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Anthropology
Q:
Studies of Chinese workers who have migrated to cities in search of factory jobs have demonstrated that:
a. They prefer factory labor, even under harsh conditions, and rarely return to the countryside if they lose their jobs.
b. They are "target workers." They work to earn a certain amount of money, and once they achieve that target, they return to the countryside.
c. They are only held in urban areas by specific jobs. When these jobs end, they return rapidly to the countryside.
d. They advance rapidly, earning higher salaries and greater status within 18-24 months.
e. They are generally dissatisfied with working conditions and often engage in strikes.
Q:
An MNC is:
a. A type of role playing game.
b. A bilateral aid and development organization.
c. A corporation that owns businesses in more than one nation.
d. A type of treaty designed to preserve the rights of indigenous people.
e. A joint defense treaty between mutually antagonistic nations.
Q:
In her study of AIDS education in Nepal, Stacy Pigg found that:
a. Although people knew what AIDS was, they did not associate it with sexual behavior.
b. AIDS prevention programs had been ineffective in the past because they assumed that a large percentage of the population could speak English.
c. Strict taboos in Nepalese society made it impossible to talk directly about homosexual behavior.
d. Traditional methods of sexual regulation could be used to control the spread of AIDS.
e. Even though most Nepalese do not speak English, information about AIDS was more effectively conveyed in English than in Nepalese.
Q:
The success of Gerald Murray's forestry projects in Haiti was based on:
a. Effective lobbying that caused American corporations to buy Haitian lumber.
b. Treating trees as a cash crop.
c. The support of key Haitian politicians.
d. The use of a key informant.
e. The fact that Murray was of Haitian ancestry.
Q:
According to Jim Igoe, who worked with the Maasai, a critical problem with development is that:
a. Many projects are based in Western understandings that seem logical to the people who design the projects but less plausible to their recipients.
b. Many projects assume a level of education that is just not present among the project recipients.
c. Projects that are designed by local communities are often unacceptable to the people who have to fund them.
d. Western project managers are rarely accepted by project recipients in poor nations.
e. Although major donors want to fund large projects, the kinds more likely to work are small projects.
Q:
Which development approach focuses on projects aimed at giving the poorest people in the world access to clean water, education, and health care?
a. Structural adjustment.
b. Basic human needs approaches.
c. Modernization.
d. Post-modernization.
e. Neoliberalism.
Q:
Which of the following correctly describes neoliberalism?
a. The belief that American style representative democracy is the best form of government for all people.
b. The belief that government should provide a social net for all citizens.
c. The belief that major industries serve a country best if their ownership is socialized.
d. The belief that the laws of a nation should apply equally to all its citizens.
e. The belief that governments should be small and should promote free trade, and individual initiative.
Q:
Which of the following best characterizes the history of development projects in the years since independence?
a. They have generally not been successful.
b. After a poor start, their success improved dramatically in the mid 1960s.
c. They were highly successful until the end of the Cold War but have generally failed since that time.
d. They have been highly successful in Latin America and Africa but failed elsewhere in the world.
e. Though there have been a few failures, development efforts have generally been highly successful.
Q:
One of the problems with efforts at development based on recreating the historical experience of the wealthy nations is that:
a. They generally fail to consider the biologically based differences among human beings.
b. They often fail to consider that much of the wealth of the industrialized nations was based on exploiting the poor nations.
c. They assume that people are motivated solely by the pursuit of wealth and that education is not necessary to development.
d. They fail to understand the true extent of poverty in the world's poorest nations.
e. They assume that there is no connection between development programs and the political objectives of the wealthy nations.
Q:
The total value of all goods and services produced in a country is known as:
a. Gross export value.
b. Gross national product.
c. Gross national production.
d. Gross national income.
e. Gross productive income.
Q:
According to the World Bank, about how many people in the world in 2006 were living on less than $1 per day?
a. 65 million
b. 187 million
c. 650 million
d. 994 million
e. 1 billion
Q:
A key difference between a colonial government and an independent government is:
a. Colonies need to be made productive for their owners. Independent nations need to be prosperous in their own right.
b. Colonial governments are much more likely to regulate freedom of speech than are independent governments.
c. Colonial governments generally attempt to control as much of the economy of the colonized nation as possible. Independent governments generally exercise less control over the economy.
d. Colonial governments never return any value to their subjects; even oppressive independent governments return some work of value to their citizens.
e. Independent governments in the third world invariably had higher levels of corruption than their colonial predecessors.
Q:
Why is repatriation of historical artifacts controversial?
Q:
What is neocolonialism?
Q:
Name two reasons for the rapid decolonization of the world after World War II.
Q:
What were the primary European goals of native education in the colonies?
Q:
What three social institutions did Europeans use to make colonial pay for itself and render profit?
Q:
What is corvee labor?
Q:
What were two functions of taxation in European colonies?
Q:
What was meant by the concept of "White man's burden"?
Q:
Who were the Tirailleurs Senegalais?
Q:
John Winthrop, one of the early governors of Massachusetts, declared that settlers had fair title to land because of vacuum domicilium. What does this mean?
Q:
Name two reasons that New World populations lacked immunity to diseases.
Q:
Name two major differences between the American colonization experience and that of Africa and Asia.
Q:
What is a colony?
Q:
Where did the Dutch East India Company primarily operate?
Q:
What are the primary advantages of a joint stock company?
Q:
What is a "national narrative"?
Q:
How did paternalism benefit factory and mill owners in places such as Virginius Island in Harpers Ferry national Historical Park, West Virginia?
Q:
Define pillage and give one example.
Q:
Name four social and/or technological developments that aided Europe in expansion.
Q:
Name three factors that motivated European expansion worldwide.
Q:
Anthropologists always side with the culture seeking repatriation of historical objects.
Q:
Decolonization in areas like the Congo was very peaceful and successful.
Q:
The Elgin marbles have yet to be returned by the English government to the Greek government.
Q:
Most nations in the Americas did not gain their independence until after World War II.
Q:
Europeans could not have created colonies without the help of anthropologists.
Q:
Taxation in the colonies allowed native people to become independent.
Q:
In 1926, the French abolished a law that permitted an annual draft of labor for their West African colonies.
Q:
The French only used African conscripts in wars fought within Africa.
Q:
Civilizing mission refers to the notion that colonialism was a duty for Europeans but did not benefit the colonized.
Q:
European nations were often reluctant to create colonies because colonization was expensive.
Q:
The main reason for rapid European success in the Americas was disease.
Q:
At one time or another, much of the world came under direct European colonization.
Q:
Once the Dutch started to trade in the Indian Ocean, they were rapidly able to establish thorough political control over Java.
Q:
Joint stock company refers to a firm that is managed by a centralized board of directors but is owned by its shareholders.
Q:
While Europeans practiced slavery in Africa, they rarely forced other Europeans into any form of servitude.
Q:
Religion was one of the main forces that drove Europeans to explore and colonize.
Q:
Pillage was one of the main ways that Europeans transferred wealth from newly discovered areas to their home countries.
Q:
Emperor Ch"ien Lung's response to a British delegation's attempt to open trade was positive and welcoming.
Q:
It was the expanding influence and power of eastern Asian states that probably had the greatest impact worldwide in the last several hundred years.
Q:
The earliest writing probably appeared 5,500 years ago.
Q:
The role of anthropologists in the debate over reparation is:
a. Always on the side of the culture seeking to get back an artifact.
b. Always on the side of the nation seeking to maintain current ownership of an artifact.
c. Equivocal, they not only understand the point of view of the artifacts original culture but also see advantages in not repatriating artifacts.
d. Anthropologists rarely have an opinion on this debate.
e. Anthropologists generally believe artifacts should be held by institutions that employ anthropologists.
Q:
Neocolonialism refers to:
a. The idea that although nations were no longer colonized, many institutions of colonialism remained.
b. A new form of colonialism in the 21st century.
c. The process of finding ways for America to maintain direct power in European nations post World War II.
d. The process of regaining lost culture in a formerly colonized nation.
e. The idea that strong cultural exchanges should be maintained between a formerly colonized nation and its colonizer.
Q:
The Chinese Bronze incident highlights a persistent controversy over:
a. British rights in China.
b. Racism.
c. Foreign affairs.
d. What constitutes art.
e. Ownership of historical objects.
Q:
Which of the following had gained independence from European powers prior to World War II?
a. Countries in Asia.
b. Countries in Africa.
c. Nations under control of the USSR.
d. Nations in the Americas.
e. Gibraltar.
Q:
Which of the following was the most important impact of colonialism on anthropology?
a. Developing new theories.
b. Providing grant money for research.
c. Encouraging native peoples to become anthropologists.
d. Determining fieldwork locations.
e. Opening new universities.
Q:
In colonies, education was most frequently aimed at:
a. Achieving universal literacy.
b. Educating the poor, who would then become backers of the colonial regime.
c. Training the people that Europeans thought were the most primitive.
d. Training the children of the elites.
e. Fostering creativity and independence that could lead to prosperity.
Q:
In the early 20th century, a key function of education in the colonies was to do all of the following except:
a. Create leadership qualities in the local population.
b. Convince local children that they were inferior to those who had colonized them.
c. Convince subject people to buy products offered by the colonizing power.
d. Show colonial subjects that they (the colonizers) were offering something of value to the country they had taken over.
e. Create independence in the colony.
Q:
In newly established colonies, the most important role of taxes was:
a. To support the cost of the colonial government.
b. To provide an immediate profit for the colonizing country.
c. To extend central government control into small villages.
d. To pay the cost of building roads and bridges in the colony.
e. To force colonial subjects to work for Europeans or produce products they desired.
Q:
One effect of the economic and social policies of colonial regimes was:
a. Colonized cultures underwent radical alteration.
b. Europeans were able to learn and appreciate the cultures that were colonized.
c. Colonies rapidly became almost as advanced as colonizing nations.
d. To create a homogenized world culture.
e. To bring culture to primitive societies.
Q:
Which of the following was the key to making colonies profitable to colonial masters?
a. Corvee labor.
b. Increasing education.
c. Mass exploration.
d. Taxation.
e. Pillage.
Q:
Corvee labor was a widespread practice in colonies until:
a. The American Revolution.
b. The Great War.
c. World War I.
d. World War II.
e. The Cold War.
Q:
Corvee labor was:
a. Unpaid labor demanded by colonizers of native populations.
b. Work done by the French and other colonizers to improve conditions in their colonies.
c. Transporting the materials necessary for colonialism.
d. The portion of followers' labor redistributed by a chief or bigman.
e. A method used by colonizers to appease native populations.
Q:
Most of the members of the original Tirailleurs Senegalais were:
a. Children of the poor.
b. Sons of chiefs.
c. Sons of merchants.
d. Slaves.
e. Among the most educated people in their culture.
Q:
The Tirailleurs Senegalais were:
a. A police force used to patrol Dakar, the capital of Senegal.
b. The name for the French troops that were stationed in Africa.
c. Workers in gold mines in West Africa caught in a battle between the French and British.
d. A regiment of African troops drafted or enlisted into service in the French army.
e. African children who were forced into domestic service in French households.
Q:
The profits of colonization primarily went to:
a. Shareholders of colonial companies.
b. The subject people (colonized).
c. The colonizing government.
d. Colonial taxpayers in both home country and colony.
e. Other colonies.
Q:
Where the European powers could not find ethnic groups with chiefs, they:
a. Permitted their colonists to settle.
b. Permitted democratic elections for chiefs.
c. Tended to place more of their officials "on the ground."
d. Tended not to colonize.
e. Created new ethnic groups and appointed chiefs.
Q:
Picking up the "White Man's Burden" meant:
a. Bringing civilization to the colonized.
b. Shipping slaves from Africa to the Americas.
c. Building factories and railroads.
d. Finding ways to invest the profits derived from colonialism.
e. Using force to control native populations under colonial rule.
Q:
European governments were often reluctant to colonize because:
a. They feared rebellion by the natives.
b. They believed in the "Rights of Man" and were morally opposed to controlling other peoples.
c. It meant building infrastructure and that was expensive.
d. They could rarely find people who wished to serve as officials in the colonies.
e. They feared that it would lead to interracial marriage and they were opposed to this.
Q:
The authors of this book argue that the critical factor that enabled Europeans to colonize successfully in the 19th century was:
a. Disease.
b. Mass production of weapons.
c. The solid support of their citizenry.
d. Democratic government.
e. An ideology that stressed bringing civilization to the savages.
Q:
The key element that differentiates the European conquest of the Americas from European actions in Africa and Asia is that:
a. European technology was clearly far superior to that of Native Americans, but they had less of an advantage over Asians and Africans.
b. European diseases decimated American populations, but had very little effect on African and Asian populations.
c. European populations were much higher than those of the New World but much lower than the populations of Africa and Asia.
d. Native Americans understood the Europeans as gods. Africans and Asians were under no such illusions.
e. Essentially there is no difference between the two. European powers were able to conquer and dominate wherever they went.
Q:
The authors of the book argue that the critical factor that led to the victory of the Spanish over the Aztecs in 1521 was that:
a. The Aztecs thought that the Spanish were gods.
b. Aztec legend had foretold the coming of disaster "From the East."
c. The Aztecs were afraid of the Spanish horses, having never seen anything like them before.
d. The Aztecs had been decimated by a smallpox epidemic and lost half of their number.
e. The Aztecs did not understand that the Spanish intended to conquer them.
Q:
Which of the following best explains the lack of resistance of Native Americans to European diseases?
a. Most Native Americans had never done hard labor before Europeans arrived and were not used to the stress.
b. Most Native Americans were unaware of the relationship between disease and sanitation.
c. Most Native Americans did not understand the germ theory of disease and so could not take preventive measures.
d. Native America lacked the agriculture and industrialization that fosters disease formation.
e. Native America lacked the domestic animals that were the original sources of many diseases.
Q:
Which of the following experienced the most radical change following European colonization?
a. The Belgian Congo.
b. Yemen.
c. India.
d. The Dutch East Indies.
e. The Americas.
Q:
Colonialism differed from expansion by private companies in that:
a. European governments had military technology and private companies did not.
b. It often took the form of raid and pillage.
c. It involved the active possession of foreign territory by European governments.
d. European governments were involved in private companies but not in colonial enterprises.
e. Companies often wanted to spread European values but governments created colonies for purely economic reasons.
Q:
Which of the following correctly describes the position of the Dutch East India Company?
a. The Company quickly took total control of most of Indonesia.
b. After a difficult beginning, the company was incredibly profitable until the end of the colonial era.
c. While it made enormous profits for its shareholders, the company was embroiled in wars and eventually went bankrupt.
d. The company sold shares to wealthy Indonesians and remains a powerful influence in that nation today.
e. Because it failed to make any profit, the company was disbanded within 50 years of its formation.
Q:
Who were the Heeren XVII (The Lords Seventeen)?
a. The admirals of the Dutch Navy.
b. The colonial governors of Indonesia.
c. The tax paid to the government to trade slaves.
d. The Dukes who partitioned Africa.
e. The directors of the Dutch East India Company.
Q:
The critical thing that created the demand for African slaves in the Americas was:
a. Mining.
b. Growing sugar.
c. Construction of roads.
d. Missionary work.
e. Fishing and whaling.
Q:
Which of the following correctly characterizes a joint stock company?
a. It is led by a monarch.
b. It is usually controlled by a single wealthy individual.
c. Its goal is to return large profits to its shareholders.
d. It has a large interest in scientific exploration.
e. It supports the formation of colonies controlled by its mother country.