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Anthropology
Q:
Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection from predators.
Q:
It has been proposed that male Hanuman langurs that commit infanticide are actually reducing their own reproductive success.
Q:
All primate communication is autonomic in nature.
Q:
Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator detection.
Q:
Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection.
Q:
What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate?
a. They lack the ability to communicate symbolically.
b. They can learn to use up to 100 spoken words.
c. They have some ability to use signs to communicate.
d. They have human-like vocal tract anatomies.
e. They think symbolically in the same way humans do.
Q:
Which of the following have been taught to use sign language?
a. baboons
b. chimpanzees
c. macaques
d. lemurs
e. vervets
Q:
Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent.
a. autonomic
b. deliberate
c. arbitrary
d. closed
e. innate
Q:
Human language can be characterized by all of the following except
a. uses symbols
b. is limited to communicating about the present
c. is an open system of communication
d. cannot be said to be the same as communication evidenced by the Great apes
e. evolved directly from nonhuman primate communication
Q:
Vervet monkey vocalizations
a. are involuntary responses to external stimuli
b. are voluntary responses to external stimuli
c. refer solely to the emotional state of the individual
d. includes information about past and present events
e. are impossible to record and study
Q:
According to the current evidence discussed in the text, which of the following statement is true?
a. Humans are the only species capable of conveying information pertaining to specific components of the external environment.
b. Nonhuman primates can communicate any information except that which pertains to their emotional state.
c. Some nonhuman primates appear to give specific alarm calls that refer to particular categories of predators.
d. Free-ranging monkeys and apes use symbolic language in the same manner as humans.
e. Some monkeys communicate about past and future events by means of symbolic gestures.
Q:
The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates,
a. are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their emotional state
b. use symbolic communication
c. use language in the same manner as humans
d. can convey information about events in the past and future
e. communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY
Q:
Cultural behaviors observed in wild chimpanzees include the following except:
a. stone-tool production
b. the use of "leaf sponges"
c. "termite fishing"
d. Twigs used as toothpicks
e. language
Q:
Potato washing behavior has been observed in which of the following?
a. Japanese macaques
b. Albanian macaques
c. Japanese gorillas
d. Chimpanzees
e. vervets
Q:
Cultural behavior
a. has never been observed in nonhuman primates
b. is learned
c. is purely genetic
d. has only been observed in chimpanzees
e. has only been observed in bonobos
Q:
Monkeys raised without mothers in captivity
a. were able to form lasting affectional ties
b. displayed completely normal parenting behaviors as adults
c. displayed normal sexual behavior
d. did not know how to care for infants
e. were socially normal as adults, provided they received adequate nourishment
Q:
What is the basic primate social unit?
a. the mother and infants
b. the father and infants
c. the male and female
d. sibling relationships
e. the mother and the mother's mother and sister
Q:
Infanticide by adult males
a. is rare in primates
b. appears to serve no function
c. is performed as a means of population control
d. is not resisted by females, including the mother
e. has been reported for a number of primate species
Q:
Female primates
a. assume most of the responsibility for infant care
b. have the same nutritional requirements as males
c. use the same strategies as males for avoiding predators
d. spend almost one-half of their lives pregnant or lactating
e. are the same size as males
Q:
R-selected species include which of the following?
a. mice
b. chimpanzees
c. gorillas
d. wolves
e. dogs
Q:
Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are
a. K-selected
b. r-selected
c. p-selected
d. alloparental
e. sympatric
Q:
What does K-selection refer to?
a. species that produce large numbers of offspring and invest little to no parental care
b. species that become extinct after a few generations
c. species that produce relatively few offspring but invest a large amount of parental care
d. only egg-laying species
e. all species except primates
Q:
In bonobos, males and females
a. commonly form friendships and consortships
b. never interact except when a female is in estrus
c. are usually sexually active throughout the female's estrus cycle
d. always interact aggressively
e. always avoid one another
Q:
The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several mating partners is
a. Estrus
b. Sexual selection
c. Polygynous
d. Monogamous
e. R-selected
Q:
Permanent male-female bonds are
a. common among nonhuman primates
b. not common among nonhuman primates
c. the basis of monogamous pairing typical of all nonhuman primate species
d. nonexistent in primates
e. known only in orangutans
Q:
In Old World monkeys, the swelling and changes in the color of the skin surrounding the female's genital area
a. is a sign of aggression
b. indicates a diseased state
c. is an indication of estrus
d. serves as a visual cue of a female's readiness to become aggressive
e. is also found in New World monkeys.
Q:
Chimpanzee caregiving behaviors are evidenced in
a. subjecting victims during attack
b. helping younger siblings
c. leaving the ill or dying to be alone
d. leave orphans, ensuring that they do not become burdens to the group
e. the lack of altruism
Q:
Altruism is a behavior that
a. benefits another while involving some risk to the performer
b. benefits the performer while involving risk to another individual
c. benefits both the performer and another individual while involving risk to both
d. is not common among primates
e. creates potential risk to dependent offspring
Q:
Social relationships are crucial to nonhuman primates for all of the following reasons except:
a. Individuals support each other against outsiders
b. Alliances can be used to enhance the status of members
c. Resources can be protected
d. Order can be imposed by allowing individuals to attack each other
e. Predator avoidance
Q:
In many primate species, ________ have/has a central role in reinforcing social relationships.
a. play
b. coalition formation
c. dominance hierarchies
d. food-sharing
e. grooming
Q:
Grooming accomplishes all except
a. plays an important role in the day-to-day life of nonhuman primates
b. is an affiliative behavior
c. occurs in a variety of contexts
d. reinforces social relationships
e. empathy
Q:
Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called _______ behaviors.
a. cultural
b. philopatric
c. ritualized
d. affiliative
e. autonomic
Q:
What is chest slapping by gorillas an example of?
a. reassurance gesture
b. submission
c. display
d. involuntary behavior
e. affiliative behavior
Q:
Mounting as an expression of dominance in baboons is believed to also serve to
a. indicate sexual preference
b. defuse tense situations
c. indicate aggression
d. indicate a threat
e. submission
Q:
Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include all of the following except
a. spoken language
b. facial expressions
c. vocalizations
d. displays
e. relationships
Q:
Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Adult primate males tend to be dominant to females.
b. Dominant individuals appear to have priority access to desired food items.
c. High-ranking females probably have higher reproductive success than subordinate females.
d. Dominance hierarchies create aggression and therefore do not impose a degree of order in primate societies.
e. In groups containing a number of females associated with one or several adult males, the males are generally dominant to females.
Q:
In the context of social groups, dominance hierarchies
a. are maintained by females only
b. are maintained by males only
c. are not present in any primate species
d. impose a certain amount of order within the group
e. have not been studied by primatologists
Q:
Primate groups composed of several adult males and females are advantageous in areas where
a. there are few sleeping sites
b. humans are active
c. primates are crepuscular
d. predation pressure is high
e. predation pressure is low
Q:
______ dispersal is the most common pattern in mammals, including primates.
a. female
b. male
c. elders
d. children
e. elderly
Q:
As a general rule, what do larger animals require?
a. fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
b. more calories per unit weight than smaller animals
c. the same amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals
d. no calories whatsoever
e. more testosterone
Q:
Ecological factors influencing primate social behavior include which of the following?
a. the distribution of food and water, predators, and nutritional value of foods
b. levels of testosterone among predators
c. Ancestry of primates
d. Gene codes for behaviors
e. learning
Q:
According to proponents of behavioral ecology,
a. individuals act to enhance the survival of their species
b. infanticide is beneficial for the social group
c. individuals consciously behave in ways that ensure their fitness
d. behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection
e. Individuals choose certain environments based upon the likelihood of carrying out aggressive behavior
Q:
Primate social structure of a group of animals refers to
a. the composition
b. the size
c. the sex ratio
d. the composition, size and sex ratio
e. the behavior of the animals
Q:
___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.
a. Sociobiology
b. Biological-ecology
c. Behavioral ecology
d. Evolutionary ecology
e. Eco-sociobiology
Q:
Primate behavior is best viewed as being
a. influenced by environmental factors
b. entirely genetic in origin
c. independent of environmental factors
d. entirely learned and without any genetic basis
e. subject to very few factors
Q:
Studies of nonhuman primate behavior
a. have no relevance for understanding human behavior
b. may provide valuable insights into human behavioral evolution
c. has not been shaped by genetic and environmental factors
d. offer familiar examples of individual and social behaviors but are not helpful in identifying the interactions between a number of environmental and physiological variables
e. are indicative of how humans were once monkeys
Q:
What are the smallest New World anthropoids?
a. marmosets and tamarins
b. howler monkeys and baboons
c. spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys
d. squirrel monkeys and bonobos
e. macaques
Q:
Monkeys are divided into which two major groups?
a. terrestrial and arboreal forms
b. New and Old World species
c. large and small-bodied species
d. quadrupedal and bipedal
e. omnivores and frugivores
Q:
Compared to Strepsirhini, anthropoids generally
a. have smaller body sizes
b. have decreased infant maturation periods
c. have smaller brains
d. depend less on olfaction and more on vision
e. groom less often
Q:
Today, where are lorises not found?
a. India
b. Africa
c. Southeast Asia
d. North America
e. Sri Lanka
Q:
Which of the following are Strepsirhini?
a. New World monkeys
b. lorises
c. Old World monkeys
d. humans
e. chimpanzees
Q:
What are the two major groups of Strepsirhini?
a. lemurs and tarsiers
b. marmosets and howler monkeys
c. lemurs and lorises
d. baboons and macaques
e. tarsiers and lorises
Q:
What are the most non-derived or primitive primates?
a. Old World monkeys
b. New World monkeys
c. tarsiers
d. lemurs and lorises
e. great apes
Q:
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in which suborder?
a. Prosimii
b. Lorisoidea
c. Hominoidea
d. Haplorhini
e. Strepsirhini
Q:
The following are characteristics of tarsiers except
a. Restricted to the islands of Southeast Asia
b. Mainly diurnal
c. Insectivore leaping from branch to branch to catch prey
d. Form stable bonds
e. Inhabit wide range of habitats
Q:
DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about _________ of their DNA base sequences.
a. 10 percent
b. 95 percent
c. 28 percent
d. 99 percent
e. 100 percent
Q:
Traditionally, Old World monkeys are separated from apes and humans at the level of the
a. infraorder
b. genus
c. superfamily
d. family
e. suborder
Q:
The suborder Strepsirhini includes
a. Lemurs and lorises
b. Tarsiers, lemurs and lorises
c. Lorises, chimpanzees, and gorillas
d. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans
e. Strepsirhini is not a suborder of primates
Q:
The order Primates is traditionally divided into two suborders:
a. Platyrrhine and Catarrhine
b. Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
c. Pongidae and Hominidae
d. Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
e. Pongo and Homo
Q:
_________ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.
a. A grasping hand
b. Quadrupedalism
c. An arboreal lifestyle
d. Color vision
e. A prehensile tail
Q:
Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable lumbar spine are traits associated with
a. brachiation
b. vertical clinging and leaping
c. arboreal quadrupedalism
d. terrestrial quadrupedalism
e. full-time bipedalism
Q:
Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?
a. apes
b. lemurs and tarsiers
c. terrestrial monkeys
d. Old World monkeys
e. gibbons
Q:
Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called
a. bipedalism
b. quadrupedalism
c. vertical clinging and leaping
d. brachiation
e. semi-brachiation
Q:
Adaptive niche refers to
a. an adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment.
b. mammalian characteristics which evolved from an arboreal environment.
c. an organism's entire way of life.
d. a numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth.
e. adaptive benefit of surrounding forests and rivers.
Q:
Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ________ environments.
a. terrestrial
b. rocky
c. arboreal
d. desert
e. ocean
Q:
Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have all except
a. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment
b. longer periods of gestation
c. reduced numbers of offspring
d. delayed maturation
e. decreased life span
Q:
The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected all of the following except
a. the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell
b. the presence of color vision in most species
c. a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals
d. visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres
e. lack of color vision in most species
Q:
Prehensile ability to grasp with five digits is
a. a variable trait in the order
b. characteristic only of monkeys
c. characteristic only of apes and humans
d. the only truly distinctive primate trait
e. is hindered by an opposable thumb
Q:
Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates?
a. a tendency towards erect posture
b. an inflexible, specialized limb structure
c. hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility
d. retention of five digits on the hands and feet
e. generalized dentition
Q:
As an order, primates
a. have highly specialized traits
b. can be easily defined by one or two traits
c. lack traits that define the mammals
d. have generalized traits
e. have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences
Q:
Currently, there are approximately _______ species of non-human primates.
a. 230
b. 23
c. 30
d. 2300
e. 2
Q:
There are less than 650 Mountain Gorillas left in existence.
Q:
Miss Waldron's red colobus has officially been declared extinct.
Q:
Humans are the only living representatives of the habitually bipedal primates (hominin tribe.)
Q:
Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.
Q:
In major cities throughout Europe and the U.S., illegal bushmeat is readily available.
Q:
Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate.
Q:
Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as "leaf-eating monkeys."
Q:
In the classification of the primates, the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers would be placed in the suborder Strepsirhini.
Q:
The "dental comb" is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species.