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Anthropology
Q:
The first Chinese H. erectus discoveries were the result of the focus on locating
a. skullcaps and femurs the same size as remains from Trinil
b. individuals contemporaneous with H. sapiens
c. "Dragon bones" used as medicine and aphrodisiacs
d. fossils unhampered by the complex nature of Javanese geology
e. fossils belonging to the late Pleistocene
Q:
The cranial remains from Dmanisi are characteristic of all of the following except
a. are easily distinguishable from modern Homo sapiens
b. bear some similarities to early Homo specimens from East Africa
c. bear similarities to australopithecus specimens
d. have very small cranial capacities
e. are different from other hominins outside Africa
Q:
The Dmanisi site is notable for which of the following
a. Being in North Africa
b. Producing crania remains that are uncharacteristic of H. erectus
c. The crania have relatively large cranial capacities
d. One complete cranium is of an older adult with jawbones that show advance bone loss
e. Crania are not associated with stone tools
Q:
Until recently, H. erectus sites outside of Africa all have shown dates later than the earliest finds of species in Africa. This has led paleoanthropologists to assume that
a. the hominins who migrated to Asia and Europe descended from earlier Asian ancestors
b. the sites outside of Africa are misdated
c. the earliest finds in Africa are misdated
d. the hominins who migrated to Asia and Europe descended from earlier African ancestors
e. there is another, heretofore unknown hominin, who is the missing link
Q:
There is a very late surviving H. erectus group in Java that apparently managed to survive there until less than________years ago.
a. 300,000
b. 100,000
c. 1.5 mya
d. 2.0 mya
e. 50,000
Q:
Homo erectus appeared in East Africa between ___ million years ago.
a. 1.7 and 1.5
b. 2.5 and 2.3
c. 6.0 and 4.0
d. 3 and 1.0
e. 2.0 and 1.8
Q:
When compared to large-bodied earlierHomo specimens, Homo erectus relative brain size is
a. about the same
b. much smaller
c. about twice as large
d. about 25 percent as large
e. is unimportant in discussions of hominin development
Q:
What is the average cranial capacity of H. erectus?
a. the same as for early Homo
b. approximately 900 cubic centimeters
c. the same as that for modern humans
d. the same as for Australopithecus
e. approximately 700 cubic centimeters
Q:
Two forms of evidence help to confirm the hypothesis that H. erectus evolved in Africa. First, all of the earlier hominins come from Africa. Second,
a. well-preserved postcranial elements are scarce at some H. erectus sites.
b. the adult height of the Nariokotome youth would have been about 6 feet.
c. by 1.7 mya there are well-dated fossils of H. erectus at East Turkana, in Kenya, and not long after at other sites in East Africa.
d. postcranial bones look very similar to modern humans.
e. growth pattern of Nariokotome would have been similar to that of modern humans.
Q:
In general, the cranium of Homo erectus
a. has a high vertical forehead
b. is composed of delicate, thin bone
c. has no brow ridges
d. is virtually identical to that of modern humans
e. has a pentagonal shape when viewed from behind
Q:
Homo erectus differs most distinctly from both early Homo and Homo sapiens in
a. the postcranial skeleton
b. the way they walked
c. height
d. cranial size
e. weight
Q:
What is the range for estimated cranial capacities for Homo erectus?
a. 400 to 800 cubic centimeters
b. 700 to 1,250 cubic centimeters
c. 1,000 to 2,000 cubic centimeters
d. 1,250 to 1,600 cubic centimeters
e. 300 to 750 cubic centimeters
Q:
Which of the following statements is false?
a. Several definite Homo erectus fossils have been discovered in France.
b. Earlier Homo erectus populations had a smaller cranial capacity than later populations.
c. Thick cranial and postcranial bones characterize mostHomo erectus specimens.
d. Homo erectus appears to have been less encephalized than Homo sapiens.
e. Homo erectus was most likely the first hominid to live outside of Africa.
Q:
Homo erectus discoveries from East Africa of firmly dated fossils have established the clear presence by
a. 2.8 mya
b. 1.7 mya
c. 800,000 ya
d. 3.2 mya
e. There are no H. erectus discoveries from East Africa
Q:
Homo erectus represents a different kind of hominin than the more ancient African predecessors. One of the reasons is
a. H. erectus is a step towards being more ape-like
b. An increased body size and robustness
c. Less encephalization
d. Less variation among different regional populations
e. Less like modern humans
Q:
Thus far, there is agreement that all hominins found outside Africa are members of which genus?
a. Australopithecus
b. Ardipithecus
c. Paranthropus
d. Homo
e. H. erectus
Q:
Rates of development can be accurately reconstructed by examining dental growth markers.
Q:
Except for some early Homo individuals, there is very little in the way of an evolutionary trend in increased body size or of marked greater encephalization.
Q:
A clear evolutionary picture is possible for organizing all the early hominins.
Q:
Although excavations at Olduvai Gorge have yielded abundant archaeological traces, no hominin remains have ever been found there.
Q:
Remains of early genus Homo have been found in both East and South Africa.
Q:
The A. afarensis hand, wrist, and foot bones are indistinguishable from those of modern humans.
Q:
All researchers agree that Sahelanthropus is a definite hominin.
Q:
Carbon-14 dating is a relative dating method used to date rocks and minerals.
Q:
Habitual bipedalism is the only form of hominin terrestrial locomotion.
Q:
Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural modifications.
Q:
Hominin emergence is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of bipedalism, toolmaking behavior, and a large brain.
Q:
Some of the late Eocene primates have been found in Asia.
Q:
The estimated average cranial capacity for Homo habilis is
a. 442 cm3
b. 631 cm3
c. 520 cm3
d. 350 cm3
e. 775 cm3
Q:
The first Homo habilis fossils were found during the 1960's in
a. Olduvai Gorge
b. Tugen Hills
c. Toros Menalla
d. Sterkfontein
e. South Africa
Q:
The task of interpreting early hominin evolution
a. is still not complete
b. does not require a chronological framework
c. does not require assigning taxonomic names to fossil materials
d. is almost impossible
e. is best left to geologists
Q:
The earliest australopith fossils come from
a. South Africa
b. Asia
c. East Africa
d. North Africa
e. Europe
Q:
By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey not implying?
a. There were at least two hominin lineages present at Olduvai Gorge.
b. The Homo lineage was distinct from the australopithecines.
c. That Homo habilis was more closely related to modern humans than were the australopiths.
d. That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines
e. Members of the group were the early Olduvai toolmakers.
Q:
By about 2 mya, which of the following was true?
a. All hominins were members of the same genus.
b. There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa.
c. Modern humans were living alongside australopiths.
d. All hominins still lived only in East Africa.
e. There was only one hominid species present in Asia.
Q:
_________ may have been contemporaneous with australopiths but had a significantly larger brain.
a. A. afarensis
b. Aegyptopithecus
c. Homohabilis
d. A. africanus
e. Ardipithecus
Q:
The hominin fossils from Laetoli and Hadar are classified by most researchers as
a. Australopithecus africanus
b. Homo afarensis
c. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus robustus
e. Australopithecus afarensis
Q:
Australopithecus afarensis specimens from Laetoli and Hadar are
a. the largest well-studied collection of early hominins
b. the oldest hominins discovered to date
c. the smallest least-studied collection of early hominins
d. only found in South Africa
e. forms of H. habilis
Q:
The fossil skeleton known as "Lucy" belongs to which species?
a. africanus
b. aethiopicus
c. habilis
d. boisei
e. afarensis
Q:
Recently discovered remains from the Tugen Hills, dated to about 6 million years ago have been placed in which genus?
a. Sahelanthropu
b. Australopithecus
c. Paranthropus
d. Ardipithecus
e. Orrorin
Q:
Sahelanthropus has an unusual combination of characteristics, including
a. a small braincase, huge browridges, small vertical face, and lack of shearing canine/premolar arrangement
b. a large braincase and huge browridges
c. a small braincase and small muscle attachments in the rear of the cranium
d. a small vertical face and small browridges
e. a large vertical face and small browridges
Q:
Where was Sahelanthropus discovered?
a. South Africa
b. East Africa
c. the Rift Valley
d. Central Africa
e. Asia
Q:
The oldest possible hominin found to date has been given which genus name?
a. Australopithecus
b. Sahelanthropus
c. Zinjanthropus
d. Ardipithecus
e. Orrorin
Q:
Which of the following would be best suited to the carbon-14 dating technique?
a. materials more than 100,000 years old
b. volcanic rock
c. sedimentary rock
d. metals
e. certain organic materials less than 75,000 years old
Q:
Potassium-40 (40K)
a. decays to the gas, argon-40 (40Ar)
b. decays to carbon-14
c. has a full-life of 1.25 billion years
d. is the same as carbon-14
e. is destructive and therefore not used by paleoanthropologists
Q:
Radiometric dating techniques
a. are not based on the phenomenon of radioactive isotope decay rates
b. can be used to determine the absolute age of organic materials
c. include the K/Ar but not carbon-14 methods
d. are a form of stratigraphy
e. are relative dating techniques
Q:
If an isotope has a half-life of 4 billion years, then in 4 billion years what will happen?
a. All of the original amount will have decayed.
b. A quarter of the original amount will still remain.
c. Half of the original amount will still be present.
d. All of the original amount will still be present.
e. The original amount will have doubled.
Q:
_______ is a radiometric dating method popular with archaeologists that can be used to date materials up to 75,000 years old.
a. Carbon-14
b. Paleomagnetism
c. Thermoluminesence
d. K/Ar
e. Biostratigraphy
Q:
_______ make the best samples for the K/Ar dating method.
a. Bones
b. Stone tools
c. Ostrich shells
d. Teeth
e. Volcanic rocks
Q:
_______ relies on identifying changes in the orientation of the earth's geomagnetic poles.
a. Stratigraphy
b. Potassium argon dating
c. Fluorine analysis
d. Biostratigraphy
e. Paleomagnetism
Q:
Which of the following is not a chromometric dating method?
a. C-14
b. K-Ar
c. Fluorine dating
d. Thermoluminescence
e. stratigraphy
Q:
Thermoluminescence dates
a. Water-logged artifacts
b. bone
c. wood
d. burned flint tools
e. thatch
Q:
Relative dating techniques
a. can provide exact dates of fossil material
b. are always accurate to within 500 years
c. are based on the radioactive decay of unstable isotopes
d. include biostratigraphy
e. rely upon stable isotopes
Q:
Thermoluminescence can be used on which of the following?
a. Heated materials such as burned flint
b. fossilized plants
c. bone
d. sedimentary layers of dirt
e. petrified wood
Q:
What is the dating method that uses the principle that undisturbed underlying geologic deposits are older than overlying geologic deposits?
a. stratigraphic dating
b. paleomagnetism
c. carbon-14 dating
d. K/Ar dating
e. fluorine analysis
Q:
Dating methods indicating that something is older or more recent than something else
a. are called chronometric dating methods
b. are called absolute dating methods
c. include the K/Ar method
d. never require stratigraphic information
e. are called relative dating methods
Q:
Which of the following methods are not used to identify hominin fossil sites?
a. aerial photography
b. satellite photography
c. geological surveys
d. water reside analysis
e. vertebrate paleontology
Q:
What is paleoanthropology?
a. It is defined as the study of early humans.
b. It is practiced by archaeologists ONLY.
c. It is concerned with fossilized skeletal remains ONLY.
d. It is defined as the study of fossilized non-primate mammals.
e. It is practiced by physical anthropologists ONLY.
Q:
The current evidence indicates that hominins possessed all the major structural changes necessary for bipedalism by
a. 4 million years ago
b. 5 to 7 million years ago
c. 8 to 10 million years ago
d. 3 to 4 million years ago
Q:
Before hominins made stone tools, they probably
a. used sticks or other perishable materials
b. had weapons made of metal
c. made tools from ivory
d. used pottery
e. took tools from other nonhuman primates
Q:
The earliest stone tools are dated to approximately
a. 2.6 million years old
b. 25,000 years old
c. 250,000 years old
d. 25 million years old
e. 50 million years old
Q:
For humans, culture integrates an entire adaptive strategy involving all of the following except
a. cognitive components
b. political components
c. economic components
d. social components
e. biological components
Q:
What have researchers concluded from the fossil remains of hominin feet from South Africa?
a. They indicate obligate quadrupedalism.
b. They indicate many forms of hominins spent considerable time in trees.
c. They were adapted for quadrupedalism.
d. They indicate the big toe could NOT have aided the foot in grasping.
e. Remains from hominin feet have not been found in South Africa
Q:
Fossil evidence for early hominin foot structure
a. has come from South and East African sites
b. has come from North African sites
c. is totally lacking
d. indicates they were quadrupedal
e. is highly disputed and therefore insignificant in discussions of human evolution
Q:
Anatomical changes in hominins indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include
a. feet with opposable big toes for grasping
b. shortening and broadening of the pelvis
c. increased length of arms relative to legs
d. increased length of the spine
e. increased length of pelvis
Q:
Adaptive advantages of bipedalism include the following except
a. freeing the hands for making and using tools
b. early predator detection
c. more efficient way of covering long distances
d. further refinements to capabilities used for swimming
e. freeing the hands for carrying objects
Q:
The term hominin refers to a distinction made at what taxonomic level?
a. Tribe
b. Genus
c. Species
d. Subfamily
e. Genera
Q:
The earliest hominin traces
a. date to the beginning of the Miocene
b. are primarily full skeletons
c. are primarily dental and cranial pieces
d. date to the Eocene
e. are merely shattered bones impossible to identify
Q:
Hominins have been variably defined as having which of the following?
a. a large brain, toolmaking abilities, adaptations for bipedalism
b. toolmaking abilities but no adaptations for bipedalism
c. adaptations for bipedalism, but lacking a large brain
d. a large brain and no toolmaking abilities and adaptations for bipedalism
e. a small brain, no toolmaking abilities and no adaptations for bipedalism
Q:
When did the initial hominid divergence from the African hominoids most likely occur?
a. during the late Miocene
b. during the early Miocene
c. as late as 1 mya
d. 3 mya
e. 20 to 30 kya
Q:
The terms Sivapithecus, Proconsul, and Dryopithecus applied to different groups of Miocene hominoids, refer to a distinction made at what taxonomic level?
a. species
b. genus
c. subfamily
d. family
e. order
Q:
The Miocene hominoids
a. were distributed over much of the New World
b. were all members of the same species
c. displayed little to no morphological variation
d. were all about the size of a house cat
e. evidenced the "golden age of hominoids"
Q:
Where have Miocene hominoid fossils been found?
a. North America
b. Australia
c. Mexico
d. South America
e. Africa, Europe, and Asia
Q:
Which genus is found in the Fayum and is probably close to the ancestry of both major groups of living Old World anthropoids?
a. Apidium
b. Sivapithecus
c. Australopithecus
d. Paranthropus
e. Aegyptopithecus
Q:
Where have the fossil remains of the Miocene Hominoids not been found?
a. Africa
b. Europe
c. Asia
d. North America
e. Turkey
Q:
The fossil evidence indicates that the Eocene primates were
a. mostly extinct by the end of the Eocene
b. not widely distributed
c. likely provide direct evidence of a close connection to humans
d. ectothermic
e. water animals
Q:
Several language experiments with chimpanzees, orangutans, gorillas, and bonobos have shown that all great apes have the capacity to use signs and symbols to communicate. Questions, however, have been raised about this type of research.
Q:
The modification of natural objects for use as tools has several implications for nonhuman primate intelligence.
Q:
Kanzi the bonobo learned to produce sharp flakes by throwing rocks to the ground.
Q:
Chimpanzees have never been observed to modify twigs for termite fishing before actually arriving at the termite mound.
Q:
Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.