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Anthropology
Q:
According to the information presented in the text, we are living in a critical time in the earth's history. Much of life as we know it will be decided in
a. laboratorios of scientists.
b. centuries of slowly changing habits.
c. world's meetings attended by diplomats.
d. the next few decades.
e. in rebellions.
Q:
Clearly, much of the responsibility for the world's problems rests squarely on the shoulders of the
a. community of research scientists.
b. educators of girls and women.
c. oceanographers.
d. industrialized west.
e. nonindustrialized east.
Q:
Changes in temperatures and rainfall patterns around the world, due to global warming, will not
a. lead to flooding in some regions
b. lead to the desertification of some regions
c. result in the spread of mosquito-borne diseases in some areas
d. change the reproductive rates of the microbes that cause infectious disease
e. be anything less than catastrophic problems in a world of 7 billion.
Q:
Which of the following statements is false?
a. The United States produces 25 to 30 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions.
b. The average American consumes 400 times the resources of the average person in Bangladesh.
c. The United States has the highest rates of overpopulation.
d. For all people on the planet to match the consumption levels of the United States, we would need four more planets.
e. The ecological footprint in the U.S. is 24 acres, compared to 2.5 acres in non-industrialized nations.
Q:
The 1990 typhoon and floods that killed over 10,000 in Bangladesh is a direct result of
a. The way infrastructure development is set back by population increases
b. Deterioration of dams along tributaries of the Indus River
c. Problems derived from an increase of people living in low lying permanent settlements and keeping prey species
d. Domestication of plants and animals
e. Destruction of natural resources in the past
Q:
A 2009 study estimated that __________% of the human population lives on less than a couple of dollars (U.S) a day.
a. 33
b. 25
c. 48
d. 55
e. 75
Q:
With regards to the consensus among the scientific community,
a. there is some doubt that greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere
b. there is almost complete agreement that we are seeing the effects of global warming
c. we have yet to see any effects of global warming
d. global warming is not a complex phenomenon
e. c and d only
Q:
If human population growth rates remain unchecked, it is possible that by the year 2050 human numbers could approach
a. 10 billion
b. 2 billion
c. 500 million
d. 100 billion
e. 25 million
Q:
Family planning can slow population growth. One of the best strategies family planning is
a. the shift to more local economies
b. the migration of rural populations to urban centers
c. shifts in employment from manufacturing to agriculture
d. access to family planning
e. education of girls and women
Q:
While the world looks to____________for leadership to expand and strengthen with broader and more rigorous binding agreements to cut carbon emissions, _______________also fails to lend support.
a. South Africa, Indonesia
b. South America, Central America
c. Japan, Thailand
d. Europe, Australia
e. the United States, China
Q:
Since the beginning of industrialization, ocean acidity has already increased by _____________.
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 45%
e. 100%
Q:
Scientists estimate that we add __________ people to the Earth's population about every 12 years.
a. 2 billion
b. 200,000
c. 5 million
d. 1 billion
e. 25 million
Q:
What is the one single most important reason that human impact on the planet has been so great?
a. increasing population
b. the lowered age of menarche and consequent lack of eduction among women
c. loss of biodiversity
d. the decrease in the maximum life span of humans
e. increase in bacterial forms of life
Q:
In the history of humanity, the most important causes of extinction do not include
a. hunting
b. burgeoning human populations
c. habitat reduction
d. antibiotics
e. clearing land for cultivation
Q:
"Anthropocene" refers to
a. Hunting by humans for reasons other than acquiring food
b. Competition between humans and introduced non-native species that results in new bacterial species
c. Destruction of human life on earth caused by overpopulation of bacteria
d. A geological era that recognizes sudden and dramatic changes caused by human activities
e. A reflective view of the damage that humans cause river systems and oceans
Q:
Habitat loss is a direct result of
a. Burgeoning insect populations
b. Flooding due to climate changes
c. Increases in human populations
d. Increases in animal habitats
e. Road building
Q:
Of the mass extinction events occurring in the past 570 million years, _________of them altered all of the earth's ecosystems.
a. One
b. Two
c. Three
d. None
e. Four
Q:
The geological record indicates there have been at least _____ mass extinction events in the past 570 million years.
a. 5
b. 100
c. 15
d. 150
e. 1,000
Q:
By 2022, _________of the world's remaining rain forests will be gone if destruction continues at the current rate.
a. one-half
b. one-third
c. two-thirds
d. one-fifth
e. none
Q:
Scientists estimate that around 10,000 years ago ___________people inhabited the earth.
a. 10,000
b. 1 million
c. 2.5 million
d. 5 million
e. 1 billion
Q:
For most of human history,
a. technology has been complex
b. technology has been simple
c. the rate of culture change was rapid
d. culture change was not effected by climate change
e. human impact on local environments decreased as people began to live in permanent settlements
Q:
Culture
a. has not been an important factor in the evolutionary success of humans
b. is a means by which humans adapt beyond biology
c. has been a limiting factor in the evolution of humans
d. does not have profound effects on the choices we make
e. has not impacted the lives of other species on the planet
Q:
If we use the criteria of cell numbers, then _______ are the dominant life form on the planet.
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. humans
d. cockroaches
e. reptiles
Q:
Far more important than genes in the aging process are lifestyle factors.
Q:
According to the text, people are increasingly turning to environmental cues derived from sights, sounds, smells, and tactile sensations.
Q:
Most anthropologists agree that human populations are not evolving anymore.
Q:
Humans have unusually short childhoods, reflecting the importance of learning in our species.
Q:
The language centers of the human brain develop in the first three years of life.
Q:
Birth is an event that is celebrated with ritual only in the United States and Europe.
Q:
The prenatal life cycle phase begins with conception and ends at weaning.
Q:
Both nutritional deficiencies and excesses can cause health problems and interfere with childhood growth.
Q:
Our ability to store fat was adaptive in the past but is maladaptive in industrialized societies.
Q:
The contemporary diet typical of industrialized societies is basically unchanged from preagricultural diets.
Q:
Throughout the world, women have
a. higher life expectancies than men
b. lower life expectancies than men
c. the same life expectancies as men
d. been incorrectly represented in statistical data on aging
Q:
The age of onset of menarche is affected by all of the following except
a. genetic patterns
b. nutrition
c. stress
d. disease
e. telomerase
Q:
Before the AIDS epidemic in Africa, Botswanans had a life expectancy of 65 years. At the height of the epidemic it was about ______ years.
a. 15
b. 40
c. 60
d. 75
e. 85
Q:
The enzyme telomerase is characterized by all of the following except
a. codes for an enzyme that can lengthen telomeres
b. can make cells young again
c. has been called the "immortalizing gene"
d. allows for the cell to cease to divide
e. can contribute to understanding cellular function and cancer
Q:
One hypothesis that proposes to explain senescence notes that cells that divide throughout the life course have shortened DNA sequences at the end of the chromosomes. This is referred to as the ________ hypothesis.
a. hadromere
b. carsonomere
c. telomere
d. intron
e. old age
Q:
_______ genes have multiple effects at different times in the life span or under different conditions.
a. Ontogenetic
b. Telomere
c. Pleiotropic
d. Hidden
e. Dominant
Q:
What does the "grandmother hypothesis" propose to explain?
a. the age of onset of menopause
b. the age of puberty for males
c. the age of onset of menarche
d. the existence of menopause
e. the existence of estrogen production
Q:
In the United States, old age is usually associated with all of the following except
a. physical ailments
b. decreased activity
c. a well-defined concept
d. negativity
e. unwelcome attitudes
Q:
What is the term for the period following the last menstrual cycle in human women?
a. menarche
b. menopause
c. adrenarche
d. egg-pause
e. cyclopause
Q:
Biological events that mark the transition to adolescence include all of the following except
a. increase in body size
b. hormonal changes
c. changes in body shape
d. decrease in stature
e. increased development and enlargement of breasts and penises
Q:
Which of the following is not true about human childhood?
a. Humans have unusually long childhoods.
b. Childhood is key to the learning in humans.
c. It is defined as the time between weaning and puberty.
d. It is an extremely short stage of human life.
e. It is a vulnerable stage of human development.
Q:
Human milk, like that of other primates, is
a. high in fats
b. high in nutrients
c. low in antibodies
d. low in fats
e. low in supply, hence frequent nursing is required
Q:
Chimpanzees that are orphaned before they are weaned
a. usually have the longest life-spans
b. have increased reproductive success
c. are emotionally dependant on their mothers
d. are not affected
e. usually die
Q:
Approximately how long do chimpanzees, gorillas, and women in foraging societies nurse their infants?
A. year
B. 1 to 2 years
C. 2 to 3 years
D. 3 to 4 years
E. 6 to 7 years
Q:
What is the term for a female's first menstruation?
a. menopause
b. menarche
c. andropause
d. andrenarche
e. cyclopause
Q:
A long period of female postreproductive time is found in which of the following?
a. chimpanzees
b. gorillas
c. all monkeys
d. lemurs
e. humans
Q:
The adolescence stage is present in which of the following?
a. all mammals
b. all primates
c. humans only
d. monkeys, apes, and humans
e. all nonhuman primates except orangutans
Q:
Life history theory
a. does not seek to answer why humans have long periods of infancy and childhood
b. does not have an evolutionary perspective
c. seeks to understand the impact of natural selection on life cycles
d. allows us to predict the timing of reproduction under less than favorable conditions
e. suggests that the life course is not a series of trade offs
Q:
Infectious diseases can delay growth, particularly when coupled with
a. Parasitic infection
b. too much protein consumption
c. adequate vitamin D
d. humidity
e. technologies introduced by western culture
Q:
Infectious diseases have their greatest effect on growth and development during which life phase?
a. adulthood
b. menopause
c. the postreproductive years
d. childhood
e. senescence
Q:
Which hormone is among those important in growth?
a. insulin
b. hemoglobin
c. gluten
d. lactose
e. hormones are not important in growth
Q:
Environmental factors
a. have no effect on growth and development
b. have not been studied in regards to their effects on growth and development
c. definitely have effects on growth and development
d. always have negative effects on growth
e. call into question any effect of hormone glands
Q:
One primary way in which genes have an effect on growth and development is through
a. nerves
b. the chromosomes
c. hormones
d. DNA replication
e. mitosis
Q:
Information concerning the genetic and environmental effects on growth comes from studies of which of the following?
a. Old World monkeys
b. lemurs
c. identical twins
d. pleiotropic genes
e. interviews of elderly
Q:
What is a present day disorder that is clearly linked to dietary and lifestyle behaviors, such as decreased activity levels and increased consumption of fats and refined carbohydrates?
a. HIV
b. SIV
c. malaria
d. small pox
e. diabetes
Q:
The human preagricultural diet was
a. high in fats and low in carbohydrates
b. high in fats and animal proteins
c. low in fats and high in animal proteins
d. low in complex carbohydrates and calcium
e. high in salt and low in fiber
Q:
The human brain reaches 95 percent of its adult size by what age?
a. 3 years
b. 5 years
c. 10 years
d. 15 years
e. 21 years
Q:
At birth, the human brain is approximately what percent of its adult size?
a. 15 percent
b. 25 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 75 percent
e. 100 percent
Q:
When does the adolescent growth spurt approximately occur?
a. two years later in girls than in boys
b. at the same time for girls and boys
c. two years earlier in girls than in boys
d. four years earlier in girls than in boys
e. as an early adult
Q:
Facts about sexual dimorphism in humans include all of the following except
a. Slight evidence between boys and girls at birth
b. Evidence between boys and girls greatest at puberty
c. Refers to differences in body measures between males and females
d. Adolescent growth spurts occur two years earlier in girls than in boys
e. Rate of growth continues and increases as adult stature is achieved in late teens
Q:
Infectious diseases have exerted enormous selective pressures on our species.
Q:
Thanks to the modern medicine, many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera are no longer a threat to human populations.
Q:
Developmental acclimatization occurs in high-altitude natives during growth and development.
Q:
The most interesting fact about human skin color is that there appears to be no adaptive significance whatsoever to population-level variations in skin color.
Q:
The majority of modern anthropologists regard biological determinism as a valid mode of explaining human racial differences.
Q:
Forensic anthropologists must deal with the race concept because they are asked by law enforcement agencies to identify an individual's race from skeletal remains.
Q:
The term ethnicity was originally proposed in order to avoid the emotional baggage associated with the term race.
Q:
The term race currently has only biological connotations and is without any social significance.
Q:
Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin, originated the eugenics approach to "race improvement."
Q:
Anders Retzius was the first European scientist to classify humans into races.
Q:
The World Heath Organization lists ______ as the world's leading killer of adults.
a. car crashes
b. reality show stunts
c. tuberculosis
d. cholera
e. AIDS
Q:
What is an extensive outbreak of disease affecting large numbers of people over a wide area called?
a. pandemic
b. epidemic
c. vector
d. endemic
e. pathogen
Q:
When a disease is continuously present in a population it is said to be
a. pandemic
b. chronic
c. epidemic
d. lethal
e. endemic
Q:
What is AIDS caused by?
a. mosquito bites
b. a bacterium
c. a mutation on a cell's receptor site
d. a virus
e. bad meat
Q:
What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called?
a. pathogens
b. vectors
c. pandemics
d. endemics.
e. antigens
Q:
Developmental acclimatization occurs in those individuals who
a. have recently moved to a high altitude environment
b. have spent their adult life at high altitude
c. were born in a high altitude environment, but who grew up in a low altitude environment
d. grow up in high altitude environments
e. live at high altitude and are lactose intolerant
Q:
Hypoxia
a. is the reduced availability of oxygen
b. occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level
c. exerts no stress on humans
d. is a problem for people living at sea level
e. is not a concern for humans