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Archaeology
Q:
Simply displaying an artifact in a museum may establish that piece as a "work of art".
Q:
The promotion of the past for economic gain is an entirely new and modern phenomenon.
Q:
Thankfully, there are some signs that it is becoming more difficult to sell recently looted antiquities on the open market.
Q:
Deposition of artifacts with the dead always indicates a belief in the afterlife.
Q:
The purpose of the well-known cave paintings from such sites as Chauvet, Lascaux and Altamira
a) was to serve in fertility rituals
b) was part of coming-of-age rites of passage
c) was purely artistic
d) was for education of children about animals
e) we do not know the purpose of these cave paintings
Q:
An example of how the world can be measured, the major axis of Stonehenge is oriented toward
a) the midsummer sunrise
b) the movement of Venus
c) the hands on a standard clock
d) the grid system that the entirety of Wessex follows
e) the only source of fresh water in the area
Q:
There is only one SHPO and he or she oversees the archaeological activities of all 50 US States.
Q:
So-called preservation laws in the US guarantee that archaeological remains will always be preserved.
Q:
Over 50 years after it was drafted, the United States has still not ratified the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict.
Q:
Which of the following would lead archaeologists to the conclusion that a body was deliberately buried?
a) the presence of an animal skeleton with the body
b) the presence of a prestige goods such as ivory spears with the body
c) indications that the body was placed in a dug grave
d) all of the above
e) b and c only
Q:
Sadly, none of the objects stolen from the Iraqi National Museum have been returned.
Q:
In ancient Greece, literacy
a) was restricted to a specialized scribe caste
b) was common among the highest classes but not available to the lower classes
c) was widespread among the population
d) was reserved for philosophers
e) did not make much of an impact on civilization
Q:
The most effective system ever devised by humans to describe the world around them is
a) cave art
b) mobiliary art
c) pictorial representation
d) writing
e) all of these systems are equally effective
Q:
In the UK, even archaeological sites that are listed on the national Schedule of Ancient Monuments face destruction due to agriculture.
Q:
When the goal of an artist is representation of objects in the real world, the resulting work is known as a
a) cognitive map
b) depiction
c) portrait
d) illustration
e) demonstration
Q:
Archaeologist Bjornar Olsen has called this "scientific colonialism"
a) The discouragement of females in science and archaeology
b) The ban on foreign archaeological research in China
c) The dominance of the English language in archaeology
d) The exclusion of Indigenous people from Western universities
e) The stocking of Western museums with foreign archaeological treasures
Q:
There are an estimated 13,500 ________ in Europe, 7000 in North America, 2800 in Asia and Australia, and around 2000 in the rest of the world
a) archaeological sites
b) ceramic pots
c) museums
d) CRM firms
e) archaeologists
Q:
In many museums, archaeological context is disregarded and ignored: artifacts are displayed simply as
a) conversation pieces
b) works of art
c) merchandise
d) proof of pseudoarchaeological claims
e) stands for more modern pieces
Q:
Up until recently the past has generally been interpreted by
a) men
b) women
c) the government
d) archaeologists
e) actors and playwrights
Q:
The greater part of the money devoted to archaeological research in the countries of Greece, Egypt, Mexico and Peru comes from
a) private donors
b) UNESCO
c) American or European universities
d) the archaeologists themselves
e) tourism
Q:
One solution to the problem of the cost of publishing archaeological results is
a) to selectively publish results and ignore the results of unimportant excavations
b) online publishing
c) to publish only academic archaeological work and not publish CRM work
d) to publish only CRM archaeological work and not publish academic work
e) to wait until publishing costs drop to publish archaeological research, even if that means waiting years or even decades
Q:
The use of the site of Gobekli Tepe in Turkey predates the development of_________ in the area
a) farming
b) language
c) symbols
d) religion
e) stone tools
Q:
Religious rituals usually contain four main components. Which of these is not one of those components
a) the focusing of attention, such as through visiting a sacred location
b) the delineation of a boundary zone between this world and the next
c) the belief in the presence of a deity
d) the participation in worship
e) all of the above are components of religious ritual
Q:
If it can be demonstrated that gold was highly valued by a society, archaeologists could conclude that individuals from that society that were buried with gold
a) were artisans that worked in gold
b) had a lower social status
c) had a higher social status
d) came from somewhere else
e) all of the above
Q:
Which of the following is a UNESCO world heritage site
a) the Maya city of Uxmal in Mexico
b) the Bamiyan Valley and the Bamiyan Buddhas in Afghanistan
c) the 16th century capital of the emperor Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri, India
d) all of the above
e) a and c only
Q:
The World Heritage List, which records archaeological and environmental sites that are of world-wide interest, is administered by
a) NAGPRA
b) the US
c) UNESCO
d) ICROM
e) the SHPOs
Q:
One of the main benefits of the Portable Antiquities Scheme is
a) the data produced has given us a lot of information about the distribution of sites and of artifact types
b) it encourages metal detectorists to give up that destructive hobby
c) it keeps the public out of the archaeological process, thereby protecting archaeological sites
d) it was able to totally replace the Treasure Act
e) it helps public museums fill their display cases
Q:
An example of a symbol that is used to regulate and organize relations between human beings is
a) mobiliary art
b) time measurement
c) money
d) a cognitive map
e) only answers a and d are correct
Q:
The Portable Heritage Scheme in the UK is a voluntary system in which ____________ are encouraged to report their archaeological finds
a) deep sea divers
b) archaeologists
c) returning Iraq war veterans
d) metal detectorists
e) museums
Q:
Symbolizing faculties that were present in early human include all of the following except
a) the deliberate burial of human remains
b) conscious design in tool manufacture
c) the development of language
d) creation of representational art
e) all of these faculties existed in early humans
Q:
The site of Chavn de Huantar in the Peruvian Andes flourished 850 to 200 bc. This site is thought to represent a ceremonial center because of evidence found there including
a) a cache of over 500 broken high-quality pots containing food
b) finely carved stone sculptures, primarily of jaguars, eagles, snakes, and caimans
c) iconographic evidence for drug-induced rituals
d) canals beneath the site that could have been used for ritual cleansing
e) all of the above
Q:
Most archaeological surveys and data recovery projects in the USA are carried out by
a) university archaeology departments
b) private firms
c) non-profits like museums
d) undergraduate students
e) amateurs and "armchair" archaeologists
Q:
One way of investigating cognitive behavior in early hominins is to consider planning time, which is defined as
a) the time it takes carefully to develop an archaeological research plan
b) the time between the development of tools and the development of language
c) the time it takes for a raw material to be converted into a commodity
d) the time between the planning of an act and its execution
e) all of the above.
Q:
Another term for CRM is
a) geoarchaeology
b) indigenous archaeology
c) ethnoarchaeology
d) managerial archaeology
e) applied archaeology
Q:
CRM stands for
a) Cultural Resource Management
b) Cultural Recording Methods
c) Cultural Research Methods
d) Cultural Research Management
e) Cultural Recording Management
Q:
The ancient Greeks used _______, or broken fragments of pottery, as ballots or voting tickets
a) ostraka
b) osteons
c) bronze plaques
d) papyrus
e) bronze charms
Q:
The aim of the Department of Pre-Hispanic Monuments of the Basin of Mexico Project was to halt the destruction of archaeological remains during the continued growth of Mexico City. This is a good example of the practice of
a) reconstruction
b) survey
c) conservation
d) protectionism
e) restitution
Q:
Although the Spanish razed the standing structure of the Great Temple of the Aztecs in 1521, ______________ were preserved underneath
a) parts of Colonial Mexico City
b) Maya sites
c) earlier temples that were in that spot
d) Olmec houses
e) all of the above
Q:
Mexico City is located on the site of ___________, the capital of the Aztecs
a) Teotihuacan
b) Tikal
c) Tula
d) Tenochititlan
e) Timbuktu
Q:
In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt passed ___________, the first major piece of legislation for the protection of archaeological sites in the US
a) NAGPRA
b) The American Antiquities Act
c) The Ancient Monuments Act
d) The Treasure Trove Law
e) The National Environmental Policy Act
Q:
The type of information carved on stone or bronze by the people of Classical Greece includes
a) tax lists
b) contracts and payments
c) public decrees
d) curses
e) all of the above
Q:
In the US, the majority of sites found during survey in advance of development do not meet the criteria for significance and, thus, they are
a) preserved for later study
b) destroyed without being recorded
c) recorded and destroyed
d) cause for a halting of development
e) deemed to be of emotional, not archaeological value
Q:
The earliest well-dated example of _____________ is a piece of incised red ochre from Blombos Cave, South Africa, dated to 77,000 years ago
a) trade
b) medicine
c) money
d) weight measurement
e) art
Q:
Paleolithic cave art, concentrated in the caves of western Europe (particularly in southwest France and northern Spain), is thought to date approximately to
a) 100,00070,000 bc
b) 80,00060,000 bc
c) 30,00010,000 bc
d) 8,0005,000 bc
e) none of the above
Q:
Some archaeologists believe that an effective language was developed alongside the first chopper tools around 2 million years ago by which human ancestor?
a) Homo erectus
b) Homo sapiens
c) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
d) Homo habilis
e) Australopithecus
Q:
Much of the portable art from the Ice Age is of animals, but the most famous pieces are the so-called _____________, such as the example from Willendorf, Austria
a) fertility figurines
b) Venus figurines
c) birthing figurines
d) grotesque figurines
e) action figurines
Q:
In the case of public archaeology, the natural order of archaeological response to a threat to heritage (such as the construction of a road) is
a) survey, conservation, mitigation
b) conservation, mitigation, survey
c) mitigation, survey, conservation
d) mitigation, conservation, survey
e) survey, mitigation, conservation
Q:
By studying the animal figures in Paleolithic cave art, Andr Leroi-Gourhan argued that the most common representations were of
a) humans and cave bears
b) horses and bison
c) mammoths and bears
d) humans and horses
e) none of the above
Q:
A good example of a symbol is
a) money
b) a soldier's badge
c) a scale weight
d) a depiction of an animal painted on a cave wall
e) all of the above
Q:
Taking steps to research and record archaeological remains in advance of unavoidable construction is known as
a) protectionism
b) mitigation
c) qualification
d) preservation
e) reconstruction
Q:
The acceptance that the public and therefore both national and regional government have a responsibility to avoid unnecessary destruction of heritage had resulted in the development of
a) ethnoarchaeology
b) pseudoarchaeology
c) nationalist archaeology
d) indigenous archaeology
e) public archaeology
Q:
At the site of Mohenjodaro in the Indus Valley, a series of carefully worked cubes of colored stone is recognized as a system of weights. This discovery allows us to infer that
a) they had developed a concept equivalent to our own about weight
b) there was a system of numeration involving hierarchical numerical categories
c) the weight system was probably used for practical purposes
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
During the "Arab spring" in 2011, thieves broke into the ________ museum and stole a number of significant artifacts. They also damaged some of the most famous artifacts in the world
a) Cairo
b) Damascus
c) Tripoli
d) Sanaa
e) Baghdad
Q:
Humankind's ability to use __________ is generally agreed to be what most clearly distinguishes our species from other animals
a) currency
b) our thumbs
c) symbols
d) technology
e) none of the above
Q:
The study of material remains to understand how people thought in the past is what type of archaeology?
a) linguistic
b) cognitive
c) Prehistoric
d) investigative
e) reflexive
Q:
Archaeologists warned the US Department of Defense and the British Prime Minister's office months ahead of time that the ____________ might be looted, yet the building was not adequately protected
a) the Mogadishu Museum
b) the British Museum
c) the Pergamon Museum
d) the Iraqi National Museum
e) the Afghan Museum
Q:
Due to ethnic tensions in ____________, the Old Bridge at Mostar, was constantly shelled and was eventually destroyed
a) the former Rhodesia
b) the former Yugoslavia
c) the former Soviet Union
d) the former Zaire
e) the former Siam
Q:
The act of burial of human remains implies at least
a) ancestor worship
b) a belief in a superior being
c) a desire to preserve the body for as long as possible
d) some kind of respect or feeling for the deceased
e) all of the above
Q:
The main agencies of destruction of the past include
a) construction
b) agricultural intensification
c) armed conflict
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
The term cave art, also known as_________ art, designates art found on the walls of caves and rockshelters, or on very large stone blocks
a) parietal
b) referential
c) mobiliary
d) iconic
e) vertical
Q:
It is usually quite easy to answer the question "Who Owns the Past?"
Q:
The term __________art is used for engravings and carvings on small objects of stone, bone, antler, and ivory of the Ice Age
a) parietal
b) mural
c) mobiliary
d) iconic
e) referential
Q:
The study of artistic representations, often with an overt religious or ceremonial significance, is known as
a) art history
b) semiotics
c) iconography
d) cognitive studies
e) cultural mapping
Q:
Museums like the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York have always lead the charge against the looting of archaeological sites. They have never purchased illegal antiquities and they denounce private collectors who do.
Q:
Some archaeologists maintain that in the human mind there exists an interpretive framework of the world that affects actions and decisions as well as knowledge. This is known as a/the
a) interpretive lens
b) cognitive map
c) cognitive filter
d) deductive map
e) inferential frame
Q:
The world's oldest known cremation burial, dating to around 26,000 BP and found at Lake Mungo Australia, has been returned to local Aboriginal groups and will probably be reburied.
Q:
In the end, the scientists lost the legal battle for Kenniwick Man and his remains were returned to the Umatilla.
Q:
The study of artifacts and other material indicators of patterned actions that reflect religious beliefs is known as
a) the archaeology of cult
b) geoarchaeology
c) the archaeology of the mind
d) spiritual archaeology
e) none of the above
Q:
Despite our best efforts, it is nearly impossible to tell if an adult skeleton was male or female.
Q:
Not a single Egyptian royal tomb completely escaped the activity of grave robbers.
Q:
Even if the British Museum were to return the so-called Elgin Marbles to Greece, the Greeks would have no where to put them: the Acropolis museum is antiquated and in poor condition.
Q:
Even though figures in the terracotta army found near Xi"an, China have generic facial features, their variable hairstyles, clothing, etc have provided much information about how people looked.
Q:
Secondary sexual characteristics include breasts and facial hair.
Q:
Available evidence suggests that Lindow Man did not die naturally, but rather suffered a very violent death.
Q:
Thanks to modern scientific methods, we know that no fake antiquities are being displayed in the world's major museums.
Q:
The idea of Atlantis actually comes from a story narrated by the philosopher Plato.
Q:
The reason that archaeology touches on issues of an ethical nature is that it is associated with questions of identity.
Q:
We know now that the mysterious body in Tomb 55 is Tutankhamen's father, Ankhenaten.
Q:
Because the Bamiyan Buddhas were a UNESCO World Heritage site, they were protected from destruction: even though they were threatened they were not destroyed in the end.
Q:
Reconstructions of ancient faces based on information from skulls have achieved a greater degree of accuracy in recent years.