Q&A Hero

Archaeology

Q: The Miocene era saw a reduction in the number of hominoid species due to predation.
Q: Paleoanthropologists study past human societies.
Q: According to the molecular clock, chimpanzees and humans diverged four to six million years ago.
Q: Genetic evidence shows that gorillas have the greatest similarity to humans of all the great apes.
Q: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited exclusively from the mother.
Q: Ontogeny is the evolutionary history of a species.
Q: The first Homo erectus fossils found on the island of Java, were found by__________. a. Mary Leakey b. Raymond Dart c. Donald Johanson d. Eugene Dubois
Q: What is the oldest known well-dated archaeological site (1.7"1.8 mya) outside of Africa? a. Dmanisi b. Ubeidiya c. Nihwan Basin d. Hadar
Q: What is the first hominin species to be found outside of Africa? a. Homo erectus b. Homo ergaster c. Homo habilis d. Homo floresiensis
Q: Evidence for controlled use of fire during the Lower Paleolithic ________. a. has been tentatively identified at Koobi Fora and Chesowanja b. is a well-established fact c. is found only outside of Africa d. consists of piles of fire-cracked rock
Q: A ________ is an archaeological site produced by a series of distinct, but brief, occupations. a. dispersal event b. palimpsest c. serial occupancy d. base camp
Q: The stone circle found at the DK site __________. a. has been dismissed as a hoax b. was a crude fortification for protection against predators c. was a raw material stockpile for make tools d. might be evidence of a temporary structure built on a home-base site
Q: The evidence for early hominin subsistence suggests that they __________. a. may have scavenged when they needed to b. were vegetarians c. were essentiallyʺkiller apesʺ d. relied primarily on aquatic food resources
Q: Volcanic ash can be dated using what radiometric method? a. paleomagnetism b. radiocarbon c. argon dating d. luminescence
Q: What tool, associated with Homo erectus, is perhaps the most successful tool humans ever invented? a. Oldowan pebble chopper b. Acheulian handaxe c. Mousterian spear point d. Clovis fluted point
Q: The earliest stone tool tradition is known as the __________. a. Acheulian b. Oldowan c. Auregnacian d. Mousterian
Q: Why is Olduvai Gorge a good place to look for fossil hominins? a. There were more hominins living in that region than in other parts of Africa. b. There has been little human activity in the area, which preserved the fossils. c. It has a good depositional environment that preserved fossils. d. It has always been an arid environment.
Q: This fossil genus was ultimately proven to be a fraud. a. Australopithecus b. Eoanthropus c. Ardipithecus d. Paranthropus
Q: This genus represents a robust early hominin with massive molars and chewing muscles that dates to between 2.5"1.4 million years ago. a. Paranthropus b. Australopithecus c. Ardipithecus d. Sahelanthropus
Q: The discovery of footprints at __________indicated that Australopithecus afarensis was bipedal. a. Olduvai Gorge b. Koobi fora c. Hadar d. Laetoli
Q: Which of the following genera of hominin are found in Asia? a. Australopithecus b. Homo c. Paranthropus d. Kenyanthropus
Q: A(n) ________ is the biological term for a period when there is a rapid increase in the number of species in a single lineage. a. diaspora b. exodus c. dispersal d. radiation
Q: What is the oldest known fossil thought to belong to the hominin lineage? a. Paranthropus bosei b. Ardipithecus ramidus c. Australopithecus afarensis d. Sahelanthropous tchadensis
Q: What taxon includes all members of the human lineage after it split with the chimpanzees? a. hominin b. prosimian c. anthropoid d. hominoid
Q: ________ is genetic material inherited exclusively from the mother. a. Nuclear DNA b. Nuclear RNA c. Mitochondrial DNA d. Mitochondrial RNA
Q: ________ refers to the evolutionary history of a species. a. Cladistics b. Phylogeny c. Ontogeny d. Taxonomy
Q: What did Ian Hodder mean when he said that archaeology beginsʺat the edge of the trowelʺ?
Q: What is evolutionary archaeology?
Q: How has gender been misinterpreted by archaeologists?
Q: How has systems theory been applied to archaeology?
Q: What is middle-range research?
Q: What is the difference between induction and deduction?
Q: What were the goals of the New Archaeology?
Q: What was Graham Clarkʹs contribution to scientific archaeology?
Q: What was the contribution of V. Gordon Childe to archaeology?
Q: What is the significance of the Three-Age system?
Q: Evolutionary archaeology, ironically, rejects the theory of evolution as having any application to modern archaeology.
Q: Feminist archaeologists see males as responsible for most of the trouble in prehistory.
Q: Hermeneutics views our knowledge of past societies as static and unchanging.
Q: Deduction involves taking available data and inferring general models from it.
Q: Lewis Binford pronounced that archaeology should be science or it should be nothing at all.
Q: Albert Spaulding argued that archaeologists should impose categories on material culture in order to study it.
Q: Graham Clark led a multi-disciplinary team to study the remains at Star Carr.
Q: The Pecos Classification and Midwest Taxonomic system typified the culture history periodʹs concern with classification.
Q: During the 19th century, archaeologists spread across the world to dig in such places as Africa, Mesopotamia, and Turkey.
Q: In 1865, John Lubbock divided the Stone Age into the Neolithic (New Stone Age) and Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), terms that are still used to this day.
Q: The struggle between evolution and religion predates the publication of Charles Darwin's On The Origin of Species.
Q: Danish antiquarian, Jean Baptiste Lamarck, developed the Three Age System in 1816.
Q: Thomas Jeffersonʹs excavations of a mound on his property proved it was not made by Indians.
Q: In Medieval Europe, prehistoric stone tools found in fields were thought to beʺthunderstonesʺ formed where lightening struck.
Q: King Tutankhamen conducted an early archaeological dig at the site of the Sphinx.
Q: __________ stressed the importance of the actions of the individual living in past society. a. Lewis Binfordʹs writings b. Feminist archaeology c. Processual archaeology d. Agency theory
Q: ________ focuses on the way archaeologists study and represent gender in the archaeological record, as well as gender biases of the investigator. a. Feminist archaeology b. Gynocentric archaeology c. Masculinist archaeology d. Postprocessual archaeology (REMEMBER:
Q: Which of these theories stresses the interaction between the presuppositions we bring to a problem and the independent empirical reality of our observations and experiences? a. systems theory b. hermeneutics c. heuristics d. induction
Q: The goal of postprocessual archaeology is to __________. a. formulate general laws governing human behavior b. offer interpretations based on contextual data c. write culture history d. test hypotheses
Q: Which of the following statements best describes postprocessual archaeology? a. It argues that archaeologists should emulate historians. b. It is rooted in an etic approach to archaeology. c. It avoids hypotheses in favor of more subjective analyses. d. Postprocessual archaeologists study only on historical populations.
Q: New laws requiring archaeological work to be done before damaging construction work created which of the following? a. a wealth of artifacts for museums b. a rejection of the New Archaeology c. the New Archaeology d. Cultural Resource Management (CRM) archaeology
Q: Which of the following statements best describes systems theory? a. It was heavily influenced by the works of Marx. b. It views society as an interconnected network of elements. c. It represented a conservative alternative to the New Archaeology. d. Systems theory plays a significant role in contemporary archaeology.
Q: Observations of archaeological materials in the present that can help create and test hypotheses about the past are called __________. a. middle-range research b. the culture history approach c. postprocessual archaeology d. systems theory
Q: Binford thought that for archaeology to be considered a science it must work by ________ from general laws and models. a. drawing b. induction c. extrapolation d. deduction
Q: Who was the catalyst for the New Archaeology? a. Walter Taylor b. Lewis Binford c. Flinders Petrie d. Ian Hodder
Q: Which archaeologist proposed the idea of a Neolithic Revolution characterized by agricultural villages? a. John Frere b. John Lubbock c. V. Gordon Childe d. Lewis Binford
Q: ________ twisted the archaeological record to reinforce German nationalism and support the Nazi party. a. Gustav Kossinna b. Flinders Petri c. John Lubbock d. Heinrich Schliemann
Q: Toward the end of the 19th century, the __________ approach was characterized by the emergence of modern methods of excavation and analysis and formal schemes of classification. a. processual b. post-processual c. culture history d. evolutionary
Q: ________ pioneered the methods of stratigraphic excavation and seriation to create a chronology in his work in Egypt. a. Abbe Henri Breuil b. Sir Flinders Petrie c. V. Gordon Childe d. Heinrich Schliemann
Q: The Neolithic and the Paleolithic were defined by whom? a. Christian Thomsen b. John Frere c. John Lubbock d. Heinrich Schliemann
Q: Why did the publication of On the Origin of Species upset the church? a. It removed divinity from creation. b. It proved the earth was created 4004 BC. c. It showed the inheritance of acquired characteristics. d. It helped Heinrich Schliemann explain Troy.
Q: The Three-Age system divided prehistory into the __________ Ages. a. Savage, Barbarian, and Civilized b. Stone, Bronze, and Iron c. Foraging, Pastoral, and Agrarian d. Animist, Theistic, and Secular
Q: Which of the following scholars helped establish the antiquity of humanity? a. Charles Lyell b. John Frere c. Lewis Binford d. Ian Hodder
Q: Which of the following represents the first clear evidence for the use of excavation to recover and explore the past? a. the exploration of a mound by Thomas Jefferson b. the recovery ofʺthunderstonesʺby Antoine de Jussieu c. an emblem book written by Johannes Sambucus d. John Frereʹs report on a Paleolithic site at Hoxne, England
Q: Ideas that archaeologists have developed about the past and about the way we come to know about the past are referred to as ___________. a. antiquarianism b. archaeological theories c. hermeneutics d. historicism
Q: Describe twoʺliving archaeologyʺtechniques used by archaeologists to help interpret archaeological remains.
Q: How can seriation be used to develop a relative chronology of an artifact type?
Q: How are typologies used in archaeology?
Q: How can an archaeologist get an accurate quantitative picture of the relative frequency of different animals in the faunal assemblage?
Q: What are the major areas of biological analysis and what do they describe?
Q: What is the goal of archaeological recording and what are some of the recording methods employed by archaeologists?
Q: What are some methods that archaeologists employ in a stratigraphic analysis?
Q: Explain the difference between and the purpose of horizontal and vertical excavation.
Q: How are geographic information systems (GIS) used in archaeology?
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