boundaries of normality as typically defined by society. How is this vision different from the concept of the artist held by many non-Western societies?
Q:
Why is art important to human society?
Q:
What is the haka, and how is it used?
Q:
How have the Australian aborigines used art to preserve their culture?
Q:
Briefly explain the social and cultural significance of the bagpipes as a musical art form that creates identity.
Q:
What is ethnomusicology?
Q:
Give an illustration of the social function of music.
Q:
Why is art important to human society? Name and discuss at least four functions of art.
Q:
As one organizing factor in music, whether regular of irregular, rhythm may be more important than tonality. Explain why this is so.
Q:
Why are anthropologists interested in the distribution of tales? What does this reveal?
Q:
What is a motif? Explain this by giving an example.
Q:
Distinguish the anthropological use of the term "myth" from its popular meaning.
Q:
What are the major types of verbal arts studied by anthropologists?
Q:
What is peyote art, and where is it found?
Q:
Distinguish between the entoptic phenomena and the iconic images of trance.
Q:
What are the three stages of trance? Explain each.
Q:
What effects has shamanism had on rock art throughout southern Africa?