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Archaeology
Q:
Early Bronze Age travel and trade among the islands of the Aegean appears to have taken place using longboats propelled by multiple oars.
Q:
Pollen is an example of what type of archaeobotanical remains?
a. macrofossil
b. feature
c. microfossil
d. cultigen
e. carbonization
Q:
Objects from Egypt and the Near East have been found at Early Bronze Age sites on the island of Crete.
Q:
Preserved seeds, tubers, and leaves are examples of
a. cultigens
b. macrofossils
c. microfossils
d. domesticates
e. agriculture
Q:
The Emperor ____________ converted to Christianity in ad 312, making it the new state religion, and moved the capital of the empire from Rome to ____________.
a) Augustus; the Vatican
b) Hadrian; Hadrian's Wall
c) Constantine; Constantinople
d) Alexander; Alexandria
e) Justinian; Julianica
Q:
A cultigen is defined as
a. a domesticated plant under human control
b. an animal species which is dependent on humans
c. a wild plant which is predisposed to domestication
d. the symbiotic relationship between humans and plants
e. a society which raises domesticated plants
Q:
Although internal revolt was relatively infrequent in the Roman Empire, two major rebellions occurred in ____________, at least in part because the people of that region were unable to incorporate the sacrifices involved in the Roman imperial cult into their religion.
a) Judaea
b) Egypt
c) Greece
d) Libya
e) Etruria
Q:
What characteristic of wild grasses is NOT likely to have been consciously selected for by foragers in the process of domestication?
a. larger seeds
b. less tough glumes
c. more brittle rachis
d. more grains per seed head
e. structure which shatters less readily
Q:
In ad 79 the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius covered much of the Bay of Naples in ash and perfectly preserved the Roman city of:
a) Napoli
b) Leptis Magna
c) Dura Europos
d) Londinium
e) Pompeii
Q:
What factor would not have likely influenced or predisposed wild grass seeds to unconscious modification by gatherers?
a. seeds tend to exhibit a great deal of genetic variability
b. seeds occur in dense stands
c. seeds exhibit quick reproductive rates
d. rachis normally becomes dry and brittle, enabling the seed to break away easily
e. seeds from genetic variants end up in the gathering basket less often
Q:
Competitive feasting, tribute payments, or offerings to the deities that promoted the development of human agency and, ultimately, of domestication and agriculture is an example of the cultural approach embraced by all of the following except
a. Hodder
b. Braidwood
c. Childe
d. Watkins
e. Binford
Q:
The rule of the Emperor Augustus from 27 bc to ad 14 is regarded as having established several centuries of pax Romana. What was pax Romana?
a) a shrinking of the once powerful Roman empire
b) a period of constant severe warfare
c) a contagious disease that may be related to the bubonic plague
d) a period of anarchy where no one seems to have been in charge
e) a period peace enforced by superior military power
Q:
Ian Hodder's approach to the origins of agriculture in Europe proposes that it entailed
a. the development of agriculture in the nuclear zone as people become increasingly inclined to the idea of domestication.
b. an increasing emphasis on the human control and domination of nature, in response to a combination with both natural and social mechanisms.
c. settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations, leading to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range.
d. a fundamental shift in the worldview of people prior to the Neolithic revolution.
e. the need for people to produce a surplus to meet the demands of local kin leaders.
Q:
The Punic General Hannibal famously invaded Italy, bringing elephants over the Alps. Hannibal was from the city of ____________ in modern Tunisia, which was an imperial power.
a) Sparta
b) Phoenicia
c) Carthage
d) Macedon
e) Cerveteri
Q:
Explanations for the origins of domestication that argue for the importance of status competition or ideology are known as:
a. environmental approaches
b. humanistic approaches
c. cultural approaches
d. materialist approaches
e. determinist approaches
Q:
The ____________ Age lasted from the death of Alexander until the establishment of the Roman Empire.
a) Hellenistic
b) Dark
c) Archaic
d) Classical
e) Macedonian
Q:
Which statement below best defines the packing model proposed by Binford?
a. Settlement of marginal areas due expanding human populations led to domestication as people planted seed crops outside of their native range.
b. The packing of populations around permanent water sources as a result of increased aridity in the Near East at the end of the Ice Age led to the development of domestication.
c. Dependence on native seed crops in areas of their greatest natural abundance ultimately led to domestication.
d. Increased population density required people to abandon big-game hunting in favor of plant domestication.
e. The development of sedentary villages led to domestication as a means of providing a stable food source.
Q:
Alexander the Great was from the kingdom of:
a) Athens
b) Macedon
c) Sparta
d) Etruria
e) Persia
Q:
The proposition that increased aridity in the Near East at the end of the Ice Age led to the development of domestication around permanent water sources is known as the
a. Water storage model
b. Oasis theory
c. Neolithic revolution
d. Dry zone model
e. Marginal Zone model
Q:
The Parthenon, the primary temple of the acropolis at Athens, was dedicated to which deity?
a) Athena
b) Zeus
c) Dionysus
d) Aphrodite
e) Poseidon
Q:
Environmental approaches for explaining the origins of domestication argue that it represents a more intensive use of the environment caused by:
a. the inherent predisposition of humans to develop domestication in response to environmental triggers
b. society's ability to face increasing resource needs
c. the environmental changes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene
d. people being unaware of other choices to lifestyles
e. grazing herbivores
Q:
In Greek cities, the ____________ or market place was the center of economic and political activity.
a) acropolis
b) kouros
c) parthenon
d) agora
e) oracle
Q:
The change in relationship between humans, animals, and plants whereby they share a mutually beneficial association is known as:
a. agriculture
b. transhumance
c. domestication
d. propagation
e. symbiosis
Q:
A(n) ____________, meaning "high city," is found at most Greek cities. It was used as both a place of cult worship and a more secure place to be turned to in times of danger.
a) agora
b) acropolis
c) forum
d) parthenon
e) stoa
Q:
Agriculture is defined as:
a. the propagation and exploitation of plants and animals by humans
b. the process of teaching animals to be tame
c. the presence of genetic changes that render plants and animals dependent on humans
d. the intensive use of plants and animals by humans
e. the process of intentionally growing plants
Q:
____________ was the site of a panhellenic festival of games, including wrestling, boxing, and foot races, which occurred every four years from 776 bc until the late 4th century ad.
a) Athens
b) Sparta
c) Olympia
d) Delphi
e) Delos
Q:
Domestication is defined as:
a. the propagation and exploitation of plants and animals by humans
b. the process of teaching animals to be tame
c. the presence of genetic changes that render plants and animals dependent on humans
d. the intensive use of plants and animals by humans
e. the process of intentionally growing plants
Q:
The __________ were a literate culture in what is now Italy. They lived in independent city-states, such as Veii and Cerveteri, before the Roman Period and had extensive contact with the Greeks and the Phoenicians.
a) Etruscans
b) Phrygians
c) Celts
d) Samnites
e) Persians
Q:
Which of the following statements about the origins of domestication is correct?
a. It represents a universal stage in human cultural evolution.
b. It occurred independently in separate areas of the world.
c. It occurred first in the Near East, and then spread or diffused to other areas.
d. It first occurred during the Upper Paleolithic.
e. The earliest centers of domestication are likely in Western Europe.
Q:
Beginning in the 8th century bc, the city-states of Greece sent people to distant locations to:
a) start massive wars
b) ask for help during the Persian War
c) conduct ethnography on foreign cultures
d) establish colonies
e) learn how to read and write
Q:
The Neolithic Revolution is associated with:
a. the development of agriculture
b. the beginning of social differentiation
c. the development of state level societies
d. the transition to intensive hunting and gathering
e. the beginning of fully modern human behavior
Q:
The Peloponnesian War was a defining event in the history of the Mediterranean. It was fought between the rival city-states of:
a) Thebes and Rhodes
b) Athens and Macedonia
c) Sparta and Rhodes
d) Macedonia and Rhodes
e) Athens and Sparta
Q:
Which model for the initial settlement is not dependent on the cycle of glacial and inter-glacial periods?
a. North Asian Corridor
b. Pacific Coastal Route
c. Bering Land Bridge
d. Australian Connection
e. Siberian Highway
Q:
During the Classical Period, Greece was divided into autonomous city-states, however the people of these city-states felt bound to each other due to cultural similarities including:
a) shared language
b) shared gods
c) a shared centralized ruler
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
Which of the following presents the primary challenge that the Bering Land Bridge represented the first route for the first humans in the New World?
a. the earliest occupations pre-date the presence of Beringia
b. many early occupations pre-date the presence of the Ice Free Corridor
c. there are no Upper Paleolithic sites in northern Asia at the time of first settlement
d. modern Native Americans are genetically unrelated to northern Asian populations
e. the technologically simplest way to enter is not on foot
Q:
The Greek __________, or city-state, was an autonomous unit that embraced both a central, urban settlement and its rural hinterland.
a) polis
b) tholos
c) heroon
d) megaron
e) acropolis
Q:
Which of the following best describes the nature of Upper Paleolithic occupations in the New World?
A. There are no documented occupations that coincide with the presence of Beringia.
B. People were adapted to high-latitude conditions as early as 50,000 ya.
C. The Upper Paleolithic peoples from northern Asia were culturally and geographically capable of entering the New World.
D. Colder climates and sparse resources existed in the coastal regions, compared to the interior.
E. The biological evidence of the earliest people are prolific.
Q:
Following the fall of Mycenae and the end of palatial civilization, the Mediterranean entered into a period that is sometimes called:
a) the Heroic Age
b) the Hellenistic Period
c) the Dark Age
d) the Minoan Period
e) the Macedonian Age
Q:
Which of the following is NOT evidence that supports the Bering Land Bridge model for the peopling of the New World?
A. the age estimates for the earliest humans in North and South America
B. close geographic proximity of northeastern Asia and northwestern North America
C. presence of the Beringia "land bridge; during the late Pleistocene
D. the documented Pleistocene migration of animals along this route
E. the linguistic and genetic similarities of Asian and Native American populations
Q:
The site of __________ located on the Greek mainland is known for its Cyclopean masonry and the Lion Gate, a monumental entry point through the city's thick walls.
a) Knossos
b) Minoa
c) Athens
d) Mycenae
e) Troy
Q:
Much of the detail of Minoan religion is unknown; however, evidence for cult and ritual practice at Minoan sites includes:
a) peak sanctuaries
b) bull imagery including "bull leaping"
c) an emphasis on fertility and female forms
d) double axes and horns of consecration
e) all of the above
Q:
Which theory for the settlement of the New World relies on a passage using canoes, rafts, or forms of water transport?
a. North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
b. Pacific Coastal Route
c. Bering Land Bridge
d. Australia Connection
e. Asian Land-Sea Bridge
Q:
Of the three Minoan scripts that have been identified, the only one to be deciphered is __________, which was found to be an early form of written Greek.
a) Linear A
b) Linear B
c) Linear C
d) hieroglyphic Minoan
e) all of the above have been deciphered
Q:
The dry land connection between Asia and America is associated with which proposed models for the entrance of people to the New World?
a. North Atlantic Ice-Edge Corridor
b. Pacific Coastal Route
c. Bering Land Bridge
d. Alaska Connector
e. Siberian Transit Corridor
Q:
Every aspect of the white marble figurines of the Cyclades remains enigmatic because:
a) most of them were removed from their original archaeological sites by looters and sold on the black market
b) many of the figurines in museums and collections are fakes that were created in modern times
c) they are made of perishable material which tend to fall apart when exposed to air
d) a and b only
e) b and c only
Q:
The Holocene epoch is NOT defined as:
a. the most recent geological epoch
b. the geological period beginning around 11,000 ya.
c. a period of increased global temperatures
d. the geological period associated with the development of broadly based hunting and gathering
e. the period prior to the one in which we now live
Q:
The tholos tombs of the Early Minoan period:
a) were circular
b) often contained hundreds of human remains
c) served relatively small communities
d) contained grave goods such as copper daggers
e) all of the above
Q:
What are specific biological and cultural clues that point to Asian ancestry for the earliest American populations? Why are they controversial?
Q:
In Sir Arthur Evans's terminology, the people and culture that built the palace of Knossos on the island of Crete were the:
a) Mycenaean
b) Atlanteans
c) Minoans
d) Cypriots
e) Cretans
Q:
Compare and contrast the Clovis, Folsom, Dalton and Plano Archaeological complexes and detail the importance of each to the lifestyles of the people who used them.
Q:
The archaeological study of Greece and Rome is generally known as:
a) Ethnoarchaeology
b) Classical Archaeology
c) Greco Archaeology
d) Biblical Archaeology
e) Romantic Archaeology
Q:
How do human cultural patterns change at the beginning of the Holocene? What is the role of the environment in this shift? Compare and contrast these developments in Europe, North America, and the Near East.
Q:
What is the Paleo-Indian period? When does it date, and what are the associated cultural patterns? Illustrate your answer with examples from sites discussed in the text.
Q:
In studies of the development of the Mediterranean, much of the region is often overlooked because of the sheer fame of the Mediterranean civilizations of __________
a) Persia and Egypt
b) Greece and Rome
c) China and Japan
d) the Vikings and the Celts
e) all of the above
Q:
Why is the settlement of the Americas a difficult issue for archaeologists to address? What aspects of this event as well as the approaches that archaeologists use to understand it inhibit our ability to more definitely address this issue?
Q:
Heinrich Schliemann proved that there was no historic truth to Homer's Illiad and that historic texts could not be used to aid in the study of archaeological sites.
Q:
Ashur, Kahlu (Nimrud), and finally Nineveh were each the capital of the Hittite Empire at some point.
Q:
Discuss the physical evidence for the initial occupation of the New World.
Q:
The Philistines are purely mythological; as a cultural group, they never actually existed.
Q:
What are the different models used to explain the peopling of the New World. Discuss the evidence used to support or refute each model.
Q:
Egypt dominated the Canaanite states of the Levant during the Late Bronze Age and previously independent states became vassals of Egypt.
Q:
If people traveled along the pacific coast beginning about 17,000-15,000 ya, when New World inhabitants were suspected as having come from Asia, climatic conditions would have been different than those in the interior. How?
Q:
Knowing when people arrived in the New World is necessarily tied with where they came, because the two tell us where to search in the archaeological record for the first immigrants. Why?
Q:
Much of our information about the Levant in the Middle Bronze Age comes from an archive of around 20,000 cuneiform texts found at the site of Mari.
Q:
What were some of the environmental changes occurring as a result of the end of the Younger Dryas?
Q:
The Sumerian city-states of the Early Dynastic period were not politically independent; rather they were united under one centralized ruler.
Q:
The earliest texts found at Uruk are focused on mythical and religious subjects, usually in epic poetic form, and do not mention administrative or economic issues.
Q:
Using Star Carr or another important site as an example, explain how specific archaeological findings may be used to interpret early Holocene lifeways.
Q:
Uruk in what is now Iraq can be seen as the world's first genuine city.
Q:
How do foraging and food collecting compare and contrast as subsistence strategies? What are some implications for each with regard to other cultural consequences: group size, mobility, exchange, effect on natural species, etc.?
Q:
Discuss the possible role of humans in the Pleistocene extinctions.
Q:
Ubaid pottery has been found at sites along the Persian Gulf in Qatar, Oman, and on the island of Bahrain, representing low-level exchange.
Q:
What is the Paleo-Indian period? What cultural features define this time period?
Q:
Resources were evenly spread over the whole Southwest Asia and thus not much interaction or exchange took place between different groups there.
Q:
Describe the environmental changes that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene.
Q:
Cyrus and Darius I were Persian kings who ruled the __________ Empirem which, at one point, included almost all of Southwest Asia and Egypt until it was conquered by Alexander the Great.
a) Akkadian
b) Achaemenid
c) Assyrian
d) Roman
e) Greek
Q:
The state of ___________ located near Lake Van in Anatolia has been called a "shadow empire." Most of what we know about this culture comes from texts written by the Assyrians, their bitterest enemy, but we do know that their primary god was named Haldi.
a) Urartu
b) Phoenicia
c) Persia
d) Canaan
e) Judah
Q:
How did early Holocene human subsistence patterns differ from those during the late Pleistocene?
Q:
The Early Iron Age Kingdom of Judah, located in the Levant, was centered on the city of:
a) Tyre
b) Babylon
c) Jerusalem
d) Nineveh
e) CanaanC
Q:
What are three sites that provide evidence for the earliest occupation of the New World?