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Anthropology
Q:
Compare and contrast convergent and parallel evolution, and provide an example of each.
Q:
What is cultural evolution?
Q:
The largest poultry broiler processing plant in the U.S. is located in Detroit, Michigan.
Q:
An economy dominated by machines and based on big factories is an industrial society.
Q:
Peasants typically have too little land to break the cycle of poverty.
Q:
The Bakhtiari are pastoralist nomads who shepherd their herds throughout the Iran-Iraq border area.
Q:
Plows are a particular tool associated with agricultural societies.
Q:
Anthropologists have sometimes found that older framing techniques are more adaptive than newer ones.
Q:
Unlike agriculturalists, horticulturalists always produce a small surplus.
Q:
According to the original study, the Mekranoti Kayapo had to work hard to get enough produce from their gardens.
Q:
Among foragers, most groups have home ranges within which all resources are open to any members of the group.
Q:
Frequent nursing of children over as many as 4 or 5 years acts to stimulate ovulation among food foragers such as Bushman. As a consequence, women give birth to more offspring at shorter intervals.
Q:
To say differing sex roles among food foragers are compatible with the biological differences between men and women supports the assertion that they are biologically determined.
Q:
About 3 million people live by food foraging in the world today.
Q:
People started shifting to food-producing ways of life about 10,000 years ago.
Q:
A culture area is a geographic region in which a number of different societies follow a similar (not necessarily identical) pattern of life.
Q:
Archaeologists have not been able to identify the first settlers of Easter Island.
Q:
The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestry was otherwise distinct is called parallel evolution.
Q:
All broad-chested individuals are adapted to the low oxygen levels of high altitude.
Q:
The process of adaptation establishes a continually changing balance between the needs of the population and the potential of its environment.
Q:
An anthropologist would probably find it difficult to define what "progress" is.
Q:
If a group is well adapted to its environment, it will never change as long as conditions remain the same.
Q:
Which part of the U.S. chicken is a primary export to China?
a. Legs
b. Breasts
c. Wings
d. Feet
e. Necks
Q:
Which innovation is considered the beginning of the industrial revolution?
a. Rifle
b. Hoe
c. Airplane
d. Steam engine
e. Wheel
Q:
A society in which human labor, hand tools, and animal power are largely replaced by machines, with an economy primarily based in big factories, is called a(n)
a. foraging society.
b. horticultural society.
c. pastoral society.
d. agricultural society.
e. industrial society.
Q:
Agribusiness is associated with all of the following except:
a. reduction of labor costs.
b. driving down wages.
c. maximizing employee benefits.
d. maximizing profits.
e. expanding markets.
Q:
Mass food production is a characteristic of which type of food production?
a. Swidden
b. Slash and burn
c. Industrial
d. Horticultural
e. Pastoralism
Q:
All of the following statements about peasants are true except:
a. they are associated with urban areas.
b. they are often caught in a web of poverty.
c. they exist within societies of intensive agriculture.
d. they are exploited by more powerful groups.
e. they are large-scale producers of crops.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the Bakhtiari khans is not correct?
a. They are tribal leaders within this pastoral group.
b. They give away all of their possessions to gain prominence.
c. They spend most of lives in the mountains.
d. Many of them are well educated.
e. Some are elected and some inherit their positions.
Q:
What is a primary labor activity of Bakhtiari women and girls?
a. Spinning wool into yarn
b. Herding sheep through difficult mountain passes
c. Tilling soil to raise yams and sweet potatoes
d. Gathering roots and berries
e. Hunting elephants
Q:
The Bakhtiari are a
a. pastoral group who raise goats and sheep.
b. pastoral group who raise pigs and cows.
c. foraging group with an extensive home range.
d. horticultural group that raises manioc and bananas.
e. horticultural group that raises taro, yams, and wheat.
Q:
Food producers who specialize in animal husbandry, and who consider their way of life to be ideal and central to defining their identities, are called
a. food foragers.
b. horticulturalists.
c. agriculturalists.
d. pastoralists.
e. industrialists.
Q:
Pastoralists are like food foragers in that
a. both have some members of the group who remain behind to protect the camp.
b. both now live in areas that are marginal, where land is not suitable for farming.
c. both count on flexibility to get the game they hunt.
d. both engage in occasional horticulture.
e. women are the ones who primarily contribute to daily food intake.
Q:
What was the primary goal of the Cusichaca Trust research and applied work in the Patacancha Valley of Peru?
a. Alteration of dietary intake to improve nutrition
b. Development of new seeds more adapted to the climate
c. Development of new markets throughout the valley
d. Revival of ancient farming techniques
e. Introduction of domestic animals to revive pastoralism
Q:
Someone who uses irrigation, fertilizers, and the plow to produce food on large plots of land is known as a/an
a. horticulturalist.
b. agriculturalist.
c. pastoralist.
d. forager.
e. industrialist.
Q:
One of the most significant characteristics of the food-producing way of life was the development of
a. permanent settlements.
b. mobile populations.
c. skillful hunters.
d. lower population.
e. increased egalitarianism.
Q:
In the Americas, the crop complex that was most adaptive and typical was
a. wheat, barley, flax, rye, and millet.
b. rice, yam, and taro.
c. maize, beans, and squash.
d. manioc, wheat, and cotton.
e. rhubarb, rice, and turnips.
Q:
Three years after planting their gardens, the Mekranoti are left with only
a. manioc.
b. sweet potatoes.
c. pineapple,
d. tobacco.
e. bananas.
Q:
In what country do we find the Mekranoti?
a. Paraguay
b. Brazil
c. Venezuela
d. Colombia
e. Thailand
Q:
The extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash is subsequently burned, and crops then planted among the ashes is known as slash-and-burn cultivation. It is also called
a. intensive agriculture.
b. complex farming.
c. simple agronomy.
d. swidden farming.
e. extensive cultivation.
Q:
The cultivation of crops using hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes is a type of farming called
a. agriculture.
b. slash-and-burn.
c. horticulture.
d. low-tech farming.
e. pastoralism.
Q:
Which of the following is most likely to require cooperative hunting skills?
a. Bow hunting
b. Net hunting
c. Spear hunting
d. Rifle hunting
e. Dart hunting
Q:
The transition from food foraging to food production first took place about _____ years ago in _____.
a. 15,000; Nile River region
b. 5,000; Tigris Euphrates area
c. 10,000; Southwest Asia
d. 7,000; the Highlands of Mesoamerica
e. 3,000; Yangtze River Valley
Q:
Among food foragers, social equality is marked in all of the following except:
a. strict division of labor.
b. rarity of warfare.
c. communal property.
d. social egalitarianism.
e. distribution of resources.
Q:
Food-foraging societies are egalitarian because
a. humans, in their natural state, like to share.
b. it is unnatural for some people to be richer than others.
c. their mobility and type of technology limits the accumulation of surplus possessions.
d. they are constantly threatened by starvation.
e. their king told them to be that way.
Q:
To say that food-foraging societies are egalitarian means that
a. there are no status differences.
b. the only status differences are age and sex.
c. everyone is equal except women.
d. men are usually subordinate to women.
e. children are the center of community life and adults have no distinctions in status.
Q:
The number of people that can be supported by the available resources at a given level of technology is called the
a. ecosystem.
b. carrying capacity.
c. culture core.
d. population density.
e. culture area.
Q:
The average number of people in a food-foraging group is
a. 750-1,000.
b. 500-750.
c. 250-500.
d. 100-250.
e. less than 100.
Q:
All of the following statements except one correctly describe food-foraging societies. Which is it?
a. They are egalitarian.
b. They are small nomadic groups living within a fixed territory.
c. They are primitive because they did not progress to a higher level.
d. They are not very aggressive or warlike.
e. They live in marginal areas of the world today.
Q:
Today, food-foraging societies
a. are found only in the world's most marginal areas.
b. make up the majority of the world's population.
c. have not existed for 1,000 years.
d. have their pick of the best environments.
e. represent a primitive, undeveloped way of life.
Q:
The oldest and most universal mode of subsistence is
a. food foraging.
b. subsistence farming.
c. hunting.
d. pastoralism.
e. fishing.
Q:
The concept that states humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development is called
a. advancement.
b. evolution.
c. progress.
d. success.
e. convergence.
Q:
In anthropology, geographic regions where a number of societies have similar ways of life are known as
a. culture cores.
b. parallel life styles.
c. convergent evolution.
d. culture areas.
e. social areas.
Q:
Which of the following statements about Easter Island and the Rapanui is not correct?
a. The Rapanui first settled the island about 800 years ago.
b. When the Rapanui arrived, 75% of the land was densely forested.
c. The Rapanui raised pigs and also fished for subsistence.
d. A large rat population on the island contributed to the ultimate destruction of the Rapanui.
e. When the Dutch arrived to the Island in 1722, there were no more than 3,000 Rapanui remaining.
Q:
What principle of evolution is best illustrated in the example of the changes that occurred to the Cheyenne when they moved out onto the Great Plains from the Great Lakes region?
a. They gave up a hunting and gathering lifestyle in order to begin producing food
b. They gave up growing crops in order to pursue hunting and gathering
c. They became settled and developed a very complex form of political organization
d. They left subsistence farming, began to work for the railroad companies, and become dependent on industrial society
e. They left behind their culture to converge into that of the dominant U.S. society
Q:
The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already rather alike is called
a. convergent evolution.
b. parallel evolution.
c. constant evolution.
d. adaptation.
e. diffusion.
Q:
The Comanche and the Cheyenne were quite different culturally until they moved out onto the Great Plains and made use of the horse to hunt the buffalo and raid settled peoples. They then became more similar in cultural adaptations, a process called
a. pre-adaptation.
b. transformed evolution.
c. convergent evolution.
d. parallel evolution.
e. ecological evolution.
Q:
A system composed of both the natural environment and all living organisms within it is called a(n)
a. biodome.
b. ecological diversity system.
c. ecoscape.
d. ecodome.
e. ecosystem.
Q:
The Aymara Indians, who live in the mountains of Bolivia, have become biologically adapted to their environment by being
a. short legged and barrel chested and surviving on lower oxygen content.
b. long legged and extremely thin in comparison to the rest of the nation.
c. short legged and very narrow chested and surviving on higher oxygen content.
d. excellent climbers with an extraordinary sense of balance.
e. long legged and stocky chested because of enlarged heart and lungs.
Q:
According to "Surviving in the Andes," Aymara Indians adapted to high altitude by having approximately _____ % of greater pulmonary diffusing capacity through their expanded heart and lungs.
a. 10
b. 15
c. 20
d. 30
e. 40
Q:
Among the Tsembaga of Papua New Guinea, there is a relationship between the physical and social environments that involves ritual slaughter in order to re-establish harmony. What animal is slaughtered to reduce pressure on the local environments?
a. Dogs
b. Sheep
c. Pigs
d. Goats
e. Cows
Q:
The process organisms undergo to achieve a beneficial adjustment to a particular environment, which not only leads to biological changes in the organisms but also impacts their environment, is called
a. accommodation.
b. acculturation.
c. adaptation.
d. assimilation.
e. incorporation.
Q:
In today's Native American societies, the preferred term to describe an individual who falls between the categories of "man" and "woman" is known as
a. berdache.
b. gay.
c. passive homosexual.
d. two-spirit.
e. effeminate.
Q:
People who are born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female are called
a. androgynous.
b. berdache.
c. castrati.
d. transgenders.
e. intersexuals.
Q:
The core value to which European Americans subscribe is
a. cooperation.
b. dependence.
c. generosity in sharing.
d. rugged individualism.
e. dominance.
Q:
An alternative to the concept of national character is
a. modal personality.
b. core values.
c. stereotyping.
d. group personality.
e. independence training.
Q:
Several years ago, the Italian tourism minister commented on the "typical characteristics" of Germans, causing a huge controversy as to whether or not a people could be labeled. This labeling and grouping is called
a. modal personality.
b. national character.
c. stereotype.
d. group personality.
e. independence training.
Q:
You are studying the modal personality of a particular group of people by giving them Rorschach tests. In American society, a response to the white background (the PG on which the inkblots are placed) has been associated with the psychological trait of negativism. You are puzzled because you are getting a lot of white responses, but the people don"t appear to be negative in other respects. Then you find out that their favorite color is white, and that they are treating the color of the PG not as a background but as a part of the design of the inkblot. This is an example of one of the problems faced by people trying to measure modal personality, which is that
a. people do not give consistent responses to the same picture from one day to the next.
b. not everyone in a society has the same personality.
c. tests devised in one cultural setting may not be appropriate in another.
d. language problems can create misinterpretations.
e. not everyone has the same type of eyesight.
Q:
The personality typical of a society, as indicated by the central tendency of a defined frequency distribution, is called
a. a core value.
b. a nuclear personality.
c. a pattern of affect.
d. culture and personality.
e. a modal personality.
Q:
Ideal "cultural personality" traits among Yanomamo men would include being
a. irritated and whiny.
b. loving and respectful.
c. questioning and anxious.
d. fierce and humorous.
e. nurturing and affectionate.
Q:
Which of the following refers to the idea that character traits that occur with the most frequency in a cultural society are representative of the values that culture embraces?
a. National cultural traits
b. Modal personality
c. National personality
d. Social conformity models
e. Community training
Q:
A society with extensive types of childcare, a desire to make the individual feel socially attached and generally free of stranger anxiety, and with high levels of sharing and social involvement would most likely have what type of training or children?
a. Interdependence
b. Independence
c. Separation
d. Modal
e. Self-awareness
Q:
Dependence training is most often found associated with which type of society?
a. Horticultural and pastoral societies
b. Foraging and subsistence societies
c. Industrial societies
d. Chiefdom societies
e. Class-stratified societies
Q:
A study of childrearing among the Ju/"hoansi of Africa indicates that
a. boys and girls are raised in a very similar manner and are both mild-mannered and self-reliant.
b. because girls are out gathering most of the time, they are expected to be more aggressive and self-reliant than boys are.
c. mothers spend the least amount of time with their children, and thus the children identify strongly with their fathers.
d. boys do more work than girls.
e. boys have less responsibility than girls and get to play more of the time.
Q:
Childrearing practices that encourage compliance in performing tasks and dependence upon the group rather than on the individual is called
a. enculturation training.
b. independence training.
c. dependence training.
d. transference training.
e. community training.
Q:
Which of the following anthropologists argued that cultures are collective projections of a personality type?
a. Franz Boas
b. John Locke
c. Ruth Benedict
d. Margaret Mead
e. Clifford Geertz
Q:
Which anthropologist stated that the purpose of anthropology is to "make the world safe for human differences"?
a. Nancy Scheper-Hughes
b. Catherine Bateson
c. Mary Douglas
d. Margaret Mead
e. Ruth Benedict
Q:
In traditional Ju/"hoansi society, fathers and mothers alike show great indulgence to children. A result of this indulgence is that the children
a. do not fear or respect men more than they do women.
b. fear both parents equally.
c. are spoiled and intolerant of other children.
d. do not know how to show proper respect for their fathers.
e. have to learn proper respect much later in life.
Q:
In studying three societies in New Guinea, Margaret Mead found that the roles played by men and women were determined primarily by
a. biological inheritance.
b. culture.
c. animism.
d. psychology.
e. society.
Q:
_____ is the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
a. Normative orientation
b. Individuality
c. Self-awareness
d. Personality
e. Temperament