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Anthropology
Q:
The process of discovering and describing a particular culture is called
a. interviewing.
b. ethnocentrism.
c. participant observation.
d. ethnography.
Q:
When they do ethnographic fieldwork, anthropologists interview
a. objects.
b. subjects.
c. informants.
d. participants.
Q:
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor is known for his early definition of
a. ethnography.
b. culture.
c. naive realism.
d. culture shock.
Q:
Culture shock is the process of discovering and describing a particular culture.
Q:
An informant is what anthropologists call the individuals from whom they learn a culture.
Q:
A microculture is the patterned behavior characteristic of a subgroup within a larger society.
Q:
Detached observation is a research approach in which investigators observe human behavior and create their own categories and theories to describe and explain it.
Q:
Culture is the patterned behavior characteristic of a group of people.
Q:
Multicultural literally means more than one culture, but the term is usually applied to situations where groups with different cultural backgrounds are part of a larger social aggregate.
Q:
According to Mueller "The Worst Lover: Boyfriend Spirits in Senegal," originally rab were invisible spirits that lived in harmony with the nomadic humans and made their homes in trees. The nature of the relationship changed whena. the humans angered the Madge-juenne, a grand rab, and she sent the faru rab to trouble them.b. modernization and globalization began to conflict with belief in spirits.c. humans needed land to grow more crops and began cutting down trees.d. the Senegalese fully embraced Islam and turned their backs on their traditional belief systems.
Q:
1 Law and OrderJAMES P. SPRADLEY AND DAVID W. McCURDYSummary In this article, Spradley and McCurdy present law in the context of dispute resolution, using cases drawn from anthropologist Laura Nader's work in Ralu"a, a Zapotec Indian village located in southern Mexico.The article deals with several concepts: the structure of legal culture, including substantive law and procedural law, legal levels, legal principles, and cultural values. Substantive law consists of the legal statutes that define right and wrong. This is illustrated by the flirtation of a married man with an unmarried woman, which the Zapotec treat as a crime. Similarly, the case of a son who harvested coffee from his father's land without permission is also defined as a crime to be dealt with by the community's legal system.Legal levels refer to the ways in which disputes are settled by different kinds of authority agents. Among the Zapotec, several levels for settling disputes exist. Disputes can be settled by family elders, witches, local officials, the priest, supernatural beings, or officials in the municipio. If all else fails, the dispute can be taken to the district court in Villa Alta.Procedural law refers to the agreed-upon ways to settle disputes, which are often unwritten, and therefore implicit in nature. In Ralu"a, for example, it is generally agreed that one should not take family disputes to court, and disputes between villagers (such as an argument over the washing stone) should be taken to court only if they cannot be settled between the disputing individuals beforehand. In this case, the dispute was settled when the presidente (village chairman who also presides over the village court) and other elected village officials formed a work force, improved the washing facilities at the well, and declared that washing stones would no longer be owned by individuals.Legal systems reflect legal principles and cultural values. Legal principles are based on the fundamental values of a culture; a legal principle is a broad conception of some desirable state of affairs that gives rise to many substantive and procedural rules. Americans put great emphasis on establishing truth, while for the Zapotec, a major legal principle is to "make the balance." This means to encourage compromise and settlement so that disputes disappear and disputants get along with each other in the future. This in turn is based on the Zapotec cultural value of maintaining social equilibrium. A direct confrontation between individuals where one loses and another wins is unsettling to community members.In the article "Law and Order" Spradley and McCurdy argue that a key to maintaining order in the tightly knit Zapotec community of Ralu"a is the strict application of law and punishment by village officials.
Q:
Marriage and Adulthood in West AfricaSUSANNA FIORATTASummaryAcross cultures, marriage is a rite of passage that confers statusboth legal and socialon those who participate in it. Marriage often increases social status and, in some societies such as the United States, affords participants legal protections not available through other means. However, it is not generally thought of as something that affects an individual's status as an adult. Individuals in the United States and other countries have every reason to believe that they will be successful whether they marry or not. In her article, "Marriage and Adulthood in West Africa," Susanna Fioratta describes a society in Guinea where marriage is the only way to be considered a responsible adult.For both men and women in the Fouta Djallon, marriage is not a choice. It is vitally important that an individual be married in order to be considered a responsible adult worthy of offering advice, taking on roles in the community, and being trusted with money. Even potential leaderssuch as 72-year-old presidential candidatesmust have a wife, children, and a home; otherwise, they are considered incapable of being responsible, not worthy of offering advice, and unable to show sympathy or pity. In the local Pular language, there is not even a word to describe an unmarried adult woman. There are only words for girl or virgin (jiwo) and woman (debbo). A state of being an adult unmarried woman is incomprehensible.Achieving and maintaining a marriage in the Fouta Djallon is very difficult. Men must make enough money to support a wife and family, build a house, and care for extended family. This requires migrating to nearby countries to find work and save money. Women, for their part, must endure painful excision to be considered eligible for marriage. As wives, they must submit to their husbands at all times, cook and clean for a dozen or more individuals, bear and take care of children, maintain a garden of vegetables, and do so with inadequate funds. To make ends meet, wives often earn supplemental income selling snacks, cloth, or other items in the village. Divorce and premature death are not uncommon. When women are divorced or their husbands die prematurely, their parents quickly arrange new marriages; some widows are inherited as wives of their deceased husband's brothers.Fioratta argues that the challenges associated with marriage are what allow both men and women to demonstrate that they are responsible, trustworthy adults. Despite these challenges, particularly for women, marriage is a highly sought-after status and is necessary to becoming a respected elder in the community.Young men in the Fouta Djallon are at a disadvantage when it comes to finding a suitable marriage partner because the population is made up of more men than women.
Q:
Forest Development the Indian WayRICHARD K. REEDSummary When Richard Reed first entered the Guaran village of Itanaram over 20 years ago, he had to make an arduous journey, first on rugged dirt roads by car, then for two days on foot along a tropical forest trail. Only rivers and swampy areas broke the forest canopy. The village itself was buried in the forest, with houses scattered along a trail next to a small river. Reed's subsequent study revealed a tightly knit community whose members were tied together by kinship and values on sharing and cooperation. Political structure was informal; a village leader (tamoi) mediated disputes. Although villagers exploited their tropical forest environment, they did so in a way that permitted its renewal. Men cleared garden plots in the forest. Women burned the brush and planted the fields with beans, manioc, and orange trees. As fields became exhausted after two or three years, new plots were cleared and old ones permitted to lie fallow for 10 to 20 years so they could be reclaimed by the forest. Hunting and fishing provided a significant portion of people's food and, though seemingly isolated, villagers traded some forest products especially yerba-mate leaves, for hooks, machetes, soap, and salt with outsiders. Results of his study were described in "Cultivating the Tropical Forest," an article included in earlier editions of Conformity and Conflict.Subsequent visits to Itanaram over the intervening years reveal changes commonly found in many areas of the Amazon drainage. Roads now bisect the forest, bringing an influx of ranchers, farmers, traders, frontier towns, and truck traffic. Clear cutting for farms and ranches has devastated Guaran life and its sustainable economy. Settlements stand isolated and devoid of resources. Villagers can no longer practice slash-and-burn agriculture; there are no animals to hunt or fish to catch. Without renewable resources, many Indians have joined the legions of unemployed or underemployed in frontier towns, and suicide rates, especially among young men, have skyrocketed.Shouldn"t the Guaran simply accept the pain that accompanies modern development and look forward to a brighter future? No, argues Reed, because the use of forestland for ranches and farming is unsustainable. Cleared land quickly ceases to produce and is left vacant without a surrounding forest to reclaim it, leaving a red desert. Instead, the Guaran model for forest exploitation, even when it involves the extraction of forest products for sale to outsiders, is more economical because it is sustainable. Persuaded by this argument, the Nature Conservancy has recently bought and set aside 280 square miles of forest for sustainable development using the Guaran model.Reed argues that people must be prevented from living in the Amazon forest if the tropical ecosystem is to survive.
Q:
The Viliui Sakha developed a belief system that helped them understand and interact with the very extreme environment of Siberia. One example of this system is represented bya. The creation of a buulus to store meat, milk products, and ice.b. The shaman who communicates with the abaahi (evil spirits) of the underworld during times of crisis and the Bull of Winter.c. Black shamans traveling to the sky realms.d. White shamans traveling to middle earth.
Q:
According to Crate, the detailed and specific observations of people like the Viliui Sakhaa. are important only to the people of northeastern Siberia.b. are not relevant to the global community and should not inform policy initiatives.c. contribute important information about the local effects of global climate change.d. demonstrate that global climate change is not affecting the Republic of Sakha.
Q:
Crate's research turned up several reasons that the Sakha identified for the local climate changes. Which of the following was blamed by most of the participants?a. the Viliui hydroelectric reservoirb. the natural wet and dry cycles of the area's ecosystemc. the recent overabundance of technology and mechanizationd. global climate change
Q:
According to Crate, the decline in hares, an important game species for the Sakha, cannot be attributed solely to the effects of climate change. What other reason does she cite for this change?a. more time and resources for the Sakha to hunt than during Soviet timesb. the drying up of the land where hares typically nestc. improvements on traditional Sakha hunting ethicsd. the use of better rifles
Q:
The surveys and interviews conducted by Crate identified nine ways that the global climate changes have forced the Sakha to further adapt to their climate. Of the nine areas, which was found to be of most concern?a. lagging and extended seasonsb. changing precipitation patternsc. too much water on the landd. colder summers
Q:
According to Crate, which of the following is a change to which the Sakha were forced to adapt at the turn of the 21st century?a. a subtle and gradual, increasing change in the cycles and patterns of weather and climateb. Soviet-era industrialization in the form of diamond miningc. annexation of land by colonizersd. land changes resulting from the fall of the Soviet Union
Q:
The Sakha have had to adapt to physical and social changes over the years. Which of the following was a pre-Soviet-era adaptation?a. consolidation of Sakha subsistence practices into sovkhozi, the agro-industrial state farm operationsb. industrialization during the 1950sc. paying iasak, or fur tribute, to colonizersd. land loss due to border changes
Q:
Answer Options
a. physical anthropology
b. cultural anthropology
c. linguistics
d. archaeology
1) Ethnography ______
2) Primatology ______
3) Molecular Anthropology ______
4) Cultural Resource Management ______
5) Forensic Anthropology ______
6) Ethnology ______
Q:
Cultural and economic upheavals born of globalization have nothing to do with the rising levels of ethnic and religious conflict throughout the world.
Q:
Because their differences are distributed independently, humans cannot be classified into races having any biological validity.
Q:
In Africa traditional healers typically outnumber modern medical advisors by a ratio of 100 to 1.
Q:
Nowhere in the world have anthropologist documented same-sex marriages. In all human societies such unions are deemed inappropriate under any circumstances.
Q:
Your textbook states that marriage has always been between one man and one woman and that only heterosexual relations are natural.
Q:
Your textbook suggests that the concept of race emerged as an ideological vehicle for justifying European dominance over Africans and American Indians.
Q:
There is far more biological variation within any given human population than among them.
Q:
According to your textbook, empirical social sciences are based on observations about humans.
Q:
Material and skeletal remains help archaeologists reconstruct the cultural context of human life in the past.
Q:
Unlike other scholars who study people, anthropologists are not concerned with the description and explanation of reality.
Q:
Genetic analyses indicate that the human line originated 5 to 8 million years ago.
Q:
Studies of human adaptation focus on the capacity of humans to adapt, or adjust to their material environment, biologically and culturally.
Q:
All cases of forensic anthropologists involve the abuse of police powers, and evidence provided by them is often ancillary to bringing the guilty party to justice.
Q:
Besides providing factual accounts of the fate of victims who had disappeared (desaparecidos) to their surviving kin, Snow's work helped convict several Argentine military officers of kidnapping, torture, and murder.
Q:
A forensic anthropologist cannot tell from skeletal remains the details of an individual's health and nutritional history.
Q:
Physical anthropologists are only concerned with the past evolutionary development of the human animal and the biological variations with the species that occurred in the past.
Q:
The encounter with unknown peoples that prompted the birth of anthropology came about as European peoples sought to extend their trade and political domination to all parts of the world.
Q:
The shared, learned behavior of non-human apes should not be considered culture.
Q:
Technological innovations contributed to the development of anthropology in that it enabled people to travel to remote parts of the world.
Q:
According to the author, the first responsibility of the anthropologist is to the people studied.
Q:
Organ transplantation involves both biological and social systems.
Q:
Humans are mammals, specifically primates. However, they do not share a common ancestry, like apes do, with other primates
Q:
Like other scholars who study people, anthropologists are holistic in their approach.
Q:
"Truth" in science can be said to be a matter of varying degrees of probability.
Q:
Imagination and skepticism are not used by scientists.
Q:
Ethnographic research has shown that women in food foraging societies devote much more time to domestic chores than contemporary North American women do.
Q:
While ethnography is the in-depth study of a single culture, ethnology is the comparative study of culture.
Q:
Ethnographic fieldwork is never done in Western societies.
Q:
One way that culture is preserved and shared is by language.
Q:
Anthropology emerged as a scientific discipline less than 100 years ago.
Q:
Anthropology is different from other disciplines that study humans in its greater attention to detail and its requirement that students master the anatomical details of the human body before they even begin to study diverse cultures.
Q:
Ethnographies are _______________. a. intensive studies of particular plants
b. in-depth descriptive studies of specific cultures
c. comparisons of many specific cultures
d. descriptions of languages
e. intensive studies of ethnic groups
Q:
Reconstructing the evolution of the big toe to determine at what time humans began to walk would be a research project for which of the following type of anthropologists? a. Linguistic
b. Physical
c. Forensic
d. Applied
e. Ethnographer
Q:
The branch of anthropology that studies past human cultures, some of which have left no written records, is known as _______________. a. cultural anthropology
b. geologic anthropology
c. archaeology
d. linguistic anthropology
e. ethnography
Q:
The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve "practical" problems, often for a specific client is known as _______________. a. ethnohistory
b. applied anthropology
c. linguistic anthropology
d. ethnography
e. physical anthropology
Q:
Forensic anthropologists have become increasingly involved in the investigation of human rights abuses in all parts of the world. Which of the following areas represent the most recent investigations of forensic anthropologists into human rights abuses? a. New York City and Iraq
b. Haiti and the Philippines
c. East Timor and Rwanda
d. Chile and Guatemala
e. Argentina, Cuba, and Nicaragua
Q:
In _______________, the first organ transplant occurred in _______________ when surgeons removed a kidney from one identical twin to place it inside his sick brother. a. 1954/Boston
b. 1975/Las Vegas
c. 1964/Los Angeles
d. 1983/New York
e. 1995/Chicago
Q:
In order to frame objective hypotheses that are as free of cultural bias as possible, anthropologists typically develop them through _______________. a. library research
b. research within the confines of a laboratory
c. fieldwork
d. surveys
e. well-developed questionnaires
Q:
The authors of your textbook have identified two countries that have made moves toward allowing same sex unions. Identify the two countries. a. Mexico and Sweden
b. Belgium and the Netherlands
c. Afghanistan and Pakistan
d. Italy and Greece
e. The United States and Canada
Q:
Far from being the biological reality it is thought to be, the concept of race emerged in the _______________ century as a device for justifying the dominance of Europeans and their descendants over Africans, Native Americans, and other "people of color." a. 20th
b. 19th
c. 16th
d. 18th
e. 7th
Q:
Anthropology makes an important distinction between the political and social organization of _______________. a. a continent and a country
b. a nation and a continent
c. a state and a country
d. a nation and a state
e. none of these
Q:
What is "transplant tourism"? a. migration from developing countries to Western societies
b. a study of communities of retired persons living outside of the United States
c. agricultural development in industrialized nations
d. travel connected with the buying and selling of human organs
e. the study of immigrants in long-established communities
Q:
Cross-cultural studies show that in many non-Western cultures "co-sleeping" (infant sleeps with mother) is the rule. Which of the following are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping? a. infants nurse more often
b. infants receive more stimuli
c. infants are less susceptible to infant death syndrome
d. mother gets at least as much sleep as mothers who do not sleep with infants
e. all of these are benefits of mother and infant co-sleeping
Q:
Recent studies have shown that the unusual degree of separation of mother and infant in Western societies has important consequences. Which of the following are not consequences of the rather long degree of mother/infant separation in Western societies? a. decreases in the length of infant feeding
b. prevention of early ovulation after childbirth
c. increase in physical abuse of child
d. increases in crying
e. decreases in physical stimulation
Q:
In their fight against HIV/AIDS, traditional Zulu healers offer all of the following except: . a way to ensure mental well-being
b. sensitivity to the needs for balance between the individual and the community
c. culturally appropriate health care
d. the latest technological advances in disease treatment
e. health care tailored to meet the needs of the patient
Q:
The term that refers to worldwide interconnectedness, signified by global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases is known as _______________. a. nationalization
b. internationalization
c. pandemonium
d. globalization
e. holism
Q:
This woman anthropologist was hired by the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1888, making her one of the first women in the U.S. to receive a full-time position in science. . Margaret Mead
b. Ruth Benedict
c. Matilda Cox Stevenson
d. Laura Nader
e. Martha Knack
Q:
Among the skeletal remains studied by forensic anthropologist Clyde Snow are the remains of ______________. . Julius Caesar
b. General George A. Custer
c. Adolf Hitler
d. Josef Mengele
e. b and d
Q:
Which of the following services is not one that forensic anthropologists routinely are called upon by the police and other authorities to identify? . potential archaeological sites
b. the remains of murder victims
c. missing persons
d. people who have died in disasters
e. victims of genocide
Q:
Franz Boas did his first ethnographic research among the _______________.
a. Germans
b. Navajo
c. Inuit
d. Zuni
e. Kwakiutl
Q:
_______________ was a pioneer in using anthropology as an instrument to combat racism. . Franz Boas
b. Matilda Coxe Stevenson
c. William Haviland
d. Stephen Jay Gould
e. Suzanne Leclerc-Madlala
Q:
_______________ is the pioneering American anthropologist who did work among the Zuni and founded the Women's Anthropological Society in 1885.
a. Margaret Mead
b. Ruth Benedict
c. Martha Knack
d. Margaret Lyneis
e. Matilda Cox Stevenson
Q:
From skeletal remains, the forensic anthropologist cannot establish which of following? a. stature
b. race
c. sex
d. marital status
e. age
Q:
One well-known forensic anthropologist is _______________.
a. Sheilagh Brooks
b. Bernardo Arriaza
c. Jennifer Thompson
d. Clyde C. Snow
e. none of these
Q:
Your authors suggest that in order to survive effectively in the modern world, _______________. a. we must promote American values
b. we must interpret the political actions of other nations in terms of the cultural and political norms of our own culture
c. Americans must give up their powerful economic and political role in the world
d. Americans must trust their political leaders to handle the complex issues which are beyond the understanding of individual citizens
e. none of these
Q:
Globalization is driven by _______________. a. technological innovations
b. higher communication costs
c. faster knowledge transfers
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
Q:
The anthropologist has to consider obligations to three sets of people: a. the anthropologist's family, government, and people studied.
b. the people who funded the study, the anthropologist's government, and the people who were studied.
c. the profession of anthropology, other anthropologists who have studied your community, and the community you studied.
d. the anthropologist's students, parents, and the people studied.
e. the profession of anthropology, the people who funded the study, and the people studied.
Q:
Anthropology has been called the most human of the sciences because _______________.
a. it has developed a systemic, cross-cultural approach to understanding human behavior b. it takes human beings as its subject matter ("the study of humankind")
c. it develops hypotheses and theories about the organization of language, values, and art in culture
d. it tackles culture as a human experience or system of meaning in which the anthropologist must involve himself/herself in order to develop adequate explanations of what is being observed
e. all of these
Q:
Anthropology studies the language of a culture, its philosophy, and its forms of art; and in the process of doing research, ethnographers involve themselves intensively in the lives of those they study, trying to experience culture from their informants' points of view. In this sense, anthropology is _______________. a. scientific
b. humanistic
c. radical d. conservative e. systematic