Q&A Hero

Q: Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.

Q: The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3.

Q: Primates are found primarily in tropical and semitropical habitats of the Old World and North America.

Q: The fact that Strepsirhinis evolved before the anthropoids indicates that anthropoids are more evolved.

Q: What is a major underlying factor for the declining numbers of nonhuman primates? a. the killing of primates for human consumption b. the trapping of live primates for biomedical research c. unprecedented human population growth d. the trapping of live primates for the pet trade e. the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups

Q: Bonobos are a. the most thoroughly studied primate species b. in the same genus as the gorilla c. behaviorally indistinguishable from chimpanzees d. in the same genus as the chimpanzee e. almost exclusively arboreal

Q: Chimpanzees live in groups composed of a. one adult male, several females, and their young b. large communities of bonded males and females, plus young of all ages c. one adult male plus one adult female and their young d. several adult females, one adult male, and any dependent young e. other primate species

Q: Where are chimpanzees found? a. across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika b. in Africa and India c. in open savanna areas of Kenya ONLY d. in the mountainous areas of central Africa ONLY e. in Africa, India and southeast Asia

Q: Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of a. one adult silverback male and one adult female, plus their immature offspring b. solitary individuals, except for females with dependent young c. one or two adult silverback males, a few adult females and their immature offspring d. several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages e. several adult males plus only one female and her offspring

Q: Which are the largest of the living primates? a. orangutans b. chimpanzees c. gibbons d. bonobos e. gorillas

Q: ________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives. a. Gorillas b. Chimpanzees c. Gibbons d. Orangutans e. Humans

Q: Orangutans belong to which genus? a. Pan b. Pongo c. Gorilla d. Papio e. Hylobates

Q: Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for a. quadrupedalism b. bipedalism c. brachiation d. vertical clinging and leaping e. knuckle-walking

Q: Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes. a. gibbons and siamangs b. bonobos c. chimpanzees d. macaques e. orangutans

Q: Compared to monkeys, hominoids a. generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail b. have a more elongated lower back c. have arms and legs of equal length d. exhibit less complex behavior e. have a shorter period of infant dependency

Q: Which of the following are not apes? a. gorillas b. orangutans c. bonobos d. chimpanzees e. macaques

Q: In nonhuman primates, the hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity is a. called sexual dimorphism b. called sexual reciprocity c. typical of males d. called estrus e. is not significant

Q: Sexual dimorphism a. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior b. is particularly pronounced in all primate species c. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size d. is more common in arboreal species e. has not been observed in any monkey

Q: Which of the following are not hominoids? a. bonobos b. gorillas c. orangutans d. chimpanzees e. baboons

Q: Which of the following does not characterize Cercopithecines a. are one subfamily of Old World monkeys b. are more generalized than colobines c. include baboons, guenons, and macaques d. have cheek pouches for storing food e. found only in Sri Lanka and Madagascar

Q: All Old World monkeys belong to which family? a. Ominidae b. Cercopithecidae c. Callitrichidae d. Pongidae e. Monquidae

Q: Where are Old World monkeys found? a. Africa and northern Europe b. Mexico and South America c. Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and northern Japan d. India and southern Asia only e. North America and Mexico

Q: Much of what we know about the history of life comes from studying fossils.

Q: Epochs are categories of geological time; the Cenozoic contains seven.

Q: The mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several characteristics related to learning and general behavioral flexibility.

Q: During the Paleozoic era, reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates.

Q: Vertebrate fossils are found as far back as the Paleozoic.

Q: The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation.

Q: The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals due to the vast diversification that took place.

Q: Sexual dimorphism refers to reproductive differences among mammal species.

Q: Cladistic analysis makes no attempt to discern ancestor-descendant relationships.

Q: Cladistics is an approach to classification that makes evolutionary interpretations based solely on shared ancestral characters.

Q: Study of the Hox genes indicates that it takes hundreds of mutations to lead to diversification of the basic vertebrate limb structure.

Q: The phyum chordate includes all animals with a never cord, gill slits, and supporting cord along the back.

Q: The theory that macroevolution proceeds as the result of gradual microevolutionary change a. is the only explanation of speciation accepted by biologists today b. is called the theory of punctuated equilibrium c. has been refuted d. has been questioned as the exclusive mode of speciation e. postulates rapid evolutionary change followed by long periods of stasis

Q: The diversification of reptiles facilitated by the evolution of the reptilian egg is a good example of which of the following? a. parallel evolution b. specialization c. homology d. adaptive radiation e. devolution

Q: What is the term for the rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches? a. generalization b. homology c. parallel evolution d. adaptive radiation e. specialization

Q: In _________, the young are born in an extremely immature state and complete development in their mother's external pouch. a. placental mammals b. monotremes c. marsupials d. reptiles e. adaptive radiation

Q: What are Monotremes? a. marsupials b. viviparous reptiles c. egg-laying fish d. placental mammals e. egg-laying mammals

Q: Endothermic animals include mammals and which of the following? a. fish b. amphibians c. birds d. all dinosaurs e. reptiles

Q: What does the term endothermic refer to? a. mammalian tooth shapes b. the loss of heat in animals without fur c. using metabolic activity to maintain a constant internal body temperature d. staying warm by laying in the sun e. energy is generated externally

Q: Mammals, in contrast to reptiles, a. have larger brains b. are homodont c. cannot process a wide variety of foods d. lack fur e. are ectothermic

Q: The diversification of the mammals occurred mostly during the a. Pleistocene b. Mesozoic c. Quaternary d. Cenozoic e. Paleozoic

Q: Development of a mammalian brain requires all except a. Longer period of growth b. More intense period of growth c. Slower development in utero and after birth d. Social system that ensure ample learning e. The lack of a "bond of milk" between mother and infant

Q: During the ___________mammals replaced reptiles as the dominant form of land vertebrate. a. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian e. Permian

Q: Which of the following is an epoch of the Cenozoic era? a. Ordovician b. Permian c. Triassic d. Cambrian e. Eocene

Q: As discussed in the text, long-term continental drift had significant evolutionary ramifications because a. groups of animals were no longer isolated from each other by oceans. b. the distribution of mammals and other land vertebrates were unaffected. c. geological activities induced volcanic activities which decimated populations of placental mammals. d. groups of animals were isolated from each other by oceans. e. scientists can map the changes that occurred.

Q: Continental drift a. had no real impact on the evolutionary history of vertebrates b. never occurred c. is the movement of the continents on the Earth's surface d. ceased to occur several million years ago e. occurs only in the Old World

Q: Grouping contemporaneous species into genera a. is never a subjective process b. can be facilitated by identifying which species can interbreed and produce live, though not necessarily fertile, hybrid offspring c. is always easy and accurate d. is problematic and therefore not a common practice of physical anthropologists e. requires similarities between species in one genus and species of another genus.

Q: A genus may be defined as a group of a. individuals who interbreed but who are reproductively isolated from other such groups b. closely related species c. one or more species that do not differ from each other in basic ways d. members of the same species e. individuals more closely related to individuals of another species in another genus

Q: Morphological variation between individuals within a species a. may be the product of male/female morphological differences b. is called interspecific variation c. is of no concern to anthropologists d. is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record e. produces large numbers of identical individuals

Q: Assigning fossil remains to a particular primate species a. is an uncomplicated process b. requires splitting samples into as many species as possible c. requires making comparisons to well-known living species of primates d. can be accomplished only if the species is sexually dimorphic e. requires not making comparisons to well-known living species of primates

Q: Speciation can occur as a result of all of the following except a. geographic isolation b. natural selection acting on populations c. ecological separation d. lack of differences in habitats e. limited gene exchange

Q: Unlike a cladogram, a phylogenetic tree a. includes the dimension of time b. does not suggest ancestral-descendant relationships c. is one-dimensional d. are used by physical anthropologists to identify and assess the utility of traits e. are used by physical anthropologists to make testable hypotheses regarding relationships between groups of organisms

Q: A hypothesis regarding ancestor-descendant relationships that includes a time scale is called a a. cladogram b. phylogenetic tree c. phylogram tree d. hypogram tree e. hypoplastic tree

Q: In grouping organisms together in a cladistic classification, the most important characteristics are those that are a. ancestral b. shared derived (modified) c. shared primitive d. analogous e. homologous

Q: When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived (modified) characteristics. What is this approach called? a. taxonomy b. phylogeny c. classification d. cladistics e. homoplasy

Q: What is the term for traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be informative of evolutionary relationships? a. ancestral (primitive) b. acquired c. derived (modified) d. convergent characters e. analogies

Q: Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are inherited from a remote ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are termed a. specialized b. ancestral (primitive) c. adaptive radiations d. analogies e. derived (modified)

Q: Which two primary schools of classification are discussed in the text? a. generalized and specialized b. organic and inorganic c. evolutionary systematics and cladistics d. cladistics and non-cladistics e. ancestral and derived (modified)

Q: What is the evolutionary process that produces analogous structures called? a. speciation b. homology c. homoplasy d. founder effect e. evolutionary systematics

Q: What are structural similarities between species that are based on common function and not on common evolutionary descent called? a. acquired b. generalized c. non-adaptive d. analogies e. homologies

Q: Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are a. analogies b. homologies c. acquired d. uncommon e. uninformative of evolutionary relationships

Q: Vertebrates include all of the following except a. birds b. insects c. amphibians d. mammals e. fishes

Q: Animals with a nerve cord along the back and gill slits during some developmental stage are called which of the following? a. insects b. invertebrates c. chordates d. metazoans e. underdeveloped

Q: Ideally, taxonomic classification a. reflects evolutionary relationships b. is based on the presence of acquired characteristics c. is always based solely on between-species behavioral similarities d. reflects the current geographic distribution of species e. is only applicable to nonhuman species

Q: What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families? a. evolution b. classification c. parallelism d. analogy e. generalization

Q: In regions where malaria is present, it acts as a selective agent that favors the heterozygous phenotype, because people with sickle-cell trait produce more offspring than those with only normal hemoglobin, who may die of malaria.

Q: A manifestation of sickle-cell anemia is the abnormal hemoglobin S reduces the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen throughout the body.

Q: The relationship between malaria and the HbS allele is an example of natural selection as a factor that can cause directional change in allele frequencies.

Q: Genetic drift is the random factor in evolution.

Q: New alleles are the results of mutations.

Q: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is extremely useful for studying genetic change over time.

Q: The genotype sets limits and potentials for development and interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype.

Q: Polygenic traits account for few, if any, of the readily observable phenotypic variation seen in humans.

Q: Melanin production is the result of interactions between several different loci.

Q: Dominance and recessiveness are all-or-nothing situations because the recessive allele has no phenotypic effects in heterozygotes.

Q: Recessive conditions are usually associated with the lack of production of an enzyme.

Q: All human genetic disorders are inherited as recessive traits.

Q: The HbS allele increased in frequency in West African populations due to which of the following? a. sickle-cell anemia b. genetic drift c. migration d. increased mutation rates e. natural selection