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Archaeology
Q:
At the start of the Holocene, very few human groups appear to have stayed permanently in the northernmost parts of eastern North America. The few that did tended to locate themselves:
a) in cliff dwellings
b) in river valleys where they had access to rich farmland
c) along the coast where they could practice traditional whaling
d) near lakes which attracted game and where they could fish
e) all of the above
Q:
List two pieces of genetic evidence that will help determine when fully human language first emerged.
Q:
We know that Paleoindian groups west of the Rockies made baskets, nets, lines, and cords out of plant fibers because:
a) some have been preserved in the dry caves of the area
b) unlike inorganic remains, organic remains survive quite well in the archaeological record
c) they recorded how to make them in fig-bark codices
d) Europeans saw Paleoindian groups making them
e) they would have been required for the transport of monumental stone sculptures
Q:
Describe the injuries and pathologies evident in the Shanidar I skeleton. What, if anything, does this tell us about Neandertal lifestyle and/or cultural behavior?
Q:
Unlike in later periods, Paleoindian period bison kill-sites:
a) did not usually involve driving bison over cliffs
b) display far less processing of animals for transport and storage
c) tend to be smaller with fewer animals killed
d) do not show evidence of rendering bones for fat and grease
e) all of the above
Q:
Describe the cranial and postcranial anatomy of Neandertal skeletons.
Q:
The Late Paleoindian period societies of the Plains and the Rocky Mountains shared a number of adaptive strategies, notably that ________ were a high-ranked subsistence resource.
a) species of maize
b) pigs
c) aurochs
d) bison
e) domesticated grains and pulses
Q:
The _______ period marks the first and last time that there was a broad, continent-wide similarity in artifact assemblages of North America.
a) Mississippian
b) Woodland
c) Andean
d) Natufian
e) Clovis
Q:
Austronesian languages:
a) is a term used for a group of unrelated languages that do not fit into another language family
b) are spoken only in Australia
c) are not a relevant to the study of the colonization of the Pacific
d) share a common ancestor and then spread outward from a homeland region
e) are now considered to be dead languages: there are no modern speakers of an Austronesian language
Q:
List five elements related to subsistence strategies of Middle Pleistocene humans.
Q:
Archaeological evidence for taro farming at the Kuk site in Papua New Guinea is significant because:
a) it indicates that most of New Guinea was conquered by Polynesians
b) it points to independent domestication and thus an independent development of agriculture in the New Guinea highlands
c) it proves that the land bridges that connected New Guinea to the rest of Asia stayed accessible longer than other land bridges, despite sea level changes
d) it proves that New Guinea had significant contact with Australia during the mid Holocene
e) all of the above
Q:
List five major characteristics of Middle Pleistocene culture.
Q:
The introduction to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries of foreign technologies, such as metal fishhooks and dugout canoes, brought about major social changes in Aboriginal society and allowed them to:
a) exploit the environment in such a way that enabled them to live in larger, more sedentary groups
b) successfully repel European settlers from the best agricultural land in Australia
c) resist the effects of European diseases
d) live in much smaller, much more mobile groups
e) all of the above
Q:
Contrast the morphology of the earliest European premodern Homo sapiens with that of later European premodern Homo sapienssuch as Neandertals.
Q:
When considering long-term sedentism among Holocene Australians:
a) some evidence exists in the form of low mounds and stone walls
b) an abundance of foodstuffs has been suggested as a possible motivation
c) ditches that may have served as eel traps could indicate some degree of sedentism
d) evidence for it is inconclusive and often overstated
e) all of the above.
Q:
List the similarities between early premodern Homo sapiens fossils and Homo erectus.
Q:
Recent genetic evidence confirms that some interbreeding took place between Neandertals and H. sapiens sometime between 80,000 and 50,000.
Q:
Neandertals are a fully separate biological species from modern humans and therefore theoretically incapable of fertilely interbreeding with modern people.
Q:
A common theme in Australian rock art is a mythological being called:
a) the Dreamtime
b) the Rainbow Warrior
c) the Rainbow Serpent
d) the Dreamtime Warrior
e) the Tasmanian Devil
Q:
When African migrants came into contact with premodern humans living in Eurasia, some interbreeding occurred.
Q:
Researchers believe that around 2000 bc Australians must have had at least some contact with people from Southeast Asia because of the introduction of:
a) rice cultivation
b) the horse
c) writing
d) the dog
e) iron smelting
Q:
Genetic evidence suggests that Neandertal DNA is remarkably similar to modern humans.
Q:
In Australia, the rising sea levels of the early to mid Holocene
a) pushed some Aboriginal societies inland where they may have violently come in to contact with pre-existing groups
b) caused the creation of islands which lead to the isolation of some Aboriginal societies
c) led to the successful colonization of Tasmania and the east coast by Polynesian seafarers
d) a and b only
e) b and c only
Q:
The evolutionary roots of Neandertals are shrouded in mystery because there are no fossils from western Europe.
Q:
In times of economic and social uncertainty, the tools employed by Australians in the mid-Holocene were:
a) large and ceremonial: they were pieces that commanded respect
b) small so as to conserve resources and to allow for better portability
c) primarily made out of copper and eventually bronze
d) large in response to the increased size of the megafauna being hunted
e) small and largely useless as a result of population and technology loss
Q:
Different stone tool industries coexisted in some areas for long periods during the Middle Pleistocene.
Q:
With the advent of the Holocene, changes in the subsistence strategies and cultural practices of hunter-gatherer groups in Australia were primarily caused by:
a) the introduction of a new religion from abroad
b) contact with Polynesian seafarers who introduced agriculture
c) changes in the environment
d) contact with European explorers
e) all of the above
Q:
Human colonization of Australia:
a) occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries as the UK sought to deport criminals
b) was a result of the seafaring prowess of Polynesian people
c) occurred over 2 million years ago when Australia was joined with Africa
d) is a result of an independent evolution of early Homo species into Homo sapiens
e) probably occurred at least 50,000 years ago
Q:
New Zealand has a much more tropical climate than temperate Hawai"i which means that the full range of Polynesian plants and animals flourished in New Zealand but not in Hawaii.
Q:
Premodern Homo sapiens continued to live in caves and open-air sites, but may also have increased their use of caves.
Q:
The premodern human fossils from Africa and Europe are more similar to each other than they are to the hominids from Asia.
Q:
The Easter Islanders were the only Polynesians to construct large stone monuments or temples.
Q:
Chinese archaeologists point out that Chinese premodern H. sapiens specimens show no indications of genetic continuity with modern H. sapiens from China.
Q:
By the time Europeans reached Easter Island, monumental statue carving had stopped and the island had become essentially treeless.
Q:
The Gran Dolina human remains are definitely Homo erectus.
Q:
The colonization of Eastern Polynesia (such as New Zealand, Hawai"i, and Easter Island) took place before the colonization of the Lapita zone of Western Polynesia.
Q:
Homo heidelbergensis refers to finds from China dating to between 850,000 and 200,000 years ago.
Q:
Madagascar was colonized by Austronesians who sailed west across the Indian Ocean.
Q:
The main effect of fluctuating climates in Africa during the Pleistocene was to change rainfall patterns.
Q:
Australia was the last completely hunter-gatherer continent: no agricultural colonization occurred there until the arrival of Europeans.
Q:
Historic and modern Aboriginal Australian society is almost exactly like early and mid-Holocene Aboriginal society: few significant changes have occurred since European contact.
Q:
The introduction of smallpox to Australia by Europeans may have disproportionately hit Aboriginal elders, causing a power vacuum.
Q:
The sum of the genetic, fossil, and archaeological evidence suggests that Neandertals
a. are closely related to modern humans
b. are a fully separate biological species
c. were probably incapable of fertilely interbreeding with modern humans
d. represent several points in the dynamic process of speciation
e. were not successful hominins
Q:
Early European explorers were surprised to find that the Australians that they encountered had no barter system and engaged in no trade between groups.
Q:
The Middle Pleistocene humans are morphologically
a. diverse and broadly dispersed throughout time and space
b. diverse but not broadly dispersed throughout time and space
c. similar and broadly dispersed throughout time and space
d. similar and not broadly dispersed throughout time and space
e. similar and broadly dispersed through time, but not space
Q:
One interpretation of the genetic evidence is that the intermixing of the Neandertal and the modern human lineages
a. never occurred
b. occurred between 2 million and 1 million years ago
c. occurred between 80,000 and 50,000 years ago
d. occurred between 690,000 and 550,000 years ago
e. will be impossible to determine.
Q:
The genetic evidence from Neandertal remains that is used in studying most Neandertal fossils is in the form of
a. ribosomal information
b. nuclear DNA
c. mtDNA
d. all of these
e. a and b only
Q:
When Tasmania became an island due to rising sea levels during the Holocene, the human population isolated there could not adapt and died out quickly.
Q:
Supposed grave goods found in Neandertal burials
a. have been cited as evidence for Neandertal symbolic behavior
b. include bone and stone tools, along with animal bones
c. are found less consistently and in less concentrations than earlier hominin sites
d. suggest the presence of language
e. are not significant as evidence of intentional behavior.
Q:
Urbanization
a) is seen in Southeast Asia following the introduction of iron tools and weapons
b) occurred later on the islands of Southeast Asia than on the mainland
c) did not occur on the Pacific islands east of New Guinea until European contact
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
The evidence of deliberate burial of the dead by Neandertal is found at all the following except
a. Sima de los Huesos
b. Tabun
c. Kabwe
d. La Chapelle
e. Kebara
Q:
The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia was, in part, the result of:
a) an expansionist invasion from Japan
b) a lack of cultural exchange in the region
c) seaborne trade
d) the influence of overland trade and the Silk Road
e) a rise in sea level
Q:
Much of what we know about pre-European Polynesian social organization comes from:
a) 19th-century oral history
b) genealogies recorded and remembered by Polynesian groups
c) the accounts of 18th-century explorers
d) all of the above
e) none of the above: this information is entirely unknown.
Q:
Mousterian culture evidences all of the following except
a. more complex burials, with the body's position deliberately modified
b. use of pigment, perhaps as body decoration, and jewelry
c. natural pigments deliberately applied to shells and animal bones
d. clear distinctions between Neandertals and early modern humans.
e. An expanded range of foods to include marine resources
Q:
The indigenous people of New Zealand are called:
a) the Lapita
b) the Moai
c) the Rapa Nui
d) the Tonga
e) the MÄori
Q:
Since abundant remains of animal bones are found at their sites paleoanthropologists have described Neandertals as
a. successful hunters and therefore efficient mastodon hunters.
b. successful small game hunters, but not necessarily as successful large game hunters as modern humans.
c. never gathering shellfish.
d. less prone to head and neck injuries.
e. possessing long-distance weaponry.
Q:
Unlike in Hawai"i where several domesticated animals were kept, the only domesticated animal to be introduced to New Zealand before the arrival of Europeans was the:
a) pig
b) chicken
c) dog
d) cat
e) goat
Q:
The Mousterian stone tool tradition
a. was developed by Homo erectus.
b. is associated with Neandertals only.
c. is found in Asia only.
d. is found in Western Europe only.
e. is not always associated with just Neandertals, since sometimes it is found with modern humans.
Q:
Contact between the people of South America and Polynesia was
a) probably ephemeral and involving Polynesian rather than South American craft
b) the product of sea-faring South Americans, as proved by Thor Heyerdahl
c) in the form of conquest of the Ecuadorian coast by Polynesians
d) a constant two-way stream between two sea-faring cultural complexes
e) the result of a Inca desire for expansion
Q:
In the native Polynesian language of the island, Easter Island is known as:
a) Lapita
b) Rapa Nui
c) MÄori
d) Moai
e) Aotearoa
Q:
Which is not true about the Teshik-Tash remains?
a. They show evidence of hybridization.
b. The remains are a child not considered at first to be clearly a Neandertal.
c. They include tools of the Mousterian industry.
d. They have recently been evaluated using DNA analysis.
e. They demonstrate dispersion to central Asia.
Q:
Which of the following is a possible explanation for why Polynesians chose to migrate?
a) the need for new agricultural lands as populations increased
b) a cultural desire to colonize to gain social approval
c) increases in westerly winds due to El Nio-Southern Oscillation events
d) all of the above
e) a and c only
Q:
What is the term for the stone tool technology most often associated with the Neandertals that extended across Europe and North Africa, into the former Soviet Union, Israel, Iran, central Asia and possibly China?
a. Mousterian
b. Middle Paleolithic
c. Early Paleolithic
d. Denisovian
e. Oldowan
Q:
Demographic studies indicate that when Polynesians colonized previously unsettled resource-rich islands:
a) population numbers rapidly decreased as people fought over rights to the new land
b) population numbers stayed steady over long periods of time
c) population numbers were directly proportionate to the number of canoes people arrived in
d) population numbers rapidly increased, at least for the first 500 years or so
e) population numbers first decreased sharply then increased slowly
Q:
Shanidar cave is extraordinary in that an individual in the burial
a. is the only Neandertal remains found Israel.
b. evidences a skull having received a crushing blow, probably causing blindness, and a blow to the right side rendering the right arm useless.
c. is without the right lower arm and hand, demonstrating the results of poor preservation.
d. is an ancient member of an extinct social group in Iraq.
e. lived to approximately 80 years of age.
Q:
The remarkable invention that allowed for Polynesian expansion thousands of kilometers into the Pacific is the:
a) star chart
b) double sailing canoe
c) compass
d) three-masted tall ship
e) all of the above
Q:
The Neandertal site in Croatia that has produced hominin remains showing the full suite of classic Neandertal morphology is
a. La Chapelle-aux-Saints
b. Krapina
c. Shanidar
d. Arago Cave
e. Broken Hill
Q:
Loss of rice and millet agriculture as well as loom weaving and other cultural traits prior to the Austronesian colonization of Oceania suggests that
a) groups experienced "bottle-neck losses" as they moved east and gradually lost contact with their homeland cultures
b) groups experienced "population disruptions" as they encountered new diseases and environmental threats on the islands that they encountered
c) groups were able to stay in almost constant contact with their homeland cultures
d) these types of activities were impossible on the new islands that the colonists encountered
e) people forgot many of their cultural skills during their long sea voyages
Q:
There is some evidence to suggest that Neandertals accomplished all of the following except
a. experienced injuries while hunting
b. had language capabilities equivalent to modern humans
c. buried their dead
d. were capable of symbolic behavior
e. adapted to a cold environment
Q:
Lapita subsistence was based on:
a) plant cultivation
b) domestication of pigs, fowl, and dogs
c) fishing and sea resources
d) all of the above
e) b and c only
Q:
Upper Paleolithic stone tools were found at the French Neandertal site of St. Csaire, dated to _______ years ago.
a. 75,000
b. 50,000
c. 100,000
d. 35,000
e. 65,000
Q:
The La Chapelle-aux-Saints skeleton is not a typical Neandertal
a. and therefore not considered to be a Neandertal.
b. because it represents what is most likely a deliberate burial.
c. because is that of an older male.
d. because, as a specimen, it is a nearly complete skeleton.
e. because the individual not only had arthritis of the spine but evidences an extreme in the Neandertal range of variation.
Q:
Austronesian pioneers who colonized the western Pacific between 1350 and 900 bc left a clear cut trail of Neolithic archaeological sites. This cultural complex is called:
a) Finno-Ugaritic
b) Bantu
c) Harrapan
d) Rapa Nui
e) Lapita
Q:
Neandertal skeletal remains indicate that they extended their range to the east, far into Central Asia, but as yet no remains have been found in
a. Israel
b. Southern Siberia
c. Iraq
d. Uzbekistan
e. China
Q:
The appearance in different locations of techniques used to make and decorate _______ are often studied by researchers interested in the Malayo-Polynesian dispersal into southeast Asia and the Pacific.
a) pottery
b) copper axes
c) bark manuscripts
d) ship sails
e) gold jewelry
Q:
Some Neandertal physical characteristics may have arisen as adaptations to a ______ environment.
a. humid
b. hot
c. cold
d. tropical
e. high altitude
Q:
Because the early languages that spread from the Philippines through Indonesia and into the western Pacific share 80"90 percent of their common, everyday vocabulary, this hints at:
a) a slow dispersal of various different Polynesian peoples who had been isolated for some time
b) a rapid dispersal of a largely homogeneous Polynesian diaspora
c) only one single attempt at the colonization in the Pacific on the part of Polynesians
d) a significant amount of linguistic influence from Australian Aboriginal groups
e) increased warfare and famine on the Asian mainland
Q:
Neandertal crania are characterized by which of the following?
a. small, flat faces
b. the absence of brow ridges
c. a rounded, smooth occipital area like that seen in modern humans
d. a vertical forehead like that seen in modern humans
e. a projecting midface
Q:
Linguistic studies have shown that the spread and evolution of Austroasiatic languages can be traced by studying basic everyday words such as "dog," "child," "fish," and especially "rice."
Q:
Neandertal brain size
a. was smaller, on average, than that of modern humans
b. was larger, on average, than that of modern humans
c. was smaller, on average, than that of Homo erectus
d. averaged about 2,500 cm3
e. averaged about 1,100 cm3