Q&A Hero

Q: Etruria, where the sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa came from, is in modern Greece.

Q: After Aramaic Incantation Bowls were controversially returned to a private collector by the University College London, a report commissioned by UCL to tell if the bowls has been illegally exported from their country of origin was released via a) the freedom of information act b) the president of the university c) wikileaks d) the collector himself e) the BBC

Q: The Curator of Antiquities of the ______________ went on trial in Italy for purchasing antiquities that were illegally excavated by looters a) The British Museum in London b) The Pergamon Museum in Berlin c) The J Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles d) The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York e) all of these curators were brought to trial in Italy

Q: Overall, Lindow Man was not very healthy and he had suffered through hard labor.

Q: It is usually impossible to tell more about a skeleton's age at death beyond whether the individual was either young, adult or old.

Q: Small fragments of bones cannot be recognized as human: there are no diagnostic features that differentiate them from other animal bones.

Q: Because the demand for illicit and illegal antiquities encourages the supply. Archaeological sites are looted because people will buy the artifacts that result. Because of this it has been said that a) "Collectors are the real archaeologists" b) "Collectors are the real looters" c) "Collectors save the past from destruction" d) "Archaeologists are the real looters" e) "Collectors should be praised and helped"

Q: Cannibalism in human remains can be determined by a) the presence of human bones with marks of cutting, smashing, or burning b) the presence of human bones mixed with animal bones c) the presence of human teeth marks on human bones d) a and b only

Q: ______ percent of Classic Mimbres sites in the American southwest have been looted or destroyed before archaeologists were able to excavate a) 90 b) 70 c) 50 d) 25 e) 10

Q: Archaiokapiloi, huaqueros, clandestini, and tombaroli are all local terms for a) the museums that display illegal antiquities b) archaeological excavations c) fake archaeological objects d) archaeologists e) the looters of archaeological sites

Q: Anthropologist __________ did groundbreaking work that demonstrated the vast majority of claims for cannibalism in the ethnographic or ethnohistorical records were untrustworthy a) William Arens b) Ian Hodder c) Marcel Mauss d) Eric Wolf

Q: So-called Harris lines, detected by X-rays on bones, indicate a) malnutrition b) disease c) arrested growth development d) all of the above

Q: An illegal antiquity can be defined as a) an artifact made out of a controlled substance or from endangered species, such as elephant tusk flutes or jaguar skin drums b) an object that was excavated clandestinely and which has no published record c) an artifact that carries considerable risk to people in the present, such as the remains of a victim of the black plague d) an artifact that was found by an archaeologist in a country that the archaeologist is not a citizen of e) all of the above are illegal antiquities

Q: Diseases that affect bone do so through a) erosion b) growths c) altered structure d) all of the above

Q: Early anthropologists regarded the ____________ as little more than laboratory specimens, and their graves, even very modern ones, were routinely desecrated to produce scientific collections a) Australian Aborigines b) the Berbers of North Africa c) the Mestizos of Mexico d) the convict settlers of Australia e) the people of eastern Siberia

Q: Under NAGPRA, if an ancient skeleton can be shown to be ____________ a modern Native American or Hawaiian group, it must be returned to that group upon request a) sacred to b) politically important to c) culturally affiliated with d) buried within the ancestral lands of e) spiritually affiliated with

Q: NAGPRA stands for a) Native Archaeological Goods Protection and Restoration Act b) North American Graves Protection and Restoration Act c) Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act d) Native American Graves Promotion and Restitution Authority d) North American Graves Protection and Restitution Authority

Q: Effects on outer surfaces of bone can be divided into those caused by a) accident or violence b) disease or congenital deformity c) violence or congenital deformity d) a and b

Q: Proper analysis of most infectious ancient diseases can only be carried out on a) affected bones b) surviving soft tissue c) surviving hair d) all of the above

Q: Forensic archaeology helps in the recovery and interpretation of a) murder victims b) individuals within mass burials c) neither d) both a and b

Q: Both the Chumash of the Northwest Pacific Coast of the US and the Maorī of New Zealand prefer that _________ be destroyed "according to natures law", and do not like archaeologists interfering with that process a) whale carcasses b) meeting house sites c) battlefield sites d) human remains e) all of the above

Q: Tomb robbing is not a modern phenomenon. As early as the 12th century BC, ___________ had appointed a commission to inquire about the plundering of royal tombs a) the Maya b) the Egyptians c) the Romans d) the Minoans e) the Chinese

Q: The so-called Elgin Marbles, which are housed at the British Museum in London, came from: a) the Parthenon at Athens b) the Colossus at Rhodes c) the Temple of Ramses II at Aswan d) Stonehenge in Wessex e) The Giza Necropolis near Cairo

Q: Cause of death for skeletal remains can be ascertained a) frequently; most leading causes of death leave traces on the bones b) rarely; most causes of death leave no trace on bone c) in the case of particularly aggressive disease d) never

Q: Archaeology has been popularized through a) books b) television c) the internet d) all of the above e) a and b only

Q: The study of ancient disease is called a) paleopathology b) osteopathology c) dendropathology d) historiopathology

Q: Although the immediate aim of most research is to answer specific questions, the fundamental purpose of archaeology must be: a) to recover ancient useful technology b) to help define territories, borders, and geographic boundaries c) to help stop global warming d) to fight the claims of pseudoarchaeologists e) to provide the public with a better understanding of the human past

Q: Archaeologists can usually identify the minimum number of individuals in a multiple burial from a) the part of the body that is most abundant b) the number of skulls present c) the depth of the burial d) none of these

Q: Most human remains recovered by archaeologists are in the form of a) mummies b) bog bodies c) skeletons or bones d) impressions of decayed burials e) hairs that have been preserved

Q: How did scientists determine that the body found in Tomb 55 was closely related to King Tutankhamen? a) X-rays showed that their crania were nearly the same shape and size b) Blood typing showed that they belonged to the same blood group, which was rare in ancient Egypt c) Fingerprints taken from both mummies were almost exactly the same d) all of the above e) a and b only

Q: The rise in professional archaeological fakes may be a result of the "mediatization" of the field, meaning: a) the inability to see archaeological excavation as being real life b) the price that certified artifacts fetch on the open antiquities market c) the need to generate publicity to further one's career d) the distortion caused by poor media reporting e) all of the above

Q: Archaeologist Shinichi Fujimura, nicknamed "God's hands" for his ability to uncover amazing artifacts, was revealed to have been _________ his finds a) stealing b) selling c) borrowing d) faking e) destroying

Q: Pseudoarchaeological theories typically share which of the following characteristics: a) they celebrate a lost world whose people possessed skills that were more advanced than those of the present b) they assert that all prehistoric accomplishments were the work of the inhabitants of a lost world c) the lost world vanished in a major catastrophe d) nothing of the original homeland of the lost world is left for scientific study e) all of the above

Q: The study of dental morphology, genetic anomalies of the teeth, can help archaeologists determine if two individuals a) were related b) could have been cannibals c) were married to each other d) are part of the same culture e) all of the above

Q: It was through the writings of Ignatius Donnelly that the idea of ________ was transformed into a simple and marvelous explanation of all ancient civilizations of the world a) Egypt b) Ubar c) Greece d) Atlantis e) the lost continent of Mu

Q: When compared to the facial reconstruction of her skull, the artist who crafted Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa's sarcophagus chose to portray her as a) younger than she was at death b) with a more girlish mouth than she actually had c) without fewer chins than she had when she died d) with a prettier nose than she actually had e) all of the above

Q: Our clearest glimpse at what people looked like in the past is from a) written records b) marks on skulls c) ethnology d) DNA analysis e) preserved bodies

Q: The best indicator of an individual's age at death is based on study of the a) clavicle b) innominate bone c) patella d) teeth e) radius

Q: __________ is a term used to describe archaeological interpretations that are on the fringe of the discipline, but that contain beliefs that are not malicious or specifically for profit. An example of this is the modern Druid interpretation of Stonehenge a) Other Archaeologies b) Pseudoarchaeology c) Antiarchaeology d) Religious Archaeology e) Ethnoarchaeology

Q: Extravagant and ill-found stories about the past which are made up and promoted primarily for financial gain is called a) fake archaeology b) pseudoarchaeology c) deceptarchaeology d) archaeomarketing e) antiarchaeology

Q: An example of religious extremism clashing with archaeological preservation, the Bamiyan Buddhas were destroyed by __________ in March of 2001 a) the government of Saudi Arabia b) Maoists c) the Taliban d) the Catholic Church e) purist Buddhists

Q: Although variable according to population, a number of skeletal attributes can be used for differentiation of the sexes. The best indicator of sex is the a) shape of the pelvis b) shape of the mandible c) shape of the cranial vault d) shape of the femur and tibia e) none of the above

Q: Although the lower half of Lindow Man's body was missing, his height was calculated based on a) the pair of trousers found with his body b) his shoes c) historical records of his life d) his cranial circumference e) the length of his upper arm bone

Q: This country clashed with Greece over the use of a name and national symbol that were associated with Alexander the Great, a historical figure that is claimed by the Greece a) Armenia b) Macedonia c) Turkey d) Lebanon e) Cyprus

Q: The only country to have been named specifically after an archaeological site is: a) Bolivia b) Greece c) Zimbabwe d) Egypt e) Ireland

Q: Small fragments of bone may be examined for bone microstructure. With increasing age, circular structures called _________ become more frequent a) otoliths b) osteons c) osteoliths d) fairy rings e) ephiphyses

Q: Lindow Man is the body of a man that was preserved in a peat bog in a) Denmark b) the Alps c) the high Andes d) England e) Nova Scotia

Q: Recent evidence has shown that our distant ancestors, such as the 1- to 2-million-year-old child's skull found in Taung, South Africa, grew up a) slower than we do now b) in exactly the same way that we do now c) with no parents present d) faster than we do now e) in stable farming communities

Q: The ___________ of many recently emerged nations are taken from archaeology a) national emblems b) government structure c) voting system d) caste system e) political alliances

Q: Ethics is the science of: a) emotion b) feeling c) conflict d) cooperation e) morals

Q: ________ grows at a regular measurable rate and a careful study of its microscopic growth lines can help determine how long an individual lived a) tooth enamel b) hair c) fingernails d) all of the above e) none of the above

Q: Through the best efforts of experts, the chances of identifying the right sex of a child based only on skeletal remains are a) one in a hundred b) 100% c) 50:50 d) one in a thousand e) 75%

Q: In the past, the city that we now know as York was called a) Eburacum b) Eoforwic c) Jorvik d) York e) all of the above

Q: Plaster casts made of the hollows left by now-decayed bodies at this site provide such fine details as facial expression at death a) Rome b) Pompeii c) Athens d) Monte Albn e) Lascaux Cave

Q: The most notable feature of the work of the York Archaeological Trust has been its success a) in producing the earliest archaeological carbon dates for England b) in developing groundbreaking isotopic techniques for wet environments c) in appeasing the local druids who did not like the project at first d) in using new method to involve the public in the project e) in establishing a clear pottery sequence for the British Neolithic period

Q: The study of human remains from sites is called a) Zooarchaeology b) Paleoethnobotany c) Bioarchaeology d) Archaeobotany e) Anthropology

Q: Excavations at York, England, produced a large amount of wood and leather remains, a result of the ______________ conditions a) cold b) dry c) hot d) aerobic e) anaerobic

Q: While interaction, in the archaeological sense, does involve the exchange of goods, it does not involve the exchange of information.

Q: At Khok Phanom Di, study of the 154 burials found no evidence for a) thalassemia b) tooth wear c) joint degeneration d) trauma or injuries from violence or warfare e) dental disease

Q: Examination of the 154 burials at Khok Phanom Di revealed that anemia may have produced thickening of skulls, probably caused by the blood disorder ___________ which may have provided some resistance to malarial mosquitoes a) thalassemia b) lymphocytosis c) neutropenia d) cirrhosis e) diabetes

Q: It is not easy to identify the intentions of the people in the past that left behind hoards, which are usually characterized by a substantial assemblage of goods found in an archaeological deposit.

Q: At Khok Phanom Di, some shells were modified and apparently used as tools. Experiments with similar shells indicated that marks were created by abrading them with sandstone to create a sharp cutting edge. Further experimental work and examination under a SEM indicated that the shells were probably used in a) harvesting a grass such as rice b) slicing and working skins and meats c) incising designs on pottery d) cutting bark cloths e) fish processing

Q: It is impossible to study any form of trade or exchange in non-literate societies.

Q: Clay anvils, clay cylinders, and burnishing pebbles found in some burials suggests that Khok Phanom Di was a center for a) flint tool manufacture b) pottery manufacture c) ritual sacrifice d) community ceremonial events e) jewelry manufacture

Q: Iron was not used in the New World before European contact.

Q: Rice phytoliths at Khok Phanom Di suggested that the earliest episode of burning might have been associated with agriculture, though _______________ could have been responsible as well a) fuel production b) burn-offs by hunter-gatherers c) normal conflagrations d) all of the above e) none of the above

Q: Although the short occupation period at Khok Phanom Di (c. 500 years, from 2000 BC) was disappointing for the goal of understanding early rice domestication and cultivation, it was useful because the 154 burials represented a) the earliest evidence for a suicide cult b) a mass ritual killing c) an unbroken mortuary tradition d) a royal burial, including the court retinue, retainers, and slaves e) the largest single family burial cemetery in southeast Asia

Q: Because pottery is still widely made around the world, it is a particularly good focus area for ethnoarchaeological research.

Q: The introduction of pottery in an area tends to correspond with the adoption of a sedentary way of life.

Q: Analysis of human remains from the 154 burials recovered at Khok Phanom Di by the physical anthropologist Nancy Tayles suggested that the two main clusters of burials represented a) two warring factions b) rulers and their slaves c) two distinct family groups d) the remains of a large battle, possibly for local metal resources e) two castes

Q: The one thing that all synthetic materials have in common is that they have never been exposed to heat.

Q: Although quite advanced, the Andean cultures of South America were particularly poor at textile manufacture and never developed any advanced forms of weaving.

Q: One of the initial major goals of the Khok Phanom Di project was to investigate a) the origins of bronze working b) the development of the Secondary Products Revolution c) the origins and development of rice cultivation d) community kinship through graves e) the establishment of state societies

Q: Historical accounts show that some of the Upper Mangrove Creek area's hill tops were maker traveling routes and that people often came together across great distances to ________ as part of male initiation ceremonies a) fight b) trade c) participate in tattooing d) take wives e) learn to hunt

Q: The manufacture of stone heads at Easter Island is less mysterious than most people think: several statues there have even been found unfinished and in quarries.

Q: Two depictions of ________ on the rock shelter paintings within the Upper Mangrove Creek study area indicate that the area was visited by Aboriginal people in the period after British settlement a) the queen b) guns c) horses d) books e) sailing ships

Q: Archaeologists know for sure that stone was the most important material to people of the Paleolithic; they never made wood or bone implements.

Q: We know that the Aboriginal hunter-gatherers had a portable toolkit thanks to a) the historical writings of Australia's first white settlers b) the inscriptions on ancient rock shelters c) recent ethnographic evidence d) extensive isotopic analysis e) all of the above

Q: A distribution map a) is the most natural and obvious way to plot distribution b) can be used to find important centers of consumption c) may not always be the best way to study distribution in a given situation d) all of the above e) none of the above

Q: The archaeological research conducted at Upper Mangrove Creek made it clear that the bands living there would have been a) relatively small and highly mobile b) relatively large and highly mobile c) relatively small and sedentary d) relatively large and sedentary e) of moderate size and sedentary for only part of the year