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Anthropology
Q:
Ribosomes are
a. the sex chromosomes
b. gametes
c. found only in prokaryotes
d. only present when the cell divides
e. important to protein synthesis
Q:
Somatic cells are not
a. one type of eukaryotic cell
b. gametes
c. the cellular components of tissue
d. basically all the cells in the body except those involved in reproduction
e. those that make up tissues, e.g. muscles and the brain.
Q:
The cell nucleus
a. is the same thing as the cytoplasm
b. is not distinct from the cytoplasm
c. contains only X and Y chromosomes
d. is made up of ribosomes
e. contains genetic information
Q:
Cells
a. are the basic units of life
b. usually do not have DNA
c. only have a nucleus and no cytoplasm
d. are only inherited from one parent
e. originated on earth approximately 5 million years ago
Q:
Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.
Q:
There are no well-documented examples of natural selection operating in natural populations.
Q:
Charles Darwin refrained from immediately publishing his theory of natural selection because he was aware of its controversial nature.
Q:
Charles Darwin acknowledged the importance of sexual reproduction when formulating his theory of natural selection.
Q:
Charles Darwin recognized the importance of beak variation in finches while visiting the Galpagos Islands.
Q:
Charles Lyell, author of Principles of Geology, is considered the founder of modern geology.
Q:
The theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics has recently displaced natural selection as mainstream science's most accepted theory of evolutionary change.
Q:
We credit Erasmus Darwin with significantly influencing Charles Darwin's evolutionary thinking.
Q:
The concept of evolution is unique to Western science.
Q:
Evolution is a theory that has considerable support from genetic evidence.
Q:
Which is among the reasons that about half of Americans believe that evolution does not occur?
a. the mechanisms of evolution are simple and easily explained
b. the mechanisms of evolution are complex and do not lend themselves to simple explanations
c. most people possess extensive familiarity with the principles of genetics
d. most have not read and studied "On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type", by Alfred Russel Wallace
e. many people do not want clear-cut answers
Q:
When it came to explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin
a. used Mendel's theory of heredity
b. agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal's inner needs
c. argued it was caused by differential use of an animal's body parts
d. had no idea of the true causes
e. used his research gathered while at Cambridge
Q:
"Fitness," in an evolutionary sense, refers to an individual's
a. strength
b. reproductive success
c. aggressiveness
d. size
e. age at death
Q:
Which is the best example of natural selection?
a. the peppered moth
b. the medium ground finch of the Galpagos
c. the recent increase in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
d. the recent decrease in resistant strains of disease-causing microorganisms
e. Mendel's project with peas and beans
Q:
Regarding the example of the peppered moth, which of the following is not true
a. the two color patterns resulted from genetic variation in the species
b. it has recently come under criticism
c. natural selection acted upon pre-existing variation in the population
d. the dark is more visible on the trees darkened by pollution
e. the most common variety of the peppered moth in England, prior to the 19th century, was a mottled gray color.
Q:
Which contemporary of Charles Darwin also developed a theory of evolution by means of natural selection?
a. Charles Lyell
b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Erasmus Darwin
d. Alfred Russel Wallace
e. Georges Cuvier
Q:
Darwin
a. was reluctant to publish his theories
b. wrote his theory of natural selection while still on board the Beagle
c. published his theories as soon as he returned from his voyage on the Beagle
d. was not concerned with public opinion and did not mind if his theories were criticized
e. knew his friends and colleagues would not be affected by the publication of his theory
Q:
Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
a. Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
b. There is competition among individuals for resources.
c. Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
d. There is biological variation in all members of a species.
e. Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
Q:
The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for which theory?
a. uniformitarianism
b. natural selection
c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
d. catastrophism
e. the fixity of species
Q:
In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin did not
a. recognize the importance of biological variation within a population
b. apply his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones
c. appreciate the fact that population size is limited by availability of food
d. wonder if he had enough supportive data
e. claim that favorable variations would tend to be destroyed, unfavorable ones be preserved.
Q:
Charles Darwin
a. grew up in modest circumstances
b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s
c. received no formal education
d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection
e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby
Q:
Alfred Russel Wallace is best known for
a. the principle of uniformitarianism
b. being the co-discoverer of natural selection
c. finding numerous important fossils during the 19th century
d. finding numerous important fossils during the 18th century
e. identifying changes in the coloration of a species moth
Q:
The principle of uniformitarianism
a. stated that the geological processes that operated in the past are still occurring in the present
b. was a problem for the development of evolutionary theories
c. proposed that the earth was only a few thousand years old
d. was the same as the theory of catastrophism
e. was first proposed by Georges Cuvier
Q:
Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought?
a. recent origins for earth
b. the role of catastrophic events in producing geological phenomena
c. natural selection
d. the immense age of the earth
e. the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Q:
__________________ proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies.
a. Erasmus Darwin
b. Alfred Russel Wallace
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Charles Lyell
e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Q:
Thomas Malthus did not
a. propose that population size is kept in check by the availability of resources
b. writeAn Essay on the Principle of Population
c. influence the development of Darwin's and Wallace's theories of natural selection
d. enter the discussion of evolution as an economist
e. argue against limits to human population growth.
Q:
___________________wrote the highly praised Principles of Geology in which was emphasized the principle of uniformitarianism.
a. Charles Darwin
b. Charles Lyell
c. Alfred Russel Wallace
d. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
e. Thomas Malthus
Q:
_________________was the opponent of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and the proposer of the view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.
a. Charles Lyell
b. Alfred Russel Wallace
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Erasmus Darwin
e. Georges Cuvier
Q:
What is the view that the extinction and the subsequent appearance of more modern forms could be explained by a series of disasters and creations?
a. natural selection
b. catastrophism
c. use-disuse theory
d. uniformitarianism
e. descent with modification
Q:
What is the term for the theory stating that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual could be passed on to that individual's offspring?
a. natural selection
b. catastrophism
c. use-disuse theory
d. uniformitarianism
e. fixity of species
Q:
Who coined the term "biology"?
a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
b. Georges Cuvier
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Charles Darwin
e. Charles Lyell
Q:
Who was the first to recognize the role of the environment as a significant factor in evolutionary change?
a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
b. Georges Cuvier
c. Thomas Malthus
d. Charles Darwin
e. Charles Lyell
Q:
Who was the first to actually attempt to explain the mechanism by which species change?
a. Carolus Linnaeus
b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
c. Charles Lyell
d. Charles Darwin
e. Erasmus Darwin
Q:
Charles Darwin was not the only one to conceive of natural selection. Who published an article suggesting current species were descended from other species?
a. Jean Baptiste Lamarck
b. Erasmus Darwin
c. Georges-Louis Leclerk de Buffon
d. Alfred Russel Wallace
e. John Scopes
Q:
_________ was an 18th century thinker who believed that living forms changed in response to the environment yet still rejected the idea that one species could give rise to another.
a. Alfred Russel Wallace
b. Georges-Louis Leclerk de Buffon
c. Erasmus Darwin
d. John Ray
e. Georges Cuvier
Q:
Carolus Linnaeus
a. established a binomial system of classification for plants and animals
b. was a proponent of evolutionary change
c. opposed all notions of fixity of species
d. was a supporter of Charles Darwin
e. developed theories of natural selection
Q:
_____________________refined the existing system of classifying biological organisms into a binomial system.
a. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
b. Georges Cuvier
c. Carolus Linnaeus
d. George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
e. Erasmus Darwin
Q:
__________________first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring.
A. John Ray
B. Charles Darwin
C. Carolus Linnaeus
D. Alfred Russel Wallace
E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Q:
By the 17th century, some scientists were beginning to break with long-held traditions and sought to investigate _______.
a. natural phenomena
b. the supernatural forces that created life
c. the structure of the DNA molecule
d. how genetic mutations occur
e. fertility rates
Q:
Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. These did not include
a. the circumnavigation of the globe
b. the discovery of the New World
c. the notion of a sun-centered universe
d. a less than rigid feudal class system
e. "arguments from design", meaning structures were engineered to meet purposes for which they were designed
Q:
Growing attacks on traditional beliefs resulted with growing awareness of biological diversity. _________challenged a notion proposed by Aristotle to account for the movement of the sun and planets.
a. Copernicus
b. Linnaeus
c. Darwin
d. Wallace
e. Mendel
Q:
What is the belief that species do not change but are the same as when first created known as?
a. fixity of species
b. the Great Chain of Being
c. truth
d. uniformitarianism
e. natural selection
Q:
The discovery of evolutionary principles first took place in western Europe, made possible by
a. advances in scientific thinking that began in the 18th century
b. understanding by Christians that there was a recent origin of life on earth
c. the cohesive theory formulated by Arabs, Indians, and Chinese that species were continuously changing
d. advances in scientific thinking that date back to the 16th century.
e. the central importance placed on evolution by physical anthropologists.
Q:
In Europe during the Middle Ages, it was believed that
a. all species had evolved from a common ancestor
b. evolution was the result of natural selection acting upon genetic variation
c. all forms were created by God and did not change over time
d. most species had become extinct over time
e. life was created slowly, over millions of years
Q:
Molecular anthropologists have used genetic technologies to investigate the relationships between human populations as well as nonhuman primates.
Q:
Physical/biological anthropologists are only interested in the human fossil record.
Q:
Anthropology can be applied to practical issues outside the university setting.
Q:
The human predisposition to assimilate culture and function within it is profoundly influenced by biological factors.
Q:
Forensic anthropology is an applied subfield which benefits from a background in physical anthropology.
Q:
The focus of anthropology is very narrow and has only two subfields.
Q:
The anthropological perspective proposes to broaden our viewpoint though time and space.
Q:
All cultures share the same worldview.
Q:
Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems.
Q:
The 3.7 million year old footprints of two hominids were discovered in a riverbed in Texas.
Q:
Which of the following is true of the relativistic view of culture?
a. It allows us to understand our concerns and to view our own culture from a narrower perspective.
b. It allows us to understand other people's concerns and to view our own culture from a broader perspective.
c. We realize that we can judge other species using human criteria.
d. We come to recognize the superiority of humans.
e. We understand the importance of our culture.
Q:
The anthropological perspective does not
a. Offer a wider appreciation through time and space
b. Look at the diversity of the human experience
c. Help to avoid ethnocentric pitfalls
d. Give a wider appreciation of the human experience
e. Narrow our viewpoint of how our species through time and space.
Q:
Which of the following does not apply to theories
a. Tested explanations of facts
b. Usually concerned with broader and more universal views
c. Not absolutes and open for falsification
d. Specific statements of scientific relationships that have not been verified
e. The result of repeated testing
Q:
What is the initial step in the scientific method?
a. the formation of a theory
b. the formation of a hypothesis
c. to perform an experiment
d. to publish a scientific article
e. to collect data under precise conditions
Q:
What is a hypothesis?
a. It is a statement that has been proven to be true.
b. It is equivalent to a theory.
c. It is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.
d. It is proof of a theory.
e. It is a fact from which conclusions can be drawn.
Q:
Who uses anthropological techniques to assist in crime investigations and to identify skeletal remains in cases of disaster?
a. paleoanthropologists
b. primatologists
c. archaeologists
d. cultural anthropologists
e. forensic anthropologists
Q:
Forensic anthropologists
a. study disease and trauma in ancient populations
b. apply anthropological techniques to the law
c. are primarily concerned with the recovery of material culture remains
d. examine the relationships between medical treatment and culturally determined views of disease
e. study nonhuman primates
Q:
________ is the subdiscipline of osteology that is concerned with disease and trauma in earlier populations.
a. Forensic anthropology
b. Primatology
c. Anthropometry
d. Paleoanthropology
e. Paleopathology
Q:
_______ focuses on the study of skeletal remains from archaeological sites.
a. osteology
b. bioarchaeology
c. paleopathology
d. forensic anthropology
e. primate paleontology
Q:
Which of the following is not an important reason why primatology has become increasingly important since the late 1950s?
a. Behavioral studies have implications for understanding natural forces that have shaped human behavior.
b. The behavioral studies of any species provide a wealth of data on adaptation.
c. Nonhuman primates are our closest living relatives.
d. Many nonhuman primates are threatened or seriously endangered.
e. Recommendations can be made to better ensure treatment of humans
Q:
Primatology is the study of
a. human evolution
b. human skeletal material
c. skeletal remains at crime scenes
d. disease in earlier human groups
e. living nonhuman primates
Q:
Which of the following was one of the most observable physical differences in physical anthropologists' early studies of human variation?
a. Eye color
b. shape of head and face
c. Height
d. Weight
e. Hair color
Q:
Which is not true about paleoanthropology?
a. It is the study of human evolution.
b. It includes the fossils of ancient reptiles and amphibians.
c. Its goal is to identify the various human ancestors.
d. It attempts to gain insights into human adaptation and behavior.
e. It is a valid way to conduct anthropology.
Q:
Which of the following includes genetic-alterations within populations?
a. macroevolution
b. anatomy
c. osteology
d. paleopathology
e. microevolution
Q:
Fields of inquiry fundamental to studies of adaptation in modern human populations include
a. Factors that have produced only visible physical differences
b. Factors that have produced only genetic variation
c. Traits that typify certain populations that have not evolved as biological adaptations
d. Traits that typify certain populations that have evolved as biological adaptation to environment, e.g. sunlight, altitude, or infectious disease
e. Examinations of modern groups but not populations over time
Q:
____________ is the study of anatomical and behavior human evolution as evidenced by the fossil record.
a. Paleoanthropology
b. Osteology
c. Primatology
d. Anthropometry
e. Paleopathology
Q:
The origins of physical anthropology arose from two areas of interest among 19th century scientists. What did these areas concern?
a. the origins of modern species and human variation
b. the genetic determinants of behavior and osteology
c. nonhuman primates and origins of modern species
d. human variation and osteology
e. human evolution and nonhuman primates
Q:
The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following?
a. cultural anthropology
b. physical/biological anthropology
c. primatology
d. osteology
e. archaeology
Q:
Which subdiscipline of anthropology is concerned with various aspects of human language?
a. primatology
b. linguistic anthropology
c. ethnology
d. applied anthropology
e. anthropometry
Q:
Archaeologists
a. primarily recover valuable artifacts
b. are not interested in human behavior
c. study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence
d. never work with physical anthropology
e. only examine complex civilizations
Q:
Today, cultural anthropologists are involved in numerous avenues of research including all of the following except
a. the study of subcultures
b. the resettlement of refugees
c. the relationship between cultural attributes and health and disease
d. the study of their own cultures
e. the study of city or urban areas that are no longer remote
Q:
Ethnographies
a. are studies of only Western European societies
b. are studies of nonhuman primates
c. emphasize, among other topics, religion, ritual, myth, diet, gender roles, and child-rearing practices
d. are studies done by archaeologists
e. are the practical application of anthropological theories