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Archaeology
Q:
From a single leg bone, one can reasonably estimate the sex, age, height and general size of an individual.
Q:
Excavations of skeletons at this site in New York City in 1991 caused much public outrage as the local community felt that they had not been properly consulted beforehand
a) The African Burial Ground
b) The Orkneys
c) Foley Square
d) Star Carr
e) The Slave Church
Q:
If one digs up a cemetery and assesses the age and sex of its occupants, an accurate guide to the life expectancy and mortality pattern of a particular culture is likely.
Q:
Although the physical remains of most of the people who died at Pompeii have disappeared, archaeologists have been able to study these 'bodies' in the form of
a) census lists
b) plaster casts
c) cremated ashes
d) statues and other carvings
e) myths and legends
Q:
When sites associated with this type of society are ranked according to size and displayed on a histogram there will only be a narrow range of variation in site size and all the sites will be quite small
a) early states
b) complex societies
c) cities
d) archaic states
e) hunter-gatherer groups
Q:
At the Early Paleolithic site of Koobi Fora, Kenya, Glynn Isaac's team recorded the exact coordinates of all artifacts and was able to fit some fragments of bone and stone back together. From this they were able to identify _____________ or parts of the site where specific tasks were performed
a) kill sites
b) villages
c) secondary deposits
d) activity areas
e) none of the above
Q:
In order to interpret the evidence from Middle Paleolithic sites in France, Lewis Binford studied the use and discard of bones and tools at a seasonal hunting camp used by the
a) Maya of Guatemala
b) Nunamiut of Alaska
c) Pokot of Kenya
d) Maori of New Zealand
e) all of the above
Q:
The new sub discipline of _______ has helped in the recovery of murder victims as well as identified victims of mass burials and genocide
a) ethnoarchaeology
b) forensic archaeology
c) geoarchaeology
d) criminoarchaeology
e) ethnocriminology
Q:
Xeroradiography has confirmed that the bog body known as Lindow Man died as a result of:
a) being garroted
b) being hit in the back of the head twice with a weapon
c) having his throat slit with a knife
d) sustaining a blow to his back that broke a rib
e) all of the above
Q:
While discovering how a society viewed itself and its territories may seem like an impossible task, it is important to remember that most state societies ________, which helps us to identify primary centers
a) are exactly alike
b) did not produce monumental architecture
c) are still in existence today
d) are located on exactly the same spots as major modern cities
e) produced written records
Q:
The remains of an Etruscan woman named Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa, who died 2200 years ago, were positively identified as belonging to the sarcophagus they were buried in thanks to:
a) DNA testing
b) consultation of property records
c) facial reconstruction
d) the presence of contemporary written accounts
e) all of the above
Q:
An important method used to gain an understanding of a past society involves the study of the present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings, and structures, and the way these things become incorporated into the archaeological record when they are abandoned. Such an approach is known as
a) ethnic studies
b) archaeozoology
c) archaeobotany
d) ethnoarchaeology
e) ethnology
Q:
By extracting genetic material from one of the original fossils found in the Neander Valley, Germany, and amplifying segments of mtDNA, researchers suggested that Neanderthals and contemporary humans diverged about
a) 550,000"690,000 years ago
b) 50,000"69,000 years ago
c) 5.0"6.9 million years ago
d) 5,000"6,900 years ago
e) none of the above
Q:
The process of cutting out a piece of bone from the skull, probably to alleviate pressure on the brain caused by a skull fracture dates back at least 7000 years and is called:
a) boring
b) probing
c) trepanation
d) osteonization
e) scalping
Q:
Early archaeologists in the United States were taught to think more deeply about how ethnography might aid archaeological interpretation by the presence of
a) tree-ring dates
b) Thomas Jefferson
c) modern Native American societies
d) Irish immigrants
e) a break-away group of British scholars
Q:
Scientific analysis of DNA sequences may indicate the relationships between members of royal families and determine whether or not members of a dynasty practiced
a) incest
b) cannibalism
c) exogamy
d) polygamy
e) necrophagy
Q:
Unlike sex, which is biologically determined, __________ is a social construct involving the roles of individuals in society
a) matrilineal descent
b) sedentism
c) DNA
d) natural selection
e) gender
Q:
The study of skeletal remains in order to estimate fertility rates, mortality rates, population structure, and life expectancy is known as
a) paleopopagraphy
b) censusography
c) ancient actuation studies
d) paleodemography
e) paleoactuation
Q:
By careful study of settlement patterns, archaeologists can answer this basic question.
a) Why people developed writing?
b) Where did religion originate?
c) Why did our hominin ancestors evolve into humans?
d) What is the scale of the society?
e) Should a radiocarbon date be calibrated?
Q:
A society that has a ruler with authority to establish and enforce laws, stratified classes, administrative officials for collecting revenue, and the practice of redistribution would probably be considered a
a) mobile hunter-gatherer group
b) segmentary society
c) chiefdom
d) early state
e) none of the above
Q:
In Clark Larsen's comparison of skeletons of hunter-gatherer (2200 bc" ad 1150) and agricultural communities (ad 1150"1550) on the Georgia coast, the differential effects of maize agriculture on males and females were indicated by
a) decrease in joint disease in men
b) decrease in tooth size in women, with increased tooth decay
c) decrease in overall skeletal size in women
d) all of the above
e) only answers a and b are correct
Q:
Generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, these societies are typically sedentary, rarely number more than a few thousand people, and lack permanent differences of social status between people. These are generally referred to as
a) bands
b) segmentary societies (tribes)
c) chiefdoms
d) early states
e) none of the above
Q:
Studying the lead levels in skeletons of Colonial Americans living during the 17th to 19th centuries in Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, Arthur Aufderheide discovered that
a) wealthy plantation owners had the highest lead levels
b) white tenant farmers tended to have higher lead levels than slaves or free blacks
c) slaves and free blacks generally had the highest lead levels
d) all of the above
e) answers a and b are correct
Q:
A society with differences in social status (ranking), specialists manufacturing crafts, surpluses, and perhaps a permanent ritual or ceremonial center would probably be considered a
a) mobile hunter-gatherer group (band)
b) segmentary society (tribe)
c) chiefdom
d) early state
e) none of the above
Q:
X-ray analysis of human bones reveals various forms of deformity and disease. When growth is interrupted in childhood because of illness or malnutrition, opaque calcified formations a few millimeters thick form in bones. These are known as
a) arthritis
b) Spina bifida occulta
c) pneumoconiosis
d) Sprengel's deformity
e) Harris lines
Q:
Tim White used a scanning electron microscope to analyze the skull of "Bodo," a large male Homo erectus or archaic Homo sapiens, about 300,000 years old. Based on cutmarks found on the skull, similar to those found on pre-Columbian Native American skulls, White concluded that Bodo had
a) been cannibalized
b) been scalped
c) intentional cranial deformities created through head binding
d) been eaten by carnivores and scavengers after death
e) experienced crude brain surgery
Q:
Full-time pottery makers, metal workers, or other such artisans who form an important part of complex societies are referred to by archaeologists as
a) chiefs
b) craft specialists
c) merchants
d) segmentary societies
e) bands
Q:
Pathologist Arthur Aufderheide and his colleagues isolated DNA fragments from the lungs of a 900-year old Peruvian mummy and found
a) the tuberculosis bacterium, thus proving the microbe was not brought to the Americas by European colonists
b) anthrax, thus proving the region was once more arid and desertic than present
c) syphilis (Treponema palladium), thus proving the disease was not brought to the Americas by European colonists
d) all of the above
e) answers b and c only
Q:
In Elman Service's typology of human societies, mobile hunter-gatherer groups are also called
a) chiefdoms
b) segmentary societies (tribes)
c) bands
d) states
e) none of the above
Q:
Warfare is always undertaken with the objective of permanently occupying the lands of the vanquished in a process of territorial expansion.
Q:
Using an analytical electron microscope, Rosalie David's team studied lung tissue from an Egyptian mummy and found that particles in the lung contained a high proportion of silica, probable evidence for
a) tuberculosis
b) pneumoconiosis
c) trichuris
d) bilharzia
e) leprosy
Q:
Archaeology has the unique advantage of being able to study processes of change over thousands of years.
Q:
In most segmentary societies, craft production is organized at the household level. In chiefdoms and states, craft production is often organized at a higher, more centralized level.
Q:
Stencils of human hands found in the caves at Gargas, France, dating from the late Ice Age, seem to have severe damage, in some cases suggesting all four fingers were missing. These stencils of humans hands have been interpreted as
a) a kind of sign language or other symbolic system
b) stencils made with the fingers folded
c) damage from mutilation or disease
d) all of the above
e) none of the above are thought to be the cause
Q:
Ethnicity is quite easy to recognize in the archaeological record.
Q:
The recognition of a depression running across the top of the cranium, associated with signs of markedly increased attachment of neck muscles to the back of the skull, has been interpreted as resulting from
a) carrying heavy loads using straps across the forehead
b) intentional cranial deformation
c) ritual torture
d) injuries sustained while kneeling and grinding grain
e) injuries attributed to horse riding
Q:
Many concepts that we consider to be inherent to our humanness, such as our system of morals, our concept of gender, even how we respond to our senses, are not natural "givens".
Q:
Brain endocasts are used to estimate cranial capacity, but some scholars believe that they also may be used to understand the development of
a) homicide
b) height
c) culture
d) speech
e) religion
Q:
Clues to ancient human preference for right-handedness have been found in
a) bones
b) teeth
c) tools
d) handprints
e) all of the above
Q:
Occupation deposits at cave sites tend to be deep and suffer less erosion than open sites; they are therefore valuable for studying early hunter-gatherer societies.
Q:
The principal source of information about early societies comes from written records.
Q:
Using the CAT-scan technique on an Australopithecus africanus skull known as "Mrs Ples," from Sterkfontein, South Africa, Frans Zonnevold and Jan Wind determined that, based on the semicircular inner ear canals, "Mrs Ples"
a) walked with her head at a similar angle to that of modern humans, implying a similar capacity for bipedalism
b) walked with her head at a greater forward sloping angle than modern humans, implying mixed tree-climbing with bipedalism
c) walked with her head at a forward sloping angle more like that of chimpanzees, implying almost exclusive tree-climbing
d) walked with her head at a greater forward sloping angle than modern humans, implying a severe deformity of the cranial vault
e) none of the above
Q:
"Lucy," found by Donald Johanson and his colleagues in Ethiopia, is the skeleton of
a) an Australopithecus afarensis, dated to about 3.18 mya
b) an Australopithecus afarensis, dated to about 5.9 mya
c) an Australopithecus robustus, dated to about 1.9 mya
d) a Homo erectus, dated to about 1.9 mya
e) a Homo erectus, dated to about 3.18 mya
Q:
Other indicators of age may be based on
a) fusion of cranial vault sutures
b) skull thickness
c) the ends of ribs
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Hammurabi's law code was written in the Akkadian language, in the script known as cuneiform.
Q:
Excavations at the site of Khok Phanom Di in Thailand proved that the insights about an ancient society gained from excavating a single grave are exactly the same as the insights gained from excavating a whole cemetery.
Q:
The best indicator of an individual's age at death is based on study of the
a) clavicle
b) innominate bone
c) patella
d) teeth
e) radius
Q:
Although variable according to population, a number of skeletal attributes can be used for differentiation of the sexes. The best indicator of sex is the
a) shape of the pelvis
b) shape of the mandible
c) shape of the cranial vault
d) shape of the femur and tibia
e) none of the above
Q:
Although taking different amounts of time according to region, environmental conditions, and technological innovations, all societies eventually progress from bands to state societies.
Q:
Small fragments of bone may be examined for bone microstructure. With increasing age, circular structures called _________ become more frequent
a) otoliths
b) osteons
c) osteoliths
d) ostrakons
e) ephiphyses
Q:
Sedentary societies are societies that
a) no longer are nomadic
b) have developed some form of agriculture or pastoralism
c) are best investigated at the settlement level
d) all of the above
e) none of the above
Q:
Despite the monumental nature of the megalithic tombs found in the Orkneys in Scotland, archaeologists believe that the people who built the tombs represented a
a) hierarchical society
b) state-level society
c) very socially stratified society
d) society of invaders from abroad
e) segmentary society
Q:
The process by which certain human bones fuse together, a process indicative of age, is known as
a) fusion
b) osteoporosis
c) synapsis
d) synostosis
e) osteoconosis
Q:
Centralized societies typically exhibit disparities between rich and poor, and thus they offer the potential to study social ranking and organization. Which of the following would you suggest offers strong evidence of social ranking?
a) Group residences, similar burials, short-term occupation of sites
b) Dispersed hamlets, equitable residences and few specialists
c) Elite residences, rich burials, and craft specialists
d) Villages, some rich group burials, few specialists
e) Cave sites, evidence for butchering, and fine hunting equipment
Q:
____________ is a linguistic term used to refer to a group of language families with enough similarities to suggest a genetic relationship
a) Lexicostatistics
b) Macrolingua
c) Proto Indo-European
d) Macrofamily
e) Phylofamily
Q:
Based on recent DNA evidence, it is clear that Homo sapiens did not evolve in Africa.
Q:
Archaeomagnetic (or, "paleomagnetic") dating is based on the constantly changing magnetic field of the earth.
Q:
Based on mtDNA analysis, Rebecca Cann and her colleagues claim that the ancestor of everyone on earth today, a woman nicknamed Eve, lived in Africa about _________ years ago
a) 2 million
b) 900,000
c) 200,000
d) 10,000
e) 2,000
Q:
A field of research that is concerned with estimates of various aspects of populations, such as size, density, and growth rates, based on archaeological data, is known as
a) cultural anthropology
b) ethnography
c) demographic archaeology
d) cultural evolution
e) historiography
Q:
A common non-destructive method used to gain an internal view of human bodies, such as mummies, which works by creating images of cross-sectional "slices" through the body is known as
a) computerized axial tomography
b) fluxgate magnetometry
c) electron probe microanalysis
d) infrared absorption spectroscopy
e) optical emission spectrometry
Q:
The main difference between optical dating and thermoluminescence dating is that optical dating is used to date minerals that have been exposed to light and thermoluminescence is used to date minerals that have been exposed to heat.
Q:
One of the most useful techniques for dating early human (hominin) sites in Africa is radiocarbon dating.
Q:
One of the best things about radiocarbon dating is that the samples are resistant to all contamination: other organic material can come in contact with a radiocarbon sample without contaminating it.
Q:
____________ erodes the bones of the face and the extremities in a distinctive manner and, thus, can be identified in ancient remains
a) Lung cancer
b) Tuberculosis
c) Leprosy
d) Measles
e) Rubella
Q:
It is very easy to detect city planning in the archaeological record: there is always a lot of direct material evidence for how such planning was carried out. People simply do not create sophisticated construction schemes without a master plan.
Q:
Traditionally, radiocarbon dating techniques required approximately 10-20 grams of wood or charcoal. A few radiocarbon laboratories using the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are now able to work with samples as small as 5-10 milligrams.
Q:
Because we know that gold was valuable in ancient Bulgaria, it is very likely that individuals who were buried with gold were of high status.
Q:
Style, although difficult to define, cannot exist except as an aspect of an activity.
Q:
When provided with a radiocarbon figure such as 3700 + 100 BP, the first number (3700) is the number of years before the year 1950.
Q:
Although music is common to all humans today, it appears to be unique to humanity; no other animals have music.
Q:
Scientists have come to recognize that fluctuations in climate during the Ice Age were far less complex than originally thought; indeed, the Ice Age was just one long unbroken spell of cold with little temperature fluctuation.
Q:
The typological idea that change in artifact style is gradual over time is associated with Darwin's theory of evolution.
Q:
Although an interesting idea, there is little support for the idea that Mesoamerican or Andean civilizations oriented many of their major buildings in accordance with astronomical alignments.
Q:
A key point in archaeology is the idea of association. For example, if objects are found in the same, sealed, archaeological deposit, it is probable that they were buried at the same time. If one of these objects can later be given an absolute date, then it is possible to assign that absolute date to the sealed deposit and the other objects associated with it as well.
Q:
In both Mesoamerica and Mesopotamia, even after a proper writing system was developed, literacy was not shared by most members of a community.
Q:
Most Paleolithic cave art depicts humans or objects.
Q:
Archaeologists have shown that the Maya calendar was very precise: it was used to record exact dates.
Q:
The "world's oldest sanctuary" is considered to be Chavin de Huantar, dated to 200 BC.
Q:
Using differences in tree-rings to tie a wooden structure to a calendar date is an example of a relative dating technique.
Q:
Assumptions about genetic mutation rates stemming from the study of samples taken from living people is the basis of
a) archaeomagnetic dating
b) DNA dating
c) optical dating
d) natural selection dating
e) tooth enamel dating