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Archaeology
Q:
The materials that most cultures consider to be valuable
a) are made out of gold
b) meet a basic human need like food or shelter
c) often have no use at all beyond display
d) are the ones that are most abundant in their territory
e) none of the above
Q:
One of the principle archaeological enigmas that the researchers at Upper Mangrove Creek hoped to investigate was that there was an increase in the number of archaeological sites over time but
a) a decrease in the physical size of the sites
b) those sites seemed to be occupied by a different culture
c) also an increase in the population of the region
d) a decrease in the number of artifacts at the site in the last thousand years of occupation
e) a decrease in the amount of food consumed in the area
Q:
Non-ferrous metal is metal that does not contain
a) iron
b) gold
c) lead
d) copper
e) zinc
Q:
Documents and archaeology reveal that the Calusa ate mollusks and crustaceans but that the majority of the meat derived from
a) deer
b) possum
c) turtle eggs
d) fish
e) aquatic birds
Q:
All of the following are examples of unaltered materials except
a) stone
b) wood
c) antler
d) copper
e) plant and animal fibers
Q:
The introduction of pottery generally seems to coincide with the adoption of a more sedentary way of life. Paleolithic people may not have created pottery because
a) they were not really very smart
b) mobile hunter-gatherers would not want to carry heavy fired clay containers around
c) clay sources were difficult to find during the Paleolithic because they were often buried under glaciers and ice
d) mobile hunter-gatherers were generally too busy hunting to make pottery
e) none of the above
Q:
Little evidence is available concerning the role or status of Calusa women in the ethnohistoric records because
a) women were secluded in special areas
b) the Spanish had little or no contact with women
c) women had no real active role in the society
d) women were sent away, or ran away into the swamps for protection
e) none of the above
Q:
Excavations at the Calusa site of Pineland recovered ___________, indicating either direct or indirect contact with Native American groups as far away as southeast Missouri
a) galena
b) murex dye
c) silver
d) gold
e) pipestone
Q:
_____________ were a significant development in pyrotechnology during the Neolithic in the Near East around 8000 bc
a) Furnaces for iron smelting
b) Furnaces for bronze smelting
c) Ovens for bread baking
d) Ovens for making faience
e) none of the above
Q:
When Europeans first encountered the Calusa in Florida, they were surprised to find such an advanced and powerful society, based almost entirely on
a) swidden agriculture
b) long-distance trade
c) sustained raiding of other villages
d) fishing, hunting, and gathering
e) hunting
Q:
The idea that the quality of materials tends to decline as the distance from the source of those materials increases is the basic tenant behind
a) The Wheeler box grid
b) thin-section analysis
c) emissary trading
d) geomorphology
e) fall-off analysis
Q:
In describing mechanisms of exchange, "direct access" is used to describe situations where
a) the consumer is able to buy whatever they want
b) goods are bought from independent middlemen
c) trading is done through emissaries who represent a state
d) the user goes to the source material without the intervention of an exchange mechanism
e) none of the above
Q:
Monte Albn was founded around 500 BC on a previously unoccupied mountain. By 200 bc"ad 100, evidence for the Zapotec state is evident in the form of
a) rulers living in palaces
b) temples staffed by priests
c) ceremonial inscriptions on buildings, possibly listing more than 40 places subjugated by Monte Alban
d) all of the above
e) a and c only
Q:
The study of traded goods is an important part of the investigation of
a) exchange
b) our hominin ancestors
c) the development of agriculture
d) long-term climate change
e) none of the above
Q:
At Monte Albn, carvings on stone slabs called danzantes are now considered to represent
a) dancers
b) slain captives
c) Spanish conquistadores
d) warrior kings
e) high priests
Q:
Observing the wear patterns on ancient stone tools is an aspect of microwear analysis; experimental archaeology provides added information on the specific activities the tools might have been used for by
a) using modern copies of stone tools in a variety of specific tasks
b) studying the traces of polish on modern copies of tools after use
c) creating categories of tool use according to wear patterns created on modern copies
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
The Oaxaca Early Formative project examined evidence for religion and burial. Evidence from burials suggested that there was
a) a relatively egalitarian system
b) a ranking system with some male burials clearly having higher status than others
c) a ranked system, with commoners, elite, and captives/slaves
d) a stratified, ranked system with a rigid class system
e) not enough data to interpret the social system
Q:
Villages during the Early Formative period in the Valley of Oaxaca were typically
a) permanent settlements of wattle-and-daub houses
b) small encampments representing microbands
c) seasonal camp sites with some specialized production sites
d) semi-permanent settlements in a three-tier settlement hierarchy
e) major centers with large stone houses
Q:
For many years, archaeologists puzzled over the method used to create the flute or channel on Folsom points, a Paleo-Indian tool of North America. Based on textual observations and experimentation, it was determined that the flute was created by
a) the block-on-block technique
b) pressure flaking using a small, pointed tool
c) an antler billet
d) pressure flaking using a T-shaped crutch, placed against the chest
e) an unknown process
Q:
Isotopic analysis of lead is not only used on objects made of pure lead, but on artifacts made out of ___________ as well
a) copper
b) glass
c) bronze
d) silver
e) all of the above
Q:
The computer simulation model designed by R. G. Reynolds for the adoption of an agricultural way of life in the Valley of Oaxaca suggested that the rise of agriculture resulted from
a) climate change
b) population growth
c) the need to even out the effects of annual variation in food supplies
d) the need for a surplus during times of warfare
e) none of the above
Q:
The alloying of copper with tin produces
a) gold
b) bronze
c) silver
d) aluminum
e) iron
Q:
Flannery and Marcus concluded that Guil Naquitz was
a) a small microband camp, of no more than four or five people
b) a specialized production site, probably for stone tool production
c) a small hunter-gatherer site, probably of no more than 20 to 30 people
d) a major Olmec center, home to a powerful ruling dynasty
e) a small hamlet, perhaps 4-12 households, of about 60 people
Q:
Volcanic glass which is used to make chipped stone tools is a particularly good material to perform trace-element analysis on. Another word for Volcanic glass is
a) temper
b) petroglyph
c) obsidian
d) mineral glass
e) none of the above
Q:
Recently, some seeds of ______ (Cucurbita pepo) from Guil Naquitz that are morphologically domesticated were dated using the AMS technique to between 10,000 and 8000 years ago. This predates other domesticates in Mesoamerica by several millennia
a) maize
b) beans
c) squash
d) chili peppers
e) tomatos
Q:
When a thin-section of an object is prepared for study, it is made thin enough to ______________ so that specific minerals can be seen in it through the use of a light microscope
a) transmit light
b) fold and bend
c) block light
d) allow water to pass through it
e) none of the above
Q:
_________ from different levels of the area around Guil Naquitz provided a sequence of vegetation change, including fluctuations of thorn, pine forest, and oak
a) Ethnographic analysis
b) Radiocarbon dating
c) Isotope analysis
d) Written inscriptions
e) Pollen analysis
Q:
All of the following are examples of synthetic materials except
a) pottery
b) glass bottles
c) iron weapons
d) bronze shields
e) stone hand-axes
Q:
The research objectives of Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus in the Oaxaca region included
a) studying the effects of the Spanish conquest
b) elucidating stone tool development
c) verifying the pottery chronology for the area
d) the examination of the origins of agriculture
e) an investigation of the Secondary Products Revolution
Q:
The Valley of Oaxaca in the southern highlands of Mexico is best known for the hilltop city of _________, the one-time capital of the Zapotecs and famous for its architecture and carved stone slabs
a) Monte Albn
b) Guil Naquitz
c) Mexico City
d) Tierras Largas
e) Queyash Alto
Q:
The success of any archaeological enterprise depends on learning how to ask the right questions.
Q:
The intentional use and control of fire by humans is known as
a) pyrotechnology
b) pyromania
c) metallurgy
d) smelting
e) pyroxia
Q:
Inclusions in the clay used to make pottery that act as a filler, creating strength and counteracting cracking and shrinkage during firing, are known as
a) slag
b) temper
c) microliths
d) faience
e) debitage
Q:
The primary goal of characterization is to
a) reveal information about the character of the person who made it
b) mimic how objects were used in the past
c) assign objects to standard categories so they can be stored properly
d) discover the source of the material an object is made out of
e) all of the above
Q:
Even though many archaeologists enjoy the experience, some people have criticized the Jorvik Viking center for being too much like Disney Land.
Q:
The York Archaeological Trust was created in 1972 to push for extensive construction and development in the region and to fight against the wishes of local archaeologists.
Q:
_________, or conjoining, is the attempt to put stone tools, flakes, and cores back together again, providing information on the stages in producing the tools and reconstructing the process of the knapper's craft.
a) Refitting
b) Annealing
c) Filigree
d) Microwear analysis
e) Alloying
Q:
The technique of stone tool manufacture that involved knapping a core in such a way that large flakes could be removed and shaped into tools is called
a) the Oldowan industry
b) refitting
c) cold hammering
d) the Champollion technique
e) the Levallois technique
Q:
Excavations at York can be considered "urban archaeology".
Q:
Surprisingly, the staple diet at Khok Phanom Di did not consist of rice and fish.
Q:
____________, which dominated the human toolkit around 10,000 years ago, are tiny stone tools that were probably used as barbs on composite implements
a) Eoliths
b) Microliths
c) Cores
d) Phytoliths
e) Otoliths
Q:
Some graves at Khok Phanom Di contained white fabric shrouds, made of both beaten bark and asbestos.
Q:
We tend to forget that different societies value different goods. For example, while the Conquistadors valued the gold of the New World, the Aztec valued __________ more highly than metal
a) iron
b) cattle
c) wheat beer
d) chariots
e) feathers
Q:
__________ did not exist anywhere in the New World until after European contact
a) The potter's wheel
b) Agriculture
c) Weaving
d) Writing
e) Corn
Q:
The excavation area at Khok Phanom Di was chosen by the Abbot of the local Buddhist temple.
Q:
At Khok Phanom Di, burials indicated that only adults had grave-goods.
Q:
Most stone tools are made by removing _________ from a __________
a) cores from a flake
b) megaliths from a quarry
c) flakes from a core
d) hand-axes from a chopper
e) choppers from a hand-axe
Q:
A formidable amount of ancient Aboriginal clothing was preserved at Upper Mangrove Creek, much of which was over 3000 years old.
Q:
Study of the patterns of wear or damage on the edges of stone tools that can provide useful information on a particular tool's function is known as
a) refitting
b) microwear analysis
c) scanning electron analysis
d) plating
e) none of the above
Q:
From about 2.5 million years ago until 14,000 BC at the earliest, the archaeological record is dominated by artifacts made out of
a) bone
b) ceramic
c) stone
d) metal
e) plant remains
Q:
If the Upper Mangrove Creek excavations were to be carried out today, the archaeologists would be required to consult with local Aboriginal groups.
Q:
A massive amount of information about how commodities were traded in the Mediterranean around 1300 came from the site of Uluburun which is a
a) barrow cemetery
b) location mentioned in the Iliad
c) volcano in the Andes
d) shipwreck
e) site preserved in volcanic ash
Q:
The early Europeans who met the Calusa were surprised by their advanced and powerful society because they lived in permanent towns, had temples and earthworks, and practiced a complex religion.
Q:
Analytical methods for characterization are varied. For pottery, a reliable technique for determining the source is
a) heavy mineral analysis
b) studies of temper or exclusions
c) thin section analysis
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Seasonal growth patterns in shells and fish bones indicate that the Calusa never lived year-round at Horr's Island.
Q:
The technique of mixing two or more metals to create a new material, such as copper and tin to make bronze, is known as
a) ascribing
b) annealing
c) bifurcating
d) conjoining
e) alloying
Q:
Once a piece of wood is burnt and becomes charcoal it is impossible for archaeologists to even guess what type of tree it came from.
Q:
Flannery and Marcus concluded that Guil Naquitz was inhabited by a small microband of perhaps only 4"5 people.
Q:
Pollens are best preserved in arid zones, particularly loess or sandy sedimentary deposits.
Q:
The earliest dated (using AMS) plant remains in Mesoamerica is maize and was found at Guil Naquitz.
Q:
It is clear that a rigid and complex class system had evolved by the Early Formative period in the Valley of Oaxaca.
Q:
Diatoms are useful for identifying whether ancient bodies of water were fresh, brackish or salt, but not for finer-grained analytical questions, such as the level of water salinity or nutrient status.
Q:
To answer the question "why" is the most difficult task in archaeology.
Q:
Ancient wood, when preserved, can be a useful indicator for understanding human use of this material, but it must be burned (charcoal); desiccated or waterlogged wood is not very useful.
Q:
Despite it's name, Marxist archaeology is not based on the writings of Karl Marx.
Q:
Fluctuations in ancient fauna can have other causes than the influence of either climate or people.
Q:
The Classic Maya suffered a single, sudden, and total collapse around 900 AD.
Q:
Archaeologists are rarely interested in ancient wind because it has had very little impact on human activity.
Q:
Analysis of plant residues on artifacts can help to define the function of the vessels being studied.
Q:
Archaeologists rarely if ever focus on individual decision makers in the past. Individuals simply cannot be seen as agents of change.
Q:
A common criticism of the early New Archaeology (functional-processual archaeology) was that the importance of ideological and symbolic aspects of societies was ignored or undervalued.
Q:
At the site of Pompeii archaeologists have been able to recover a significant amount of information about individual meals.
Q:
Negative feedback generally pushes back against change in society, making for stability.
Q:
Robert Carneiro's idea that the origins of the state in Peru lay in the restrictions imposed by the environment is considered an example of a multivariate explanation.
Q:
The age an animal was at death is usually assessed through the study of its teeth.
Q:
No domesticated plants were cultivated in North America until they were introduced soon after the arrival of colonists from the Old World.
Q:
The idea that the origins of great civilizations lie in the large-scale irrigation of the alluvial plains of great rivers is called the hydraulic hypothesis.
Q:
Microfauna (small animals) tend to be better indicators of climate and environmental change because
a) they are sensitive to oscillations in climate and adapt relatively quickly
b) they accumulate naturally, so they reflect the immediate environment
c) they are accumulated at a site through human or animal predation
d) a and b are correct
e) none of the above
Q:
The only incontrovertible proof that a particular plant or animal species was actually consumed by people in the past comes from
a) traces in human stomach contents of fecal matter
b) phytoliths from ancient pottery
c) cut marks on animal bones or plant matter
d) changes in the DNA of plants and animals due to domestication
e) all of the above
Q:
The first type of remains used by 19th-century archaeologists to understand climate in prehistoric periods were
a) animal remains
b) fossil pollen remains
c) phytoliths
d) isotopes in human tooth enamel
e) deep sea cores