Q&A Hero

Q: An individual's personality is all of the following except: a. a product of enculturation. b. influenced by an individual's genetic makeup. c. a kind of cognitive map functioning throughout an individual's lifetime. d. an integrated, dynamic system of perceptual assemblages, which includes the self and its behavioral environment, that develops over time. e. is never part of the internalized awareness of the person.

Q: Living in a tropical environment where one learns to orient oneself through a vertical landscape of tall trees and speckled light is part of a. gender orientation. b. spatial orientation. c. object orientation. d. normative orientation. e. temporal orientation.

Q: Which orientation includes standards that indicate what ranges of behavior are acceptable for males and females in a particular society? a. Spatial orientation b. Temporal orientation c. Normative orientation d. Object orientation e. Gender orientation

Q: Which of the following includes definitions and explanations of objects, spatial orientation, and temporal orientation, as well as culturally defined values, ideals, and standards that provide an individual with a normative orientation? a. Vital self b. Tabula rasa c. Behavioral environment d. Patterns of affect e. Core values

Q: Navajo babies begin to learn the importance of community at the a. Baptism Ritual. b. Corn Goddess Ceremony. c. Sadhu Ritual. d. First Laugh Ceremony. e. Walkabout Ceremony.

Q: The _____ do not consider an infant truly "human" until they have given it a name. a. Icelanders b. Aymara Indians c. Hopi Indians d. Netsilik Inuit e. Iroquois Indians

Q: All of the following statements about the naming ceremony are true except: a. personal names create a sense of individual identity. b. through naming, the social groups acknowledges the child's birthright. c. names express multiple aspects of the group identity as well. d. naming creates social identity. e. all cultures have some ceremony to mark the naming of a child.

Q: Which of the following statements about self-awareness is incorrect? a. Self-awareness occurs earlier in children as a function of the amount of social stimulation they receive. b. At 15 weeks of age, the home-reared infant in North America is in contact with its mother for about 20% of the time. c. At 15 weeks of age, infants in the Ju/"hoansi society of South Africa's Kalahari Desert are in close contact with their mothers about 70% of the time. d. American children develop self-awareness earlier than do Ju/"hoansi children. e. Self-awareness comes in stages and not all at once.

Q: Enculturation begins with the development of self-awareness, which may be defined as a. the ability to assume social roles. b. the ability to identify oneself as an object, to react and appraise oneself. c. the process by which the self adapts to a particular environment. d. the process by which an individual identifies right and wrong. e. the belief that one has lived a previous life.

Q: Which of the following statements is not correct? a. Enculturation begins before birth b. Humans must be enculturated to reach human potential c. Culture is biologically inherited d. Culture is socially constructed e. The first agents of a child's enculturation are members of the household

Q: John Locke's theory of tabula rasa was not sufficient because it did not a. focus on the individual, only the group. b. take genetic contributions into account. c. address any society except Europe. d. consider that culture and environment are important. e. explain why language is so important to development.

Q: Using examples from the chapter, how do cultures change their attitudes toward mental illnesses through time?

Q: How does a culture itself induce certain kinds of psychological conflicts that have important consequences for the entire society?

Q: Explain the statement, "Insanity is a socially and culturally constructed mental illness."

Q: Discuss cross-cultural gender models, explaining how various cultures view genders differently. Give specific examples to illustrate your thoughts.

Q: Explain why the Native American and Euro-American views on intersexuality are so diametrically opposed.

Q: Discuss the biological basis for intersexuality.

Q: The author of the original study "The Blessed Curse" wrote, "From a very early age I was presented with two different and conflicting views of myself." What did the author mean by this? Explain.

Q: Name what you believe to be three core values predominant in U.S. society. Then discuss how these affect daily life and behavior in individuals and groups.

Q: Explain the relationship between self-awareness and enculturation.

Q: In order for self-awareness to emerge and function, basic orientations are necessary to structure the psychological field in which the self acts. Identify and discuss these basic orientations. Give examples of each from your own cultural background.

Q: Contrast dependence with independence training. Identify societies where each would be expected and explain why. Have inconsistencies developed? If so, explain why?

Q: No discussion of culture and personality would be complete without considering national character studies. What are national character studies? Describe why and how they came about. Discuss their shortcomings.

Q: Discuss the importance of childrearing practices for the development of gender-related personality characteristics. Provide examples.

Q: There are countless contrasting approaches to naming. Identify and discuss some of these approaches.

Q: Why is personality important in the development of culture?

Q: Why is the concept of normality different from culture to culture?

Q: What is biomedicine?

Q: How can anthropologists help with a community's mental health problems?

Q: Define a culture-bound syndrome, and give an example of ethnic psychosis.

Q: Use examples from the Hindu sadhus to illustrate the cultural context of normality and abnormality.

Q: What is a eunuch, and what social roles have they played in human societies?

Q: Why is it important to study complex categories involving intersexuality and transgendering?

Q: What is a Native American view on intersexed individuals?

Q: Describe the concept of core values, and give an example.

Q: Describe the statistics behind the concept of modal personality.

Q: How do group and modal personality relate to each other?

Q: Compare and contrast dependence and independence training.

Q: Who was Ruth Benedict, and what contributions did she make to anthropology?

Q: Explain and critique the idea of national character.

Q: Relate the development of gender among the Ju/"hoansi to economic conditions that affect childrearing.

Q: Define the concept of behavioral environment.

Q: Explain teknonymy, and give an example.

Q: What is the importance of self-awareness?

Q: What are the agents of enculturation?

Q: Define the idea of tabula rasa, and explain its significance for understanding human personality.

Q: Schizophrenia is one of the most common of all psychoses.

Q: Biomedicine is a traditional form of healing that is not widely accepted in the U.S.

Q: The goal of the sadhus is to liberate themselves from the physical limitation of the mortal body.

Q: Culture-bound syndrome is another name for an ethnic psychosis.

Q: The underlying structure of a mental illness may be the same, but it is expressed in a culturally-specific manner.

Q: Eunuchs in India are known as hijras.

Q: All cultures practice gender bending (creating more than two gender categories) as a way of dealing with different types of sexual categories.

Q: About 3% of all humans are intersexed.

Q: Values highly promoted by a particular culture can be considered its core values.

Q: National character studies have focused on the modal characteristics of emerging Third World countries.

Q: The more complex a society, the fewer types of personality that are tolerated.

Q: Independence training is particularly characteristic of rural agrarian societies, where self-reliance and personal achievement are important traits for survival.

Q: Childrearing practices that foster compliance and reliance on the group are called dependency training.

Q: Both Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict were pioneers in the culture and personality movement in anthropology.

Q: Normally, personality is like a mask that one wears, sometimes uncomfortably, throughout life. It is always external to the individual.

Q: Temporal orientation allows an individual to learn about the moral values, ideals, and principles that are culturally significant.

Q: It is common in many cultures for an individual to receive more than one name during their life.

Q: Names are a form of social identity.

Q: American children are among the earliest to develop a concept of self because of the high level of social stimulation they receive.

Q: The significance of the concept of tabula rasa is that it emphasizes the importance of culture rather than biological inheritance in determining an individual's characteristics.

Q: In Western countries, a psychological disorder known as _____ occurs most frequently among young women in which a preoccupation with thinness produces a refusal to eat. This is an example of a culture-bound syndrome. a. pibloktoq b. amok c. anorexia nervosa d. bulimia e. windigo

Q: Another name for an ethnic psychosis is a a. mental ethnic syndrome. b. culture psychosis. c. biomedicine. d. culture-bound syndrome. e. ethnic abnormality.

Q: What is the fear reaction of being bewitched found among Algonquian hunters? a. Amok b. Latah c. Berdache d. Sadhu e. Windigo

Q: An ethnic psychosis refers to a. a psychotic episode experienced by a person from an exotic culture. b. a progressive disease that strikes anthropologists when they spend more than 12 months in the field. c. a psychosis characterized by symptoms peculiar to a particular group. d. a universal form of mental illness. e. a biologically-based disease that resembles schizophrenia.

Q: All of the following statements about biomedicine are correct except: a. biomedicine uses the medical category of "psychosomatic" for some disorders. b. biomedicine is a growing approach in healthcare. c. biomedicine is a completely Western approach to medicine. d. this approach is fundamentally a dualistic mind-body approach to medicine. e. biomedicine has resulted in spectacular successes depending.

Q: Biomedicine is the predominant medical system found in a. Hindu cultures. b. Islamic cultures. c. Christian cultures. d. Asia, Africa, and Latin America. e. Europe and the United States.

Q: Same-sex sexual acts are punished by the death penalty in all of the following countries except: a. Iran. b. South Africa. c. Sudan. d. Saudi Arabia. e. Iran.

Q: Sadhu is a a. kind of mental illness. b. Hindu ascetic monk. c. Native American "two-spirit." d. fierce Yanomamo warrior. e. psychosomatic disorder.

Q: All of the following are associated with eunuchs except: a. castration is a widespread cultural practice to transform sexual status. b. there is evidence of castration in the archaeological record in Egypt. c. castration was always carried out as a public ritual in societies where it had meaning. d. in some societies eunuchs could rise to high status as priests and administrators. e. eunuchs were appointed military commanders in the Chinese army.

Q: People who cross over or occupy an intermediate position in the binary male-female gender construction are called a. transsexuals. b. intersexuals. c. transgenders. d. eunuchs. e. third genders.

Q: What does R.K. Williamson mean by the difference between the "blessed gift" and "the curse"? a. These are two different approaches to the formation of childhood personality b. This is the Native American view of menstruation and childbirth c. This is the responsibility to be a shaman upon reaching adulthood d. These are two different cultural perspectives of intersexuality e. They are two different perspectives of homosexual behavior

Q: How did writing emerge as a system of communication? What impact did this have on our world?

Q: Discuss anthropologists' theories regarding the origin of language.

Q: Although thousands of languages have existed in only spoken form, many have long been documented in one form of writing or another. Discuss the emergence and development of writing systems.