Q&A Hero

Q: Bergmann's rule a. states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates b. concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages c. states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates d. is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area e. is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface

Q: Mechanisms for radiating body heat include which of the following? a. increased production of red blood cells b. vasodilation c. vasoconstriction d. increased activity levels e. increased metabolic rate

Q: Sweating a. is a uniquely human response to heat b. has no detrimental physiological effects c. is not an effective means of dissipating heat d. permits cooling through evaporation e. is an ability that varies from one human population to another

Q: Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ______, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo. a. melanin b. melanocytes c. carotene d. folate e. vitamin C

Q: What causes rickets? a. overexposure to ultraviolet radiation b. too much vitamin D c. an insufficient amount of melanin d. too few melanocytes e. an insufficient amount of vitamin D

Q: Ultraviolet radiation can be an important factor in selection for increased melanin production because UV radiation can cause which of the following? a. rickets b. albinism c. skin cancer d. the rebuilding of folate e. spina bifida

Q: Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why? a. It protects from frostbite. b. It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. c. It helps prevent rickets. d. It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate. e. It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Q: Light-skinned people, when compared to dark skinned people a. produce too much melanin b. have rickets c. lack melanin d. have no melanocytes e. are not found in African populations

Q: Melanocytes a. are cells that produce carotene b. are found in the dermis c. only occur in dark-skinned individuals d. produce melanin e. cause cancer

Q: Which of following protects from ultraviolet radiation? a. carotene b. hemoglobin c. vitamin D d. melanin e. melanocytes

Q: Which of the following contributes most to skin color? a. hemoglobin b. melanin c. carotene d. vitamin D e. short-term acclimatization

Q: Adaptations are a. seen only in nonhuman animals b. the same as acclimatization responses c. always temporary d. long term evolutionary changes e. short-term evolutionary changes

Q: Acclimatization refers to which of the following? a. long-term adaptations of species to certain environmental conditions b. an individual's short-term physiological responses to the environment c. the appearance of a new species d. slow genetic changes in populations e. changes in climate

Q: Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in a. hypoxia b. homeostasis c. heterostasis d. acclimatization e. polystasis

Q: Population geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation to determine a. whether evolution is occurring at all loci throughout the genome simultaneously b. whether allele frequencies in a population are changing c. the mode of inheritance of Mendelian traits d. whether a particular trait is polygenic e. if human populations are operating on evolutionary forces

Q: Which factors do not influence mate choice? a. geographical b. ecological c. social d. biological e. isolation from other vicinities

Q: Lactose intolerance can be characterized by all of the following except a. results from the lack of lactase b. has a genetic basis c. is a good example of biocultural evolution d. can be influenced by the environment e. does not involve a person's ability to digest milk

Q: What is significant about areas in the DNA that contain repeated segments? a. They are termed SNPs b. They are the basis for DNA fingerprinting c. They are the same from person to person d. They cannot be mapped e. They disprove the belief that there are variations of the human genome

Q: The frequency of the O allele is almost 100 percent in indigenous a. Northern Europeans b. Chinese c. Eurasians d. Africans e. South Americans

Q: The ABO system is interesting from an anthropological perspective because it a. illustrates that allele frequencies do NOT vary among populations b. illustrates that some allele frequencies DO vary among populations c. demonstrates that natural selection does not alter allele frequencies d. has never been convincingly demonstrated for any allele e. is no longer present in human populations

Q: The evolutionary development of the species H. sapiens a. is determined solely by genetic factors b. is determined solely by environmental factors c. can be accurately measured by IQ tests d. is a Mendelian trait e. is the result of both genetic and environmental factors

Q: In its most common biological usage, the term race a. has precise definitions agreed upon all anthropologists b. refers to the geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species c. refers only to skin color d. refers only to IQ e. refers to a person's nationality

Q: The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation a. reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change b. allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits c. helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes d. allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races e. has been of little value for understanding human variation

Q: A polytypic species a. is one that has no phenotypic variability b. has never been observed in nature c. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits d. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits e. is composed of widely dispersed populations

Q: The eugenics movement a. formed the basis for notions of racial equality in Nazi Germany b. was popular throughout the 1970s. c. is a now discredited view of racial purity d. was begun by Charles Darwin e. is supported in biological data

Q: Who was responsible for popularizing eugenics among 19th century Europeans? a. Charles Darwin b. Francis Galton c. Georges Cuvier d. Charles Lyell e. Thomas Jefferson

Q: What is the term for the philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of some groups and the encouraged reproduction of others? a. eugenics b. genetics c. monogenism d. polygenism e. polytpyic

Q: What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morality? a. eugenics b. monogenism c. polygenism d. biological determinism e. homeostasis

Q: Deterministic (or racist) views concerning human variation were once or presently held by all of the following except a. Benjamin Franklin b. Thomas Jefferson c. Oliver Wendell Holmes d. Abraham Lincoln e. biologists

Q: Categorizing people on the basis of skin color a. is mostly a twentieth century phenomenon b. has been practiced only by Western Europeans c. is a valid approach to racial taxonomy d. has a long history and has been practiced by many peoples e. began with Christopher Columbus

Q: Which of the following sites in western Europe may offer evidence for genetic continuity between Neandertals and modern humans? a. Abrigo do Lagar Velho b. Tabun and Qafzeh c. Qafzeh and Skhūl d. Border Cave and Vindija e. Cromagnon

Q: Of the sites listed below, which is the most important one for determining the morphology of the earliest Homo sapiens in western Europe? a. Cro-Magnon b. Tabun c. Katanda d. Mladeč e. Herto

Q: The Skhūl site is dated to approximately ________ years ago. a. 250,000-200,000 b. 75,000-43,000 c. 200,000-100,000 d. 130,000-100,000 e. 40,000

Q: Early modern Homo sapiens remains rom the Near East include a. Kow Swamp b. Skhūl c. Herto d. Omo Kibish e. Zhoukoudian

Q: The analysis of the Herto remains indicates they are a. most similar to Australopithecus b. indistinguishable from modern Homo sapiens c. most similar to late Homo erectus from China d. not specifically similar to modern Homo sapiens e. none of these

Q: Thus far, the earliest specimens of modern Homo sapiens are from which site? a. Omo Kibish b. Klasies River Mouth c. Qafzeh d. Cro-Magnon e. Kow Swamp

Q: Current evidence indicates that the earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils are from which geographical location? a. China b. India c. Germany d. France e. Africa

Q: The Herto remains are a. from South Africa b. from the Middle Awash area of Ethiopia c. considered to be modern Neandertal d. considered to be Ardipithecus e. the earliest European evidence of modern humans

Q: Anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils from Africa have been dated to about _____ years ago. a. 100,000-70,000 b. 200,000-100,000 c. 195,000-80,000 d. 35,000 e. 65,000

Q: Modern human occupation dates to 50,000 in a. Australia b. South America c. North America d. Africa e. Europe

Q: According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of premodern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species. a. founder's effect b. gene flow c. displacement by African Homo sapiens d. mitochondrial DNA e. genetic drift

Q: What does the Regional Continuity Model of modern Homo sapiens origins not propose? a. Modern humans did not appear solely in Africa. b. Premodern populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa all evolved into modern Homo sapiens. c. There was gene flow between premodern populations from different regions of the Old World. d. Local populations would have evolved totally independently from one another e. Local populations would not have evolved totally independently from one another

Q: Two different Replacement Models have been proposed. They differ from each other with respect to which of the following? a. the anatomy of modern humans b. the timing of the origin of modern humans c. whether a speciation event caused the demise of Neandertals d. the origin and dispersal of the first modern human populations e. the use of DNA sequences in analyses

Q: According to Partial Replacement Models, modern humans first appeared in Africa a. and interbred with premodern populations of Eurasia, thus partially displacing them b. and remained there until modern humans from Asia displaced them c. about 500,000 years ago d. but were later displaced by European Neandertals e. and India, simultaneously.

Q: The hypothesis that all modern humans descended from an African lineage a. has been conclusively proven to be correct b. is supported by mtDNA evidence c. is supported by evidence from researchers in India d. is conclusively proven as incorrect e. is based on archaeological evidence obtained from caves in Spain

Q: Researchers have recently sequenced the genetic identities of nine ancient fully modern H. sapiens from sites in Italy, France, the Czech Republic, and Russia. What did this research focus on? a. the Y chromosome b. mtDNA c. the ABO blood groups d. the Y chromosome and the ABO blood groups e. only cranial remains

Q: Which of the following has not been proposed as a model to explain the origin of modernHomo sapiens? a. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where indigenous premodern populations were replaced. b. An origin in Africa followed by migration to other areas where both interbreeding and replacement occurred. c. Several origins in different areas where modern forms evolved from local populations. d. Separate origins in Africa and Australia with migrations from both these areas to displace all other populations. e. A strong influence of modern humans evolving first in Africa that left an imprint on populations throughout the world that is detectable today.

Q: According to the complete replacement model, anatomically modern Homo sapiens first appeared in Africa a. and dispersed to Europe where they interbred with local premodern H. sapiens populations b. and migrated to other areas completely displacing all premodern H. sapiens populations without interbreeding with them c. remained there while premodern populations elsewhere evolved more slowly d. around 500,000 years ago e. and the local populations would not have evolved totally independently from one another.

Q: According to the compete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens a. occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously b. occurred first in Europe c. only occurred once, in Africa d. began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia e. began about 100,000 years ago in Asia

Q: According to the most recent evidence, the first modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa around _______ years ago. a. 200,000 b. 1,500,000 c. 50,000 d. 500,000 e. 5,000,000

Q: By 165,000 ya individuals were using fire at Blombos Cave, as evidenced by microliths that show evidence that the stone had been carefully heated.

Q: Bone tools, beads, and decorated ocher fragments were found at Blombos Cave as old as 73,000 years old.

Q: The bow and arrow seems to have first appeared during the Magdalenian.

Q: The Upper Paleolithic was a period during which there were rapid shifts in climatic conditions.

Q: The morphology of the child's skeleton from Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal has been cited as support for the regional continuity model for understanding modern human origins.

Q: Genetic evidence indicates that all native Australians are descendants of a single migration 50 kya.

Q: There is evidence of chronological overlap in occupation of the Near East by Neandertals and modern humans.

Q: Lagar Velho is an important Upper Paleolithic site located in the Near East.

Q: It is hypothesized that some population of inhabitants from Indonesia was the first group to colonize Australia.

Q: As a group, the specimens from Skhūl all have modern human features and none show any hints of premodern features.

Q: Recent analyses have shown that the mtDNA from fossil modern human skeletons is somewhat limited because mtDNA is a fairly small segment of DAN, and is transmitted between generations as a single unit.

Q: The partial replacement models have been bolstered by the sequencing of Neandertal genome.

Q: The first modern Homo sapiens evolved from Western Europe.

Q: The transition between premodern and anatomically modern forms of humans may have occurred as early as 500,000 years ago in Africa.

Q: According to the text, Blombos Cave is significant for accomplishments in art and technology that compare to similarly dated accomplishments in a. Europe b. North America c. South America d. Russia e. Australia

Q: Early rock art from Africa may be as old as ________ years. a. 10,000 b. 68,000 c. 100,000 d. 28,000 e. 40,000

Q: The cave paintings in the Grotte Chauvet a. are relatively crude and primitive b. mostly depict landscapes c. mostly depict female humans d. date to about 10,000 ya e. date to 35,000 ya

Q: Lascaux and Altamira a. are well known Neandertal sites b. are 20,000 year-old campsites c. contain evidence of butchered mammoths d. are famous for their numerous cave bear skulls e. are famous for their elaborate cave paintings

Q: Types of Upper Paleolithic art include all of the following except? a. engravings b. cave paintings c. sculptured figurines d. fired ceramics e. rock art

Q: What is the benefit of an atlatl? a. It is a unique type of projectile point b. It is used for starting fires. c. It is used to increase the force and distance of a spear throw. d. It can be used as a drill e. It is used for fishing.

Q: During the last glaciation in Eurasia, a. human habitation was impossible b. the entire area was permanently covered with ice-sheets c. a warming trend at about 30,000 ya partially melted the glacial ice d. hunting was impossible because there were no animals in the region e. Neandertals became extinct.

Q: The Upper Paleolithic culture period began in Western Europe about ________ years ago. a. 40,000 b. 10,000 c. 5,000 d. 70,000 e. 100,000

Q: The Upper Paleolithic culture period is divided into categories based on stone tool technologies. These include all of the following except a. Solutrean b. Magdalenian c. Aurignacian d. Chatelperroonian e. Grottevian

Q: The Upper Paleolithic a. began at the onset of the Pleistocene b. is a cultural period attributed primarily to Neandertals c. is characterized by the invention of iron tools d. began about 150,000 years ago e. is divided into five different industries, based on stone tool technologies

Q: The skeletal remains of Homo floresiensis are notable for each of the following characteristics or assumptions except a. the short stature. b. the small cranial capacity c. they were living 13,000 years ago. d. their predecessors were perhaps H. erectus populations e. they came to Flores on rafts, the remains of which were recovered from the island of Flores

Q: The Kow Swamp remains a. are more robust than the Lake Mungo remains b. are dated earlier than Lake Mungo remains c. are from central Europe d. were dated from museum collections and therefore dates may be invalid e. suggest that native Australians are later migrants from elsewhere, not descendants of a single migration dating back to about 50,000 ya.

Q: A newly published controversial date for the Lake Mungo remains indicates they may be as old as ________ years. a. 30,000 b. 400,000 c. 10,000 d. 600,000 e. 150,000, or the earliest specimens from Africa

Q: Archaeological sites in Australia have been dated to __________ years ago. a. 25,000 b. 30,000 c. 75,000 d. 55,000 e. 100,000

Q: The Abrigo do Lagar Velho specimen is an important discovery that aids in the understanding of possible interbreeding between Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens because the remains a. are from Portugal b. are dated to about 50,500 years ago c. the remains are a highly mixed set of anatomical features d. were studied by Erik Trinkaus e. are an incomplete skeleton of an adult female

Q: The question of whether modern humans and Neandertals interbred at some point a. was settled about ten years ago b. was never an issue among paleoanthropologists c. is far from settled d. was called into question with the discoveries at Zhoukoudian e. is established based on genetic evidence.