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Archaeology
Q:
GIS allows the archaeologist to see several meters below the surface of the Earth to predict exactly where sites will be on the landscape.
Q:
Traditionally, most archaeologists have been members of indigenous groups, practicing indigenous archaeology.
Q:
Someone who studies the ancient symbolism and supernatural beliefs is probably a cognitive archaeologist.
Q:
Evolutionary ecologists believe that some cultural traits are adaptive, while others are deleterious.
Q:
According to human ecologists, successful adaptation depends on finding workable solutions to environmental problems.
Q:
Most processual archaeologists reject the tenets of human ecology.
Q:
There is a difference between sex and gender.
Q:
Processual archaeology tended to generate models of a male-dominated past.
Q:
Postprocessual archaeology constitutes a unified school of thought.
Q:
Critics of processualism have claimed that science is subjective and dehumanizing.
Q:
Cultural materialism forms the basis of much processual archaeology.
Q:
Woods and Titmus proved through experimental archaeology that it was possible to quarry limestone with flaked stone bifaces.
Q:
Experimental archaeology only demonstrates that something could have been done in a particular way, not that it was definitely done that way.
Q:
William Rathje studied contemporary garbage patterns to help reconstruct past lifeways.
Q:
Living cultures should be regarded as exact representations of past lifeways.
Q:
Even with middle-range theory, no direct reading of the past is possible.
Q:
Research designs are frequently modified while in the field.
Q:
Taylor argued that archaeology should be focused on classifying artifacts.
Q:
Man the Hunter and Woman the Gatherere are examples of __________.
A) current, state-of-the-art treatises on hunter-gatherer societies
B) texts that support nationalism
C) ethnocentrism
D) primitive and unsophisticated societies that pre-dated civilization
E) biases in archaeological research
Q:
What is the hallmark of nationalistic archaeology?
A) its use as an aspect of national identity
B) its primary goal of objectivity, rather than finding evidence to support nationalistic claims
C) it was practiced by almost all reputable archaeologists
D) its confliction with the scientific goals of archaeology
E) using the findings to validate claims to old properties
Q:
European colonialism resulted in __________.
A) ethnocentrism and racism amongst archaeololgists
B) greater understanding and tolerance of native peoples
C) the creation of the subfield of cultural anthropology
D) objective and unbiased archaeological research
E) laws and regulations that limit the activities of Western archaeologists
Q:
The primary focus of the earliest archaeology in Australia was __________.
A) the populating of Polynesia
B) the origin and antiquity of the Aborigines
C) the meaning of Australian rock art
D) the origins of agriculture on the continent
E) the earliest European settlers
Q:
Who is credited with discovering many pre-Inka societies in Peru?
A) Charles Lyell
B) Max Uhle
C) The conquering Spaniards
D) Cyrus Thomas
E) Thomas Jefferson
Q:
The primary reason that most scholars of the 1800s did not believe Native Americans had constructed the earthen mounds of North America was __________.
A) the burden of archaeological evidence
B) anti-Indian racism
C) that ancient Hebrew tablets were found in one of the mounds
D) claims by Native Americans that the mounds were created by a divine spirit
E) the mounds were located nowhere near Native American tribal centers
Q:
What was eventually discovered about the age and origins of Native Americans?
A) they had been in North America since at least the Bronze Age
B) they migrated from northeastern Asia to Alaska via an ancient land bridge
C) they were incapable of fashioning stone tools
D) they are actually a lost tribe descended from biblical times
E) they were physically related to populations from the Fertile Crescent
Q:
Some of the earliest innovations in archaeological field methods include __________.
A) use of stratigraphy to establish chronology
B) relying upon local folklore to explain archaeological findings
C) the use lasers and surveying to create a level and accurate grid system
D) water dowsing
E) tabulated data processing and analysis
Q:
Which of the following is an example of diffusion?
A) pyramids were invented independently in Egypt and Mexico
B) adjacent civilizations in Europe are very different from one another
C) societies passed through stages from savages to barbarians and finally to civilizations
D) agriculture was developed in the Middle East and later spread throughout Europe
E) genetic mutations result in cultural diversity
Q:
One main reason for the rejection of the theory of unilinear cultural evolution was that __________.
A) there was significant evidence that groups evolve along a single line
B) Morgan and Tylor were found to have created erroneous data to support their theory
C) barbarism precedes savagery
D) there was too much variation in cultural complexity
E) it was not supported by Darwin's theory of evolution
Q:
__________ and __________ are associated with the theory of unilinear cultural evolution.
A) Lyell; Tylor
B) Lyell; Petrie
C) Morgan; Tylor
D) Boucher de Perthes; Morgan
E) Darwin, Petrie
Q:
Unilinear cultural evolution __________.
A) was widely adopted by archaeologists in the late when it was introduced in the mid 1900's
B) depended upon a belief in the idea of cross-cultural diffusion
C) was first conceived by Charles Lyell
D) claimed that all cultures moved through a progression of stages
E) is a completely unbiased concept
Q:
To say that the discipline of archaeology originally developed from a base in history means __________.
A) that archaeology is concerned with the ʺgreat figuresʺ of the past and their accomplishments
B) that archaeology remains tied to the interpretation of text
C) that the original focus was to learn when and where things happened
D) that archaeology has always been scientific
E) that it began with a focus on ancient European cultures, because that represented the history of the researchers themselves
Q:
Pompeii and Herculaneum are particularly valuable to archaeologists because __________.
A) they provide the most complete view of Roman life currently available
B) they are the only ancient cities ever found that had been covered by volcanoes
C) they date from 2000 BC
D) they demonstrated the historical truth of Homerʹs Iliad
E) they revealed much about Roman North Africa
Q:
The Elgin Marbles __________.
A) were returned to Greece in the 1920s
B) are still on display in the British Museum
C) were taken as part of an act of war
D) originally stood outside of the Coliseum
E) were the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics
Q:
The neolithic, mesolithic, and palaeolithic are all parts of __________.
A) the Iron Age
B) the Bronze Age
C) the Stone Age
D) the Dark Ages
E) the Medieval Period
Q:
From earliest to most recent, which of the following are in the correct order?
A) Mesolithic, Oaleolithic, Neolithic
B) Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
C) Neolithic, Paleolithic, Mesolithic
D) Paleolithic, Neolithic, Mesolithic
E) Neolithic, Miolithic, Paleolithic
Q:
Archbishop James Ussher's determination that the Earth was created in 4004 BC meant that __________.
A) metal must have been used by humans since creation
B) no events occurred before Noah's Flood
C) people were only present in Europe prior to the Middle Ages
D) animals and humans had changed significantly since the date of creation
E) many important events occurred during the Stone Age
Q:
Boucher de Perthes is famous for __________.
A) deciphering the Rosetta Stone
B) formulating uniformitarianism
C) finding the first Neanderthals
D) finding stone tools in association with extinct animals
E) organizing the past into three basic ages
Q:
The principle of uniformitarianism was first argued by __________.
A) Herbert Spencer
B) Archbishop Ussher
C) Jacques Boucher de Perthes
D) Christian Thomsen
E) Charles Lyell
Q:
The main argument for the principle of uniformitarianism is __________.
A) the idea that geological processes observed in the present are the same that occurred in the past
B) that artifacts buried deeper underground are older than artifacts at shallow depths
C) that the number, diversity, and distribution of animal species took place over a long period of time
D) that stone tools must have preceded metal tools
E) that the success of a species only occurs when there is little to no genetic variation
Q:
Before the 1800s in Europe, no period of prehistory was recognized because __________.
A) of the widespread literal belief in the Bible's account of the past
B) they had not discovered any stone tools
C) all evidence of the ancient past was covered by volcanic eruptions
D) Archbishop Ussher's date for the creation of the world was generally ignored
E) archaeologists would have to rely upon carbon dating, which was not yet invented
Q:
Those who are very interested in the past and take up archaeology as a hobby are more commonly referred to as __________.
A) collectors
B) purists
C) preservationists
D) pillagers
E) antiquarians
Q:
The earliest known archaeological work was conducted by __________.
A) ancient Greeks
B) ancient Romans
C) ancient Egyptians
D) ancient monks looking for King Arthur
E) Medieval Ottomans
Q:
Heinrich Schliemann is most famous for __________.
A) owning a hardware store in Sacramento
B) theater production of ancient plays
C) his translation of Homerʹs Iliad
D) the discovery of Troy
E) the discovery of the Elgin Marbles
Q:
Germany's search for the Ark of the Covenant is an example of using archaeology to support nationalistic goals.
Q:
Colonialism continues to be an issue in contemporary archaeology.
Q:
The site of Great Zimbabwe in Zimbabwe was actually built by the Phoenicians.
Q:
Most modern scientific archaeologists succeed in conducting apolitical archaeological research.
Q:
Maya writing was not deciphered until the 1970s, and is still subject to revisions.
Q:
Benjamin Franklin conducted some of the first scientific archaeology in the 1780s.
Q:
Mortimer Wheeler created the quadrant system, a major innovation in archaeological field methods.
Q:
The concept of diffusion implies that most cultures were not intelligent or creative enough to have developed their own civilizations.
Q:
According to John Lubbock, technological simplicity does not necessarily correlate with intellectual simplicity.
Q:
Prior to the field methods employed by Augustus H.L.F. Pitt-Rivers and Flinders Petrie, archaeological fieldwork was not generally systematic or rigorous.
Q:
The professionalization of archaeology came about in part because of an increasing number of museums in the early 1800s.
Q:
Archaeologists still do not know the meaning of Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Q:
Minoan civilization is only known from written historical sources.
Q:
All of our knowledge about the Ancient Classical world comes from archaeology.
Q:
The Stone Age was further divided into three periods the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Pseudolithic.
Q:
Christian Thomsen suggested the Three Age System, which divides the past into the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages.
Q:
Boucher de Perthes' discoveries immediately revolutionized public perceptions of the ancient past.
Q:
Archbishop Ussher argued that geological processes that could be observed were the same that had always occurred.
Q:
Modern treasure hunting is a form of antiquarianism.
Q:
Contemporary western civilization is unique in its interest in the past.
Q:
The Shroud of Turin and Piltdown are examples of __________.
A) historical archaeology
B) frauds
C) synchronic processes
D) archaeological cultures
E) ecofacts
Q:
Pseudoscience __________.
A) provides explanations that are acceptable to most archaeologists
B) is rigorous and scientific
C) is always easy to disprove
D) often relies on untestable assumptions
E) is a legitimate alternate to science
Q:
When is a research design is most likely completed by an archaeologist?
A)prior to going into the field
B) when the archaeologist is drawing conclusions
C) during fieldwork and excavation
D) while the archaeologist is pursuing a degree in archaeology
E) when a hypothesis is not supported
Q:
Synchronic processes are those that __________.
A) reflect observations of human behavior at points along a continuum
B) deal with conditions through some period of time
C) result in a hypothesis
D) cause disturbances in the archaeological record
E) alter environments
Q:
An archaeologist who is performing this activity is not using the scientific method.
A) collecting data
B) hypothesis testing
C) building a model
D) developing a theory
E) excavating
Q:
Occamʹs razor states that __________.
A) societies should not be judged by any standards other than their own
B) the most simple explanation is most likely to be true
C) simple answers are usually inadequate
D) older deposits are on the bottom
E) the archaeology of literate societies whose writing we cannot yet read is considered prehistoric
Q:
The law of gravity is an example of __________.
A) a universal generalization about classes of facts
B) an empirical framework
C) a systematic explanation for observations
D) an idea about relationships between data
E) a construct of interrelated hypotheses and theories
Q:
A __________ shift occurred when it was discovered that Earth revolves around the Sun.
A) paradigm
B) law
C) theory
D) hypothesis
E) methodology
Q:
The most common method of absolute dating is __________.
A) the law of superposition
B) relative dating
C) radiocarbon dating
D) titanium dating
E) chronometric dating
Q:
Relative dating involves __________.
A) the law of superposition.
B) placing materials and events in real time
C) analysis of radioactive isotopes
D) only organic material
E) prehistoric materials
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a feature?
A) animal bones
B) an archaeological site
C) a non-portable object used or constructed by people
D) a very ancient artifact
E) archaeological materials that can be dated
Q:
Which term best describes the material remains of past human activities and behaviors?
A) the archaeological record
B) artifacts
C) stratigraphy
D) ecology
E) archaeological features
Q:
Someone concerned with the preservation and management of archaeological resources is practicing __________.
A) classical archaeology
B) cultural resource management
C) ethnology
D) historical archaeology
E) ethnoarchaeology
Q:
Maritime archaeology is different from archaeology in __________.
A) its approach to the scientific method
B) that it specializes in underwater archaeological sites
C) its understanding of the nature of the past
D) that it is practiced only in Europe
E) it concentrates on the subject of warfare
Q:
Which of the following would be studied by classical archaeologists?
A) Ancient Maya
B) Ancient China
C) Ancient Polynesians
D) Ancient Rome
E) Ancient Egypt
Q:
The Prehistoric in the Old World is commonly divided into __________.
A) the Palaeolithic, the Mesolithic, and the Neolithic
B) artifacts, features, and ecofacts
C) ethnology, ethnography, and chronology
D) the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age
E) the Old Stone age and the New Stone Age
Q:
Which of the following would be studied by historical archaeologists?
A) Ancient Rome
B) Pre-Columbian Maya
C) Colonial Williamsburg
D) the Neolithic
E) Bronze Age Europe