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Q:
Once the first group of states was established, empires formed as a result of
a) a desire for economic gain
b) warfare and conquest of aggressive enemies
c) a desire to neutralize the power of those who might later conquer one's land
d) the personal ambition of rulers
e) all of the above
Q:
The terms Sivapithecus, Proconsul, and Dryopithecus applied to different groups of Miocene hominoids, refer to a distinction made at what taxonomic level?
a. species
b. genus
c. subfamily
d. family
e. order
Q:
Territorially more extensive and organizationally more complex, _______ form when states expand and consume other states.
a) colonies
b) empires
c) trade zones
d) city-states
e) none of the above
Q:
The Miocene hominoids
a. were distributed over much of the New World
b. were all members of the same species
c. displayed little to no morphological variation
d. were all about the size of a house cat
e. evidenced the "golden age of hominoids"
Q:
In ancient Mesopotamia, literacy
a) was reserved for only the king
b) was very common among all men in society but not women
c) was almost exclusively limited to professional scribes.
d) was enjoyed by nearly all people in society
e) was not introduced until the 1st century ad
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a key feature of a state:
a) a high population with many thousands to many millions of people
b) the collection of taxes or tribute from subject populations
c) the right of elite to use force for internal control
d) a lack of centralized organization
e) the presence of monumentality
Q:
Different states might develop
a) independently from each other
b) as a result of to contact with each other.
c) because of the threat of warfare with more powerful groups
d) all of the above are possible
e) b and c only
Q:
Where have Miocene hominoid fossils been found?
a. North America
b. Australia
c. Mexico
d. South America
e. Africa, Europe, and Asia
Q:
Because states are made up of large populations which must be fed, they typically developed in:
a) marginal areas where other groups did not compete with them for food
b) coastal deserts that were intensely modified
c) fertile basins or river valleys
d) high mountains outside of the normal range of predators
e) dense tropical forests where there were many animals
Q:
Which genus is found in the Fayum and is probably close to the ancestry of both major groups of living Old World anthropoids?
a. Apidium
b. Sivapithecus
c. Australopithecus
d. Paranthropus
e. Aegyptopithecus
Q:
A ______ is a centralized political institution in which elites control large populations.
a) state
b) moiety
c) chiefdom
d) clan
e) band
Q:
Where have the fossil remains of the Miocene Hominoids not been found?
a. Africa
b. Europe
c. Asia
d. North America
e. Turkey
Q:
The fossil evidence indicates that the Eocene primates were
a. mostly extinct by the end of the Eocene
b. not widely distributed
c. likely provide direct evidence of a close connection to humans
d. ectothermic
e. water animals
Q:
An agricultural intensification technique that involves the use of tiers of stone walling to create stepped fields in hilly terrain is called:
a) composting
b) plowing
c) terracing
d) irrigation
e) reclaiming
Q:
An agricultural intensification technique that increases the area of land that can be cultivated by the use of mostly animal traction and tools is called:
a) composting
b) plowing
c) terracing
d) irrigation
e) reclaiming
Q:
The use of stored or diverted water to overcome seasonal deficiencies in rainfall to aid in the cultivation of crops is called:
a) composting
b) plowing
c) terracing
d) irrigation
e) reclaiming
Q:
You are a paleoanthropologist planning an excavation at a new hominin site in East Africa that is dated to about 2 mya. What fossil hominin species might you expect to find? What anatomical traits might you use to assign them to specific existing taxa?
Q:
Draw your own phylogeny of the hominins discussed in Chapter 8. Explain the logic behind your phylogeny.
Q:
Pottery has often emerged around the time that cultures have become sedentary. This has been attributed to
a) the discovery of the controlled use of fire
b) the introduction of sophisticated clay mining techniques
c) the extinction of megafauna whose skins would have previously been made into leather containers
d) the inability of basketry to withstand being moved from place to place
e) the increased need for storage as agriculturalists acquired more material goods
Q:
Discuss the combinations of anatomical characteristics found in Sahelanthropus, Ororrin, and Ardipithecus. Based on these characteristics, should these genera be considered hominins?
Q:
What characteristics define a hominin? Discuss which aspects of your definition can be assessed in the fossil record.
Q:
Social complexity
a) is not exclusive to farming societies
b) is only seen in farming societies
c) is not detectable in the archaeological record
d) is exclusive to state-level civilizations
e) none of the above
Q:
Communities whose members live in permanent farmsteads or villages that are occupied year-round are said to be:
a) civilized
b) mobile
c) hunter-gatherers
d) sedentary
e) domesticated
Q:
Explain the differences between relative and chronometric (absolute) dating techniques. Give an example of one relative technique and three chronometric techniques.
Q:
What traits best distinguish Homo habilis from the australopiths?
Q:
Jomon-period Japan is an example of
a) one of the earliest complex agricultural societies in Asia
b) cross-cultural exchange between Asia and South America
c) a society based entirely on intensive herding of animals, primarily horses and pigs
d) a society run by scribe-elites who could read and write
e) a sophisticated hunter-gatherer society that was exposed to but did not adopt agriculture
Q:
What is the contribution of investigations at Olduvai Gorge to paleoanthropological research?
Q:
Many factors may have operated to explain why post-glacial communities adopted agriculture, but the two most cited by researchers are:
a) drudgery and starvation
b) a desire for leisure time and sedentism
c) religious change and the emergence of a ruling social class
d) demographic decrease and environmental stagnation
e) demographic increase and environmental change
Q:
What is the law of superposition, and how is it related to the dating methods discussed in the text?
Q:
V. Gordon Childe's theory that farming emerged through a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals which came into contact in areas where water was available is called the:
a) Hilly Flanks Hypothesis
b) Demographic Theory
c) Evolutionary Hypothesis
d) Oasis Theory
e) Feasting Hypothesis
Q:
Robert Braidwood's theory that farming began in the uplands of the Fertile Crescent, where a number of potential domesticates are found is called the:
a) Oasis Theory
b) Demographic Theory
c) Feasting Hypothesis
d) Hilly Flanks Hypothesis
e) Evolutionary Hypothesis
Q:
Contrast obligate bipedalism with habitual bipedalism.
Q:
The first of all domesticated animals was the _____, which was domesticated by hunter-gatherer groups during the Paleolithic.
a) the horse
b) the goat
c) the cat
d) the pig
e) the dog
Q:
Discuss the mechanics of walking on two legs in terms of four anatomical characteristics of a biped.
Q:
A cultural phenomenon that involves intentionally preparing fields, harvesting plants, and storing plant part is:
a) cultivation
b) herding
c) agriculture
d) natural selection
e) domestication
Q:
What are some of the hypotheses purporting to explain the evolution of bipedalism?
Q:
Define the term mosaic evolution. List three different anatomical or behavioral hominid traits that demonstrate the nature of mosaic evolution.
Q:
A biological process that involves changes in the physical characteristics of plants and animals as they become dependent on humans is called:
a) cultivation
b) herding
c) agriculture
d) natural selection
e) domestication
Q:
What general conclusions can be drawn regarding the Miocene hominoids?
Q:
Agriculture is:
a) the establishment of an artificial ecosystem in which selected species of plants and animals are cultivated and reared
b) a deliberately socially constructed system where food surpluses are managed only by a central authority for the benefit of the group
c) the gathering of wild plants and animals as a primary source of nutrition
d) dependent on the development of a monetary trade system
e) all of the above
Q:
Rates of development can be accurately reconstructed by examining dental growth markers.
Q:
One key factor in megafaunal extinction during the end of the last ice age was:
a) a major volcanic eruption
b) environmental change
c) diseases contracted from humans
d) genetic stagnation
e) all of the above
Q:
During the last ice age:
a) deserts expanded
b) tropical rainforests shrunk
c) sea levels fell
d) a land bridge formed between Alaska and Asia
e) all of the above
Q:
Except for some early Homo individuals, there is very little in the way of an evolutionary trend in increased body size or of marked greater encephalization.
Q:
A clear evolutionary picture is possible for organizing all the early hominins.
Q:
Although excavations at Olduvai Gorge have yielded abundant archaeological traces, no hominin remains have ever been found there.
Q:
The current inter-glacial epoch, which began around 11,600 years ago, is called the:
a) Pleistocene
b) Cenozoic
c) Holocene
d) Paleocene
e) Geocene
Q:
Remains of early genus Homo have been found in both East and South Africa.
Q:
The technological complex that seems to have spread across much of the Americas by around 13,000 years ago is the Magdalenian technological complex.
Q:
While there is some genetic evidence for mating between Neanderthals and humans, modern Africans do not share this genetic component meaning that this mixing would have happened somewhere in Eurasia.
Q:
The A. afarensis hand, wrist, and foot bones are indistinguishable from those of modern humans.
Q:
On average, the cranial capacity of Neanderthals was less than that of modern humans.
Q:
All researchers agree that Sahelanthropus is a definite hominin.
Q:
Carbon-14 dating is a relative dating method used to date rocks and minerals.
Q:
Some mtDNA evidence indicates that at one point the number of female humans on Earth may have been as low as 1,500 due to a population bottleneck.
Q:
Genetic data supports the idea of three waves of dispersal of hominin species out of Africa, the last being the dispersal of modern humans.
Q:
MtDNA is inherited through the male line only: it is inherited only from the father and not recombined with the mother's mtDNA.
Q:
Habitual bipedalism is the only form of hominin terrestrial locomotion.
Q:
Because organic materials such as sticks and bones are usually well preserved in the archaeological record, we have good evidence of the earliest stages of hominin cultural modifications.
Q:
The Bodo cranium suggests that a gradual shrinking of brain size was occurring in early human populations at around 600,000 years ago.
Q:
Hominin emergence is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of bipedalism, toolmaking behavior, and a large brain.
Q:
No transitional skeletons (skeletons which display traits of both Homo sapiens and Homo ergaster) have ever been found in Africa.
Q:
Some of the late Eocene primates have been found in Asia.
Q:
The estimated average cranial capacity for Homo habilis is
a. 442 cm3
b. 631 cm3
c. 520 cm3
d. 350 cm3
e. 775 cm3
Q:
Reliable dating and interpretation of the fossil record are the primary ways that competing hypotheses about the origins of modern humans are tested.
Q:
The Multi-Regional Evolution Hypothesis and the Out of Africa Hypothesis of human evolution are mutually exclusive: there are no models that incorporate elements of both.
Q:
The first Homo habilis fossils were found during the 1960's in
a. Olduvai Gorge
a. Tugen Hills
b. Toros Menalla
c. Sterkfontein
d. South Africa
Q:
Venus figurines:
a) are present in the European Upper Paleolithic
b) are thought by some to be related to fertility and childbirth
c) form a contrast with Upper Paleolithic burials, which have been found to be mostly of males
d) are made out of a number of materials including mammoth ivory and stone
e) all of the above
Q:
The task of interpreting early hominin evolution
a. is still not complete
b. does not require a chronological framework
c. does not require assigning taxonomic names to fossil materials
d. is almost impossible
e. is best left to geologists
Q:
The earliest australopith fossils come from
a. South Africa
b. Asia
c. East Africa
d. North Africa
e. Europe
Q:
Projectile technology, namely the use of bows and arrows and spear throwers, is a behavioral innovation first seen during
a) the Mousterian
b) the Aurignacian
c) the Gravettian
d) the Oldowan
e) the Bronze Age
Q:
Art from the Aurignacian period includes
a) animal carvings in mammoth ivory
b) painted cave walls
c) abundant ceramics and even some blown glass
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Q:
Evidence from Australia and New Guinea indicate that early modern humans would have had to ________ to move into those parts of the world.
a) cross open water
b) kill the native Homo erectus population
c) waited on the coast for sea levels to drop
d) have evolved in Asia not Africa
e) all of the above
Q:
By using the designation Homo habilis, what was Louis Leakey not implying?
a. There were at least two hominin lineages present at Olduvai Gorge.
b. The Homo lineage was distinct from the australopithecines.
c. That Homo habilis was more closely related to modern humans than were the australopiths.
d. That Homo habilis was more closely related to australopithecines
e. Members of the group were the early Olduvai toolmakers.
Q:
Which of the following behaviors is NOT associated with the Neanderthals:
a) figural art and complex sculpture
b) intentional burial of some dead
c) cooking in simple hearths
d) woodworking
e) use of pigments
Q:
By about 2 mya, which of the following was true?
a. All hominins were members of the same genus.
b. There were one or more species of the genus Homo present in East Africa.
c. Modern humans were living alongside australopiths.
d. All hominins still lived only in East Africa.
e. There was only one hominid species present in Asia.
Q:
The Middle Paleolithic lithic industry associated with the Neanderthals is the
a) Gravettian
b) Clovis
c) Aurignacian
d) Mousterian
e) Oldowan
Q:
_________ may have been contemporaneous with australopiths but had a significantly larger brain.
a. A. afarensis
b. Aegyptopithecus
c. Homohabilis
d. A. africanus
e. Ardipithecus
Q:
The hominin fossils from Laetoli and Hadar are classified by most researchers as
a. Australopithecus africanus
b. Homo afarensis
c. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus robustus
e. Australopithecus afarensis
Q:
The Neanderthal body appears to have been particularly adapted to:
a) a physically demanding lifestyle
b) the cold and dry northern tundra
c) the warm and arid savannah
d) a and b only
e) a and c only