Q&A Hero

Q: In which of the following circumstances would you expect to find the custom of bride price? a. A bride and groom leave the community after marriage and set up their own household in a distant city or village area b. A bride and groom go to live with the bride's people c. A bride and groom go to live with the groom's people d. A bride and groom go to live with the bride's mother's brother e. A bride and groom live in separate houses and do not cohabitate

Q: The period of time that a groom spends in service to the bride's family as a form of economic exchange for marriage is called a. a leveling mechanism. b. marriage transaction. c. bride service. d. bride wealth. e. dowry.

Q: Under cross-cousin marriage, the sister's son is also the a. brother's daughter's husband. b. mother's sister's son. c. husband's cousin. d. father's brother's aunt. e. sister's son's son.

Q: Among which group do same-sex marriages provide acceptable positions in society for individuals who might otherwise be marginalized? a. Zulu b. Ju/"hoansi c. Tlingit d. Nandi e. Paiute

Q: The woman-woman marriage custom found in sub-Saharan Africa is associated with all of the following except: a. enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husband's property. b. confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband. c. enables the woman who adopts a male identity to raise her status. d. enables the woman who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life. e. enables the women to engage in sexual activity with each other.

Q: My mother's brother's son is my a. brother. b. fictive cousin. c. patrilateral cousin. d. parallel cousin. e. cross cousin.

Q: Which of the following characteristics would be most important in an Indian family's selection of a bride for their son? a. Beauty b. Education c. Independence d. Character e. Domestic skills

Q: An important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage is/are a. social clubs. b. newspaper personals. c. Internet chat rooms. d. match-making businesses. e. the Hindu temple.

Q: Marriage by proxy, such as that which might occur with a prisoner, a dead partner for inheritance reasons, or between those separated by deployment, is called a. delayed marriage. b. group marriage. c. primate marriage. d. approximate marriage. e. fictive marriage.

Q: An example of group marriage would be a. a pastoral nomad's wife sharing her husband with another woman. b. members of the Unification Church having a large wedding ceremony at which 500 couples are married at the same time. c. a prosperous member of the Kapauku able to afford a bride price for four wives. d. traditional spouse exchange among the Inupiat Eskimo where adult members have sexual access to each other. e. a Nayar household in which a woman takes several lovers.

Q: In Tibet, a young man lives with his older brother, who is married. The younger brother eventually begins to think about setting up his own tent and taking his share of the yak and fields of grass. One night, his brother's wife gives him her necklace. In Tibetan culture, this is an invitation for him to become her second husband. If he accepts, he will remain with his brother and share the same tent. This type of marriage is called a. monogamy. b. polygamy. c. polyandry. d. polygyny. e. serial monogamy.

Q: All of the following are associated with polygyny except: a. commonly found in societies in which women do the bulk of cultivation work. b. wives have a strong bargaining power within the household. c. women are normally much younger than the men they marry. d. frequently found in societies that have suffered violence and in which there are high male combat deaths. e. shows the lower status of men than women in these societies.

Q: Polygyny a. means marriage to more than one man. b. is the most common form of marriage. c. is possible only when a man is fairly wealthy. d. is less common than polyandry. e. is an example of group marriage.

Q: The most preferred form of marriage around the world is a. polyandry. b. monogamy. c. group marriage. d. polygyny. e. serial marriage.

Q: The French anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss says that the incest taboo is universal because a. humans are instinctively opposed to inbreeding through biological programming. b. humans repress their sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and thus learn how to control sexual behavior from birth. c. humans have learned to establish alliances with strangers and thereby share and develop culture. d. humans prefer to marry their brothers and sisters and must use culture to regulate sexual access and avoid inbreeding. e. humans do not like sex.

Q: Regarding cousin marriage, which of the following statements is incorrect? a. the U.S. is the only Western country that has laws against first-cousin marriage. b. in the U.S., 19 states permit first-cousin marriage. c. genetic research does not show that there is marked increase in inheritable weakness for children of first cousins. d. laws against first-cousin marriage in the U.S. were enacted the popularity of evolutionary theories. e. in the U.S., some states have no laws prohibiting marriage between relatives.

Q: When a society proscribes sexual relations among those it considers too closely related, these are rules of a. genetics. b. exogamy. c. endogamy. d. polygamy. e. extragamy.

Q: Marriage within a particular group of individuals is called a. incest. b. exogamy. c. endogamy. d. polygamy. e. monogamy.

Q: Although all societies have some kind of incest taboo, the relationship which is considered incestuous may vary. Concepts of incest seem to be related to a group's definitions of endogamy and exogamy, thus suggesting that incest taboos may help to promote: a. stability of the family. b. inbreeding genetic errors. c. brother-sister marriages. d. parallel cousin marriages. e. cross-cousin marriages.

Q: Detailed census records made in Roman Egypt show that brother-sister marriages among members of the non-royal farming class were common. What light does this shed on the incest taboo? a. It proves that there is a biological basis for avoidance of inbreeding among humans. b. It proves that incest is committed only among royalty and is done in order to preserve the bloodlines. c. It demonstrates that despite the human tendency to avoid inbreeding, it occasionally occurs and may even be preferred. d. It supports Freud's psychoanalytic theory of the universality of the Oedipus complex. e. It shows that humans are no different from chimpanzees.

Q: The people to whom you are related by marriage are considered what type of kinship? a. Patrilineal b. Matrilineal c. Fictive d. Affinal e. Consanguineal

Q: Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct? a. When a Nayar girl reaches the age of menstruation, she leaves her home and goes to live with her husband. b. The Nayar girl's brother is always considered the legal father and primary supporter of her children. c. The men with whom a Nayar woman enters into formalized sexual relationships become obligated to support her and her children economically. d. A man must give a Nayar girl gifts three times a year to formalize the sexual relationship. e. The Nayar women raise their female children, while the Nayar men raise the male children.

Q: Because Nayar women live with their dependent offspring and their brothers, they are considered what type of family? a. Conjugal b. Affinal c. Consanguineal d. Nuclear e. Patrilateral

Q: The author uses the Nayar of southwest India to illustrate that rules about sexual access can be highly variable. Nayar women a. are married to their brothers. b. go through stages of sexual access. c. have two husbands. d. do not get married. e. do not have children.

Q: A contract in which a woman and man establish a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another and in which the woman involved becomes entitled to bear children is also called a. family. b. incest. c. sex. d. affinity. e. marriage.

Q: A positive side effect to restricting sexual behavior is that it may also limit a. the number of children a woman can have. b. the number of divorces in that culture. c. the spread of sexually-transmitted diseases. d. group marriages. e. women marrying the wrong man.

Q: Among Christians in the 17th and 18th centuries in New England, adultery was considered a. prescribed for many different kinds of illness. b. a source of community gossip. c. a serious crime. d. a personal offense to the woman's family. e. culturally acceptable.

Q: What percentage of known societies has rules regulating that sexual involvement only take place within marriage? a. 90 b. 75 c. 45 d. 30 e. 15

Q: All of the following statements about sexual behavior among the Trobrianders is correct except: a. when the couple is ready to be married, they appear outside the woman's household. b. by their mid-teens, young people begin having longer-term affairs that lead to marriage. c. young people traditionally have a great deal of sexual freedom. d. by the age of 7 or 8, they begin playing erotic games and imitating adults. e. by the early teens, they begin pursuing sexual partners.

Q: What is the role of the informal economy in the U.S.? Use examples from your own experiences in your local community to discuss this. What types of informal economy are you familiar with?

Q: Leveling mechanisms are found in many traditional societies. What are these, and do you believe we have any kind of "leveling"-type activities and exchanges in the U.S. today? Discuss.

Q: What is task specialization, and how has it changed over the course of generations in your own family? Compare your generation with that of your parents' and grandparents."

Q: Discuss the effects of economic globalization on local cultures.

Q: Discuss the role that culture plays in defining the "wants and needs" of a people, using the Trobriand Islanders as an example. How does North American culture function to define the wants and needs of North Americans?

Q: Because trade can be essential in the quest for survival and is often undertaken for the sake of luxury, people may go to great lengths to establish and maintain good trade relations. A classic example of this is the Kula ring. What is the "Kula ring?" Describe this form of exchange compare it to different types of exchange in your own society. Do we practice anything similar to Kula?

Q: Explain why the following statement is ethnocentric: "In all societies, the prevailing reality of life has been the inadequacy of output to fill the wants and needs of people."

Q: Why is it a serious problem when North American corporate executives fail to recognize the extent to which the economic systems of other peoples are embedded in their cultures?

Q: Discuss the impact of modern technology on labor divisions based on gender.

Q: What are the social and economic benefits of cooperative labor? Consider various types of economic systems in your answer.

Q: Compare and contrast the different ideas about the nature and control of land that exist among food foragers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, intensive agriculturalists, and industrialists.

Q: Discuss how anthropologists study economic systems. Give specific examples.

Q: Why is understanding economic transactions essential to a full understanding of culture?

Q: Economics has a powerful effect on society. What forms of social mobilization have resulted when economic policies were considered detrimental to the community?

Q: What is a remittance?

Q: What is money, and what different kinds of money have existed historically? Discuss at least one alternative example.

Q: What is an informal economy? Provide examples.

Q: How did the introduction of money change the marketplace?

Q: Distinguish between market exchange and marketplace.

Q: What is a leveling mechanism? Discuss and provide an example.

Q: Describe the potlatch.

Q: Describe the conditions that are likely to produce an economic system of redistribution.

Q: What is meant by the term "conspicuous consumption"? Give an example.

Q: Describe the economic and noneconomic functions of the Kula ring.

Q: Define three types of reciprocity, and give examples of each.

Q: What are the benefits that some local communities acquire by engaging in global ecotourism?

Q: Name and describe three different divisions of labor by gender.

Q: Define technology, and describe how it varies in societies with different economic systems.

Q: How are land and water resources allocated differently in a foraging versus an agricultural society?

Q: What are the productive resources that all societies must organize according to culturally appropriate rules?

Q: What is the women's role in the Trobriand economy?

Q: Describe the variation that exists among nonindustrial societies in their organization of labor by age.

Q: What is an economic system from an anthropological approach?

Q: In some countries, the informal economy generates as much as 40% of the GNP.

Q: Rosita Worl is a Native American anthropologist who now works to encourage traditional communities to enter the global market and put aside their less profit-oriented economic ventures.

Q: Migrant workers often send remittances to their families back in their home village.

Q: The use of money for exchange has been traced back as far as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

Q: Among the Inca there was such a thing as "chocolate money."

Q: Market exchange is defined as the exchange of goods through face-to-face bargaining in a market place.

Q: Leveling mechanisms are found in every society, although they are less common in smaller, more traditional societies where there is less material need.

Q: Because these events were sponsored alternately by different ethnic groups, the potlatch was a form of balanced reciprocity.

Q: The Inca Empire featured a highly efficient redistributive system.

Q: A customary practice such as hosting a birthday party is an example of negative reciprocity.

Q: The Kula ring is a form of barter in which no actual trade takes place.

Q: Amanda Stronza is involved in doing applied anthropology among the Trobriands, where she studies aspects of women's work and task specialization.

Q: In 2011, more than 1 billion people were employed by the tourist industry worldwide.

Q: Today, almost 215 million child laborers under the age of 14 work for income.

Q: Food producers have less craft specialization than food foragers.

Q: A division of labor by gender is found only in foraging and horticultural societies.

Q: Among food foragers, tools may be given or loaned to others in exchange for the products gained from their use.

Q: Raw materials, labor, and technology are the productive resources used by all societies.