Q&A Hero

Q: The Ice Age ended this many years ago. a. 100,000 b. 15,000 c. 200,000 d. 250,000

Q: This chronological method can reach back to 3,000 B.C. a. dendrochronology b. obsidian hydration c. cross-dating d. historical records

Q: The only means of chronometrically dating the earliest archaeological sites. a. accelerator mass spectrometry b. dendrochronology c. potassium-argon dating d. thermoluminescence dating

Q: The dating technique used on bone, wood, and other organic materials up to 40,000 years old. a. accelerator mass spectrometry b. radiocarbon dating c. potassium-argon dating d. half-life

Q: Establishes chronological relationships between sites and cultures. a. relative chronology b. chronometric dating c. relative dating d. actual chronology

Q: The type of chronology which refers to dates in years. a. relative chronology b. chronometric dating c. relative dating d. actual chronology

Q: As close to total excavation as archaeology can get. a. random excavation b. horizontal excavation c. vertical excavation d. soil marks

Q: Most examples of this type of excavation are probes of deep archaeological deposits. a. random excavation b. horizontal excavation c. vertical excavation d. soil marks

Q: Perhaps the most famous type of this kind of site is in Giza, Egypt. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site

Q: A Mesopotamian ziggurat would be found at this kind of site. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site

Q: The Olsen-Chubbuck site is an example of this kind of site. a. kill site b. living site c. ceremonial site d. burial site

Q: The most important archaeological sites are a. kill sites. b. living sites. c. ceremonial sites. d. burial sites.

Q: Site destruction is always the end result of this part of the research design. a. water flotation b. CRM c. lithic analysis d. excavation

Q: One of the largest and most complex digs ever undertaken in North America. a. Avebury b. Koster c. Lascaux d. Ur

Q: A type of field survey that is systematic, detailed, and covers an entire area is a a. surface survey. b. deliberate survey. c. intensive survey. d. limited-area survey.

Q: It is NOT a vital ethical responsibility of an archaeologist a. to make a complete record of the excavation. b. to excavate only within the context of a specific research design. c. to respect the feelings of the local people. d. to pursue and punish any unethical behavior.

Q: MATCHING 2 1) Pedro Alvarado 2) Narvez 3) Cuatro Seorios 4) Bartolom de las Casas 5) Fray Pedro de Gante A. Bishop of Chiapas who defended the humanity of native Americans B. Capitals of Tlaxcala C. Corts's chief officer during the conquest of Mexico D. Franciscan father who set up Catholic schools in the Basin of Mexico E. Corts's deputy during the conquest of Mexico

Q: MATCHING 1 1) Tlatelolco 2) Xicotencatl the Elder 3) Tepeaca 4) Tayasal 5) Cuauhtmoc A. Aztec ruler who surrendered to the Spanish B. Last stronghold of the Itz Maya, conquered in 1697 C. Market center for Tenochtitlan D. Puebla town where Corts stayed after La Noche Triste E. Tlatoani of Tizatlan

Q: Non-intrusive archaeology refers to archaeology without a. excavation. b. an archaeological record. c. tells. d. landscape signatures.

Q: Archaeological sites discovered in the course of a construction project are an example of discovery by a. surface surveying. b. accident. c. landscape signatures. d. intensive surveying.

Q: In the 1950s, the study of the past was revolutionized by the discovery of: A. radiocarbon dating B. Mayan hieroglyphics C. the scientific method D. new methods of excavation

Q: Computer-aided systems for the collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation of spatial data of all kinds. a. remote-sensing b. LANDSAT c. CRM d. GIS

Q: In the 1500s, the Spanish government conducted the "Relaciones Geogrficas," which drew up: A. the family trees of every Aztec household B. the genealogies of ruling dynasties C. geographical accounts of their colonies D. geological maps of resources

Q: Identified by the space shuttle Columbia under the Sahara Desert. a. ancient river courses b. Atlantis c. ancient trade routes d. an ancient city

Q: In the 1500s, _________ was charged with converting the New World populace to Christianity. A. the Spanish nobility B. military officers C. the Franciscans D. high-ranking shamans

Q: Aerial photography, satellite imaging, and ground-penetrating radar are examples of a. publication. b. excavation. c. seriation. d. remote sensing.

Q: _______ defended the humanity of Native Americans before the Council of the Indies in 1551. A. King Charles V B. Bartolom de las Casas C. Cuauhtmoc D. A Franciscan priest

Q: The Spanish king in 1520, Charles V: A. was furious with Corts for failing to bring Aztec treasure back to Spain B. was so impressed by the gold objects from Mexico that he set up a museum to display them C. distributed the Aztec treasure among the people of Spain D. reduced metal objects from the New World to ingots

Q: In Mayan cities, a doorway to the other world. a. mountains b. trees c. temples d. pyramids

Q: This type of archaeology allows investigators to examine ways in which people exploited their environment. a. physical b. settlement c. excavation d. chronometric

Q: The native population of the Basin of Mexico: A. had decreased by 75 percent in 1610 B. flourished after the decline of the Aztecs C. was unaffected by the Aztec downfall D. migrated inland to hide from the Spanish

Q: The Spaniards conquered all of Mesoamerica: A. in 1521 B. during the 16th century C. by the 17th century D. during the 20th century

Q: Sometimes referred to as "landscapes of memory." a. industrial landscapes b. cultural landscapes c. memorial landscapes d. landscape signatures

Q: The Tenochca: A. assisted the Spaniards in taking the Aztec capital B. were the last stronghold of resistance against the Spanish in Mesoamerica C. are renowned for their tenacity in defending their city D. were the only Mesoamericans to use metal

Q: The Spaniards captured Tenochtitlan: A. without a fight B. after killing the current huetlatoani C. in 1519 D. with the help of the Tlaxcalans

Q: Which of the following was an accidental discovery? a. Tenochtitln b. Templo Mayor c. Lascaux Cave d. all of the above

Q: Finding archaeological sites depends on locating telltale signs of a. animal activity. b. quarrying. c. migration. d. human settlement.

Q: Most archaeological sites area. conspicuous.b. inconspicuous.c. well-preserved.d. protected by the locals from looting.

Q: Even before Tenochtitlan was captured, Corts was able to exercise some control of the Mexican power hierarchy by: A. overtaking a number of polities by picking fights with them B. meddling with the voting process and stuffing the ballots C. destroying palaces and temples and taking statues of deities hostage D. appointing his allies as the new rulers

Q: Many projects are carried out under fast-moving a. academic projects. b. CRM projects. c. government projects. d. private projects.

Q: Cuauhtmoc was: A. made huetlatoani after the death of Motecuzma II B. held prisoner in Axaycatl's palace C. the son of Cuitlahuac, who became the huetlatoani after his death D. the son of Ahuitzotl, who was elected huetlatoani after the death of Cuitlahuac

Q: Which of the following is NOT one of the languages found on the Behistun inscription? a. Old Persian b. Elamite c. Babylonian cuneiform d. Syrian cuneiform

Q: The huetlatoani Cuitlahuac died in 1520: A. at the hands of the Spanish B. during an internal revolt C. of smallpox D. having drowned in Lake Texcoco

Q: Herculaneum and Pompeii were both destroyed in A.D. 79. What type of preservation did they undergo? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash

Q: La Noche Triste, the Spanish attempt to sneak out of Tenochtitlan, resulted in: A. the flight of the Spaniards, who then re-grouped with reinforcements B. the Mexica expelling the Spaniards for good C. the expansion and strengthening of the Aztec army D. heavy losses on both sides, which caused the Tlaxcalans to turn against the Spaniards

Q: The Spaniards' most effective weapon against the Mexica was: A cannons and guns B. horses C. political savvy D. disease

Q: Immediately after the death of Motecuzma II: A. the Spaniards took control of Tenochtitlan B. his brother Cuitlahuac was made huetlatoani C. Ahuitzotl's son became the huetlatoani D. Corts was crowned king of the Mexica

Q: What type of preservation condition can preserve nearly every element of an archaeological site? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash

Q: Motecuzma II is likely to have died: A. of smallpox B. as a sacrificial victim to save his empire C. having been hit by a bullet fired from a Spaniard's gun D. at the hands of his own people

Q: The thousands of mummies buried in the Puruchucho-Huaquerones cemetery are decomposing because they are located beneath a. a flooding riverbed. b. a melting glacier. c. a shantytown. d. volcanic ash.

Q: While Motecuzma II was being held under house arrest by the Spaniards, the Mexica: A. elected a new huetlatoani B. tried to befriend the remaining Spaniards on the Gulf Coast C. carried on with their affairs and ignored the situation D. demanded that the Spaniards leave the city at once

Q: What type of preservation condition can preserve everything except flesh, feathers, and skins? a. dry b. waterlogged c. cold d. volcanic ash

Q: If one considers modern urban population densities, then it is reasonable to calculate that the population of Tenochtitlan ranged between: A. 500,000 and 750,000 B. 1 and 2 million C. 35,000 and 75,000 D. 1,500 and 7,500

Q: The well-preserved body of the Tollund Man was laid to rest a. in a Danish peat bog. b. on the floor of the Amazon Forest. c. in a Bolivian tin mine. d. below many feet of frozen ground in the Italian Alps.

Q: The law of superposition comes from what subdiscipline? a. anthropology b. geography c. stratigraphic zoology d. stratigraphic geology

Q: When Corts first met Motecuzma II he was assisted by: A. Marina, who is also known as Malinalli B. the Tlaxcala lords C. Geronimo de Aguilar D. Gonzalo Guerrero

Q: The law of association allows that objects in direct contact a. must be related to each other in time and space. b. may or may not be related to each other in time or space. c. must be related to each other only in the time axis. d. requires an instant analysis to determine spatial-temporal association.

Q: What type of context occurs when a group allows the dead to remain unburied until the corpse has decomposed, then buries the bones in a bundle in a communal burial chamber? a. primary context b. secondary context c. tertiary context d. quaternary context

Q: After welcoming the Spaniards into Tenochtitlan, Motecuzma II and his lords escorted the visitors: A. promptly out of the city B. directly up the staircase of the Templo Mayor to be sacrificed C. to Axaycatl palace, where they would stay D. to canoes for a water tour of the city

Q: Provenance or provenience of an artifact is determined by a. analyzing the artifact in the laboratory. b. creating a random sampling technique designed to possibly find other similar artifacts. c. measuring the exact position of every find and feature three-dimensionally. d. determining the former cultural function of the artifact.

Q: Motecuzma II and Corts met for the first time on: A. 20 April 1519 B. 8 November 1519 C. 1 January 1520 D. 13 August 1521

Q: When Corts arrived at Tenochtitlan: A. Motecuzma II had a foreboding feeling that something bad was about to happen to the Aztec empire B. the ruler, Ahuitzotl, was surprised, since no one knew the Spaniards were coming C. Motecuzma II was expecting him as he had sent him an invitation to visit via pochteca emissaries D. he snuck into the city with his entourage under the cover of darkness

Q: About ______ Spaniards first met Motecuzma II in 1519. A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 400

Q: What type of technology did archaeologist Payson Sheets use to locate houses buried underneath the ash at Cern in El Salvador? a. subsurface radar b. dendrochronology c. excavation d. mortar and pestle

Q: Context is a. the two-dimensional measurement of an artifact. b. the three-dimensional location of an artifact. c. the exact position of a find in time and space. d. the cultural model necessary for understanding the usefulness of an artifact.

Q: Motecuzma II made contact with the Spaniards before they reached Tenochtitlan: A. by sending them a continuous flow of gifts and inviting them to the city B. through emissaries, who brought the Spaniards gifts but discouraged their visit C. by traveling to the coast where the Spaniards had first landed to greet them in person D. through the Tlaxcalans, who kept an eye on the Spaniards for him

Q: What term relates to food remains, such as animal bones, seeds, and other finds, which throw light on human activities? a. artifacts b. ecofacts c. middens d. tailings

Q: Corts and his Spanish entourage were welcomed into the city of Cholula. After a few days: A. the Cholulans ran the Spaniards out of town B. the Spaniards were informed of a plot to capture them C. the Spaniards moved into the ruler's palace where they were finely treated D. Motecuzma's troops laid siege to the city, capturing Cholulans and Spaniards alike

Q: The objects manufactured or modified by humans a. are artifacts. b. represent the material culture of all humanity. c. pertain to our creative ability. d. do not in and of themselves prove our humanity.

Q: The largest pre-Columbian pyramid in Mesoamerica is at: A. Tenochtitlan B. Cholula C. Teotihuacan D. Tlaxcala

Q: Humanly and naturally caused changes in an archaeological site are known as a. cultural processes. b. natural processes. c. transformation processes. d. artifactual temporal shifts.

Q: On his trek to Tenochtitlan, Corts noted that the area of Cholula was suitable for: A. mining gold B. growing cactus C. building houses D. grazing cattle

Q: The remains of an archaeological site and the activities that unfolded there from the surviving material a. tell us a nearly complete story of the past. b. are what we call the archaeological record. c. continue to unfold as the materials are always incomplete. d. challenge us all to think of our own cultures.

Q: After dining at the house of a rich Aztec person, you might indulge in: A. tobacco B. chocolate C. pulque D. tamales

Q: The system of behavior in which every individual participates is the a. cultural environment. b. cultural process. c. cultural condition. d. cultural system.

Q: Guests at a feast in the house of a wealthy Aztec noble would be presented with: A. chocolate and pulque B. flowers, tobacco, and clothing C. tobacco, figurines, and hallucinogenic mushrooms D. pulque, hallucinogenic mushrooms, and tobacco

Q: The Florentine Codex tells us that the proper protocol for Aztec feasts required_______ to be served as soon as guests were seated. A. tobacco B. tamales C. flowers D. dog stew

Q: What are ancient writings featuring pictures or ideographic symbols? a. pictographs b. petroglyphs c. brushscript d. hieroglyphs

Q: Aztec feasting was a cultural event: A. enjoyed by people of all statuses B. reserved for nobles who could afford it C. that happened nearly every day of the ritual calendar D. intentionally hidden from the Spaniards

Q: The primary means by which we adapt to our natural environment is a. society. b. government. c. culture. d. biology.