Archaeology

Q: The most important shaman society for the Ottawa was the a. Sun Worshippers, who cared for crops. b. Great Hare Society, who influenced hunting. c. Manitous or spirit helpers. d. Midewiwins, a kind of priesthood.

Q: The Peace Policy of 1867 treated Indians with compassion and fairness

Q: Maple candy, an Ottawa favorite, __________. a. was a popular trade item obtained from the Europeans b. was an indigenous food cultivated from family-owned trees c. was used in liquid form and mixed with berries d. was fermented to become alcohol

Q: The 1830 Indian Removal Act resulted in recognition of Indian rights and sovereignty

Q: The Ottawa raised corn, which __________. a. was planted b y women, old men, and children b. introduced by Europeans c. their only crop d. b and c

Q: For Americans Manifest Destiny meant being more respectful of Indian land rights.

Q: Ottawa social organization included __________. a. patrilineal descent b. extended families living in communal houses c. no clans d. the division of labor based on talent

Q: Fostering Indian self-determination is one of the primary responsibilities of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Q: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy __________. a. influenced the organization of the U.S. government b. followed the Great Law of Happiness c. consisted of 100 sachem positions d. had representatives elected by the general population

Q: The original mission of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was to maintain good relations with Indians

Q: The League of the Haudenosaunee was founded __________. a. to stop internal fighting among the five Haudenosaunee tribes b. to establish a common defense c. by Deganawidah and Hiawatha d. d. all of the above e. e. none of the above

Q: The Indian Department, created within the War Department in 1781, became the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1824

Q: The Haudenosaunee means __________. a. "killer people" b. "people of the north star" c. "people of the longhouse" d. "people of the lakes"

Q: In 1832 the U.S. Supreme Court denied Indian sovereignty

Q: In the Northeast, warfare __________. a. was rare b. was frequent and important, usually for revenge c. bestowed shame on participants, not prestige d. was for glory, never to defend territory

Q: The Proclamation Line of 1763 was ignored by American settlers.

Q: The Hopewell cultural tradition, which appeared around 2200 BP and grew out of the Adena Complex, featured __________. a. smaller, less elaborate mounds and occupation sites b. large mounds and earthworks, roads, and a complex social structure c. earthworks but no sign of trading, plus simple political organization d. no burial mounds but many cremation sites

Q: Indians were used by both sides in the French/Indian War

Q: The three innovations that mark the Woodland period in the Northeast are __________. a. advanced basketry, lack of agriculture, and use of burial platforms b. some pottery, cultivation of wheat, and wooden palisades for defense c. pottery, cultivation of native plants, and use of burial mounds d. simple basketry, cultivation of oats and sunflowers, and burial mounds.

Q: The English encouraged native warfare in order to procure slaves

Q: Characteristics of the Northeast Archaic Period (10,000-3000 BP) include __________. a. small, mobile groups and later more permanent villages b. the Old Steel Culture, widespread in the western Northeast c. population growth d. a and b e. a and c

Q: None of the European powers encouraged the slave trade.

Q: The earliest known archaeological site in the Northeast is Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, in ________; the widely accepted date is ___________ years ago. a. New York, 10,000 b. Nova Scotia, 10,000 c. Pennsylvania, 14,000 d. Connecticut, 50000

Q: The English came to the New World because they wanted to settle the land.

Q: Around how many Haudenosaunee are there today? a. 10,000 b. 40,000 c. 60,000 d. 90,000

Q: France and Russia primarily wanted to take land in the New World for colonization

Q: Traditionally, the six nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy live mostly in what state? a. Illinois b. Michigan c. New York d. Massachusetts

Q: Spain pacified the natives by warfare, disease, and feudal work systems.

Q: The Indian tipi was always the same size and always made of buffalo hide during its time on the Plains.

Q: Europeans first came to the New World because they wanted the resources.

Q: Pawnee society was organized into an upper class and commoners, with the addition of social outcasts.

Q: The Spanish concentrated on North America, while the French and English colonized Central and South America

Q: Corn, beans and squash agriculture did not occur among hunting Plains peoples. T/F

Q: Native Americans used tobacco __________. a. primarily for ceremonies b. mainly for recreation c. because European settlers gave it to them d. but they never cultivated the plant

Q: Plains Indian life with the horse chasing the buffalo was actually a result of European contact.

Q: Ways the Spanish mission system impacted Indians include __________. a. cooperative farming for trade with the missions b. preservation of Indian cultures c. removal from their homes for slave labor d. better health and longer life expectancy

Q: At contact, dogs pulled the travois of goods and possessions for many Plains peoples.

Q: Large groups of Indians who settled near trading posts found their lives impacted by __________. a. better health benefits b. increased domestic violence c. longer life expectancy d. pressure from the trader to produce more crafts

Q: Norseman Leif Eriksson landed in Newfoundland around A.D. 1000, the first documented European contact with the New World

Q: Women could not gain material wealth among Plains Indians.

Q: European diseases __________. a. spread from South America to North America b. were transmitted through agriculture and animal domestication c. had little impact on the New World d. moved more easily from north to south

Q: Being Indian is not just a matter of blood or genetics but also a matter of culture and choice. T/F

Q: Sitting Bull, a famous Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux war chief, was not present at the Battle of Little Big Horn and died peacefully in his sleep on a reservation.

Q: European intrusion in the New World led to Indian __________. a. population decimation and loss of cultures b. loss of land c. health problems d. b and c e. all of the above

Q: The state that has the largest number of Indians is __________. a. Arizona b. California c. Oklahoma d. Texas e. Alaska

Q: Regarding sexual activities, the Cheyenne __________. a. valued sexual abstinence among men b. valued sexual promiscuityfor both sexes c. did not approve of two-spirits d. discouraged sexual activity except between the ages of 15 and 20

Q: In Mexico __________. a. the repartimiento system was stopped when Mexico became independent in 1821 b. reform laws in the 1850s recognized Indian rights and communal property c. the 1910 Revolution tried to destroy Indian cultures d. the Yaqui, Maya, and Zapotecs have rebelled against the government

Q: An important part of this harvest event was the renewal of the __________. a. sacred fire b. priesthood c. growing fields d. sacred bones

Q: The Council of Fourty-Four Chiefs was __________. a. the all-male, principal political authority among the Cheyenne b. an all-male sodality that organized bison hunts among the Pawnee c. the mythical ancestors of the Pawnee d. a modern-day cult for ancestor worship among the Arapaho

Q: In Canada __________. a. Indian reserves are owned outright by Indians b. all Indians are recognized federally c. Indians were given full rights as citizens by their treaties d. Nunavat is a new province governed by Eskimos

Q: The major ceremony held by Southeastern Indians was a 3-day event in late summer to celebrate the harvest and renew harmony and was known as the __________. a. Blue Corn Days b. Green Corn Ceremony c. Beans and Squash Ceremony d. Wheat Harvest Festival

Q: A particularly popular symbol in Pawnee traditional art is __________. a. the ocean b. the four sacred mountains c. the wolf d. the river e. the star

Q: The Indian New Deal or Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 __________. a. continued allotment because it successfully changed Indians to farmers b. returned unsold land to tribes c. ended allotment d. a and b e. b and c

Q: In the Southeast, people lived in __________. a. bearskin tents b. pithouses c. houses with gabled roofs d. tipis on mounds

Q: The Pawnee spent most of the year living in __________. a. tepees b. earth-covered houses c. grass houses d. igloos e. pyramids

Q: In the 1870s American Indian policy __________. a. shifted from segregation to assimilation b. extended treaty-making into the 1890s c. allowed Indian children to remain on reservations to maintain their culture d. added land to most Indian reservations

Q: The primary game animal in the Southeast was the __________. a. buffalo b. deer c. bear d. elk

Q: The historical enemy of the Pawnee to the north were the __________. a. Comanche b. Apache c. Sioux d. Osage e. Cree

Q: After the War of 1812, __________. a. Americans wanted peace with Indians. b. Americans encouraged statehood for Indian territories c. Americans chose to remove Indians to reservations d. Indians asked to end treaty-making

Q: The major economic pursuit in the Southeast was hunting and gathering. T/F

Q: Cheyenne women returning from root gathering would sometimes play with the men by attacking them with __________. a. dried bison dung b. deer antlers. c. thistles d. insults

Q: The non-Indian belief in Manifest Destiny led to __________. a. better relations with Plains tribes b. more wars with Indians c. a negative attitude toward acquiring new territory d. more interest in Indian cultures and beliefs

Q: Critical elements of Southeastern society were __________. a. kinship and rigid classification b. Polygamy and social mobility c. patrilineal clans and moieties d. land ownership and patrilineages

Q: Highly respected and sometimes serving as doctors or second wives, the Cheyanne hemaneh literally translates as __________. a. bisexual b. coyote medicine c. halfman-halfwoman d. spirit guide

Q: Primary responsibilities of the Bureau of Indian Affairs include __________. a. education and health services b. changing Indian treaties c. management of Indian trust lands d. a and c e. all of the above

Q: Political power in Southeast cultures was generally divided into two opposite units, Red and White, acting as a checks and balance system. T/F

Q: From 1680 to 1880 many Cheyenne were forced from __________. a. Minnesota to Oklahoma b. Florida to Montana c. Wyoming to Kansas d. South Dakota to Oklahoma e. Michigan to Montana

Q: The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) __________. a. began in the Department of the Interior in 1849 b. began in the War Department c. began to put Indians on reservations d. was never an official government agency

Q: In the Southeast culture area, Indian towns existed but were not well organized and were totally independent of each other. T/F

Q: In the 1830s the Supreme Court ruled that __________. a. Indian tribes were really like foreign countries b. Indian tribes must become civilized c. Eastern tribes should be moved west d. Indian tribes were sovereign, dependent nations

Q: After the United States took over control of the Southeast tribes' lands, both the ____________Act and American _____________ affected the Southeast tribes badly. a. Reorganization, greed b. Snyder, Congress c. Removal, War of Independence d. Removal, Civil War

Q: The Proclamation Line of 1763 __________. a. Prevented Indians from voting b. Returned misappropriated land to Indians c. Limited European expansion Westward d. Marked the boundary between Protestant and Catholic missionaries to the Indians

Q: The earliest Europeans in the Southeast, in the early 1500s, were __________. a. English b. Spanish c. French d. Russian

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