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Archaeology
Q:
Most archaeological work is based on the study of material culture. Material culture is:
a) the way that humans have been influenced by the natural environment
b) the idea that societies pass through different "ages" or levels of complexity
c) now ignored by professional archaeologists
d) found primarily within written records
e) the physical remains of human activities in the past
Q:
Although it draws on a range of other disciplines (such as chemistry, botany, and geology) Archaeology is still considered to be:
a) a hard science
b) part of the humanities
c) a natural science
d) an artistic discipline
e) purely vocational and not academic
Q:
The modification of natural objects for use as tools has several implications for nonhuman primate intelligence.
Q:
Kanzi the bonobo learned to produce sharp flakes by throwing rocks to the ground.
Q:
Archaeology can be defined as:
a) the study of the human past from historic records
b) the study of the human past from material remains
c) the study of the geological history of the world
d) the search for ancient treasure, primarily gold
e) all of the above
Q:
Chimpanzees have never been observed to modify twigs for termite fishing before actually arriving at the termite mound.
Q:
Sexual selection does not seem to be an important factor in the evolution of sexual dimorphism.
Q:
Male-female bonds, such as consortships, are advantageous to females because they gain protection from predators.
Q:
It has been proposed that male Hanuman langurs that commit infanticide are actually reducing their own reproductive success.
Q:
All primate communication is autonomic in nature.
Q:
Large primate groups are advantageous because they increase the likelihood of early predator detection.
Q:
Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection.
Q:
What do the language experiments with chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas indicate?
a. They lack the ability to communicate symbolically.
b. They can learn to use up to 100 spoken words.
c. They have some ability to use signs to communicate.
d. They have human-like vocal tract anatomies.
e. They think symbolically in the same way humans do.
Q:
Which of the following have been taught to use sign language?
a. baboons
b. chimpanzees
c. macaques
d. lemurs
e. vervets
Q:
Linguistic symbols are said to be ________ because they do not resemble the object or concept they represent.
a. autonomic
b. deliberate
c. arbitrary
d. closed
e. innate
Q:
Human language can be characterized by all of the following except
a. uses symbols
b. is limited to communicating about the present
c. is an open system of communication
d. cannot be said to be the same as communication evidenced by the Great apes
e. evolved directly from nonhuman primate communication
Q:
Vervet monkey vocalizations
a. are involuntary responses to external stimuli
b. are voluntary responses to external stimuli
c. refer solely to the emotional state of the individual
d. includes information about past and present events
e. are impossible to record and study
Q:
According to the current evidence discussed in the text, which of the following statement is true?
a. Humans are the only species capable of conveying information pertaining to specific components of the external environment.
b. Nonhuman primates can communicate any information except that which pertains to their emotional state.
c. Some nonhuman primates appear to give specific alarm calls that refer to particular categories of predators.
d. Free-ranging monkeys and apes use symbolic language in the same manner as humans.
e. Some monkeys communicate about past and future events by means of symbolic gestures.
Q:
The traditional view of nonhuman communication has been that nonhumans, including primates,
a. are perfectly capable of conveying information about the external environment or their emotional state
b. use symbolic communication
c. use language in the same manner as humans
d. can convey information about events in the past and future
e. communicate information relating to their emotional state ONLY
Q:
Cultural behaviors observed in wild chimpanzees include the following except:
a. stone-tool production
b. the use of "leaf sponges"
c. "termite fishing"
d. Twigs used as toothpicks
e. language
Q:
Potato washing behavior has been observed in which of the following?
a. Japanese macaques
b. Albanian macaques
c. Japanese gorillas
d. Chimpanzees
e. vervets
Q:
Cultural behavior
a. has never been observed in nonhuman primates
b. is learned
c. is purely genetic
d. has only been observed in chimpanzees
e. has only been observed in bonobos
Q:
Monkeys raised without mothers in captivity
a. were able to form lasting affectional ties
b. displayed completely normal parenting behaviors as adults
c. displayed normal sexual behavior
d. did not know how to care for infants
e. were socially normal as adults, provided they received adequate nourishment
Q:
What is the basic primate social unit?
a. the mother and infants
b. the father and infants
c. the male and female
d. sibling relationships
e. the mother and the mother's mother and sister
Q:
Infanticide by adult males
a. is rare in primates
b. appears to serve no function
c. is performed as a means of population control
d. is not resisted by females, including the mother
e. has been reported for a number of primate species
Q:
Female primates
a. assume most of the responsibility for infant care
b. have the same nutritional requirements as males
c. use the same strategies as males for avoiding predators
d. spend almost one-half of their lives pregnant or lactating
e. are the same size as males
Q:
R-selected species include which of the following?
a. mice
b. chimpanzees
c. gorillas
d. wolves
e. dogs
Q:
Species producing relatively large numbers of offspring and invest little parental care are
a. K-selected
b. r-selected
c. p-selected
d. alloparental
e. sympatric
Q:
What does K-selection refer to?
a. species that produce large numbers of offspring and invest little to no parental care
b. species that become extinct after a few generations
c. species that produce relatively few offspring but invest a large amount of parental care
d. only egg-laying species
e. all species except primates
Q:
In bonobos, males and females
a. commonly form friendships and consortships
b. never interact except when a female is in estrus
c. are usually sexually active throughout the female's estrus cycle
d. always interact aggressively
e. always avoid one another
Q:
The term for a mating system in which males, and some cases females, have several mating partners is
a. Estrus
b. Sexual selection
c. Polygynous
d. Monogamous
e. R-selected
Q:
Permanent male-female bonds are
a. common among nonhuman primates
b. not common among nonhuman primates
c. the basis of monogamous pairing typical of all nonhuman primate species
d. nonexistent in primates
e. known only in orangutans
Q:
In Old World monkeys, the swelling and changes in the color of the skin surrounding the female's genital area
a. is a sign of aggression
b. indicates a diseased state
c. is an indication of estrus
d. serves as a visual cue of a female's readiness to become aggressive
e. is also found in New World monkeys.
Q:
Chimpanzee caregiving behaviors are evidenced in
a. subjecting victims during attack
b. helping younger siblings
c. leaving the ill or dying to be alone
d. leave orphans, ensuring that they do not become burdens to the group
e. the lack of altruism
Q:
Altruism is a behavior that
a. benefits another while involving some risk to the performer
b. benefits the performer while involving risk to another individual
c. benefits both the performer and another individual while involving risk to both
d. is not common among primates
e. creates potential risk to dependent offspring
Q:
Social relationships are crucial to nonhuman primates for all of the following reasons except:
a. Individuals support each other against outsiders
b. Alliances can be used to enhance the status of members
c. Resources can be protected
d. Order can be imposed by allowing individuals to attack each other
e. Predator avoidance
Q:
In many primate species, ________ have/has a central role in reinforcing social relationships.
a. play
b. coalition formation
c. dominance hierarchies
d. food-sharing
e. grooming
Q:
Grooming accomplishes all except
a. plays an important role in the day-to-day life of nonhuman primates
b. is an affiliative behavior
c. occurs in a variety of contexts
d. reinforces social relationships
e. empathy
Q:
Amicable behaviors that promote group cohesion are called _______ behaviors.
a. cultural
b. philopatric
c. ritualized
d. affiliative
e. autonomic
Q:
What is chest slapping by gorillas an example of?
a. reassurance gesture
b. submission
c. display
d. involuntary behavior
e. affiliative behavior
Q:
Mounting as an expression of dominance in baboons is believed to also serve to
a. indicate sexual preference
b. defuse tense situations
c. indicate aggression
d. indicate a threat
e. submission
Q:
Some of the deliberate nonhuman primate behaviors that serve as communication include all of the following except
a. spoken language
b. facial expressions
c. vocalizations
d. displays
e. relationships
Q:
Which of the following statements is not true?
a. Adult primate males tend to be dominant to females.
b. Dominant individuals appear to have priority access to desired food items.
c. High-ranking females probably have higher reproductive success than subordinate females.
d. Dominance hierarchies create aggression and therefore do not impose a degree of order in primate societies.
e. In groups containing a number of females associated with one or several adult males, the males are generally dominant to females.
Q:
In the context of social groups, dominance hierarchies
a. are maintained by females only
b. are maintained by males only
c. are not present in any primate species
d. impose a certain amount of order within the group
e. have not been studied by primatologists
Q:
Primate groups composed of several adult males and females are advantageous in areas where
a. there are few sleeping sites
b. humans are active
c. primates are crepuscular
d. predation pressure is high
e. predation pressure is low
Q:
______ dispersal is the most common pattern in mammals, including primates.
a. female
b. male
c. elders
d. children
e. elderly
Q:
As a general rule, what do larger animals require?
a. fewer calories per unit of weight than smaller animals
b. more calories per unit weight than smaller animals
c. the same amount of calories per unit weight than smaller animals
d. no calories whatsoever
e. more testosterone
Q:
Ecological factors influencing primate social behavior include which of the following?
a. the distribution of food and water, predators, and nutritional value of foods
b. levels of testosterone among predators
c. Ancestry of primates
d. Gene codes for behaviors
e. learning
Q:
According to proponents of behavioral ecology,
a. individuals act to enhance the survival of their species
b. infanticide is beneficial for the social group
c. individuals consciously behave in ways that ensure their fitness
d. behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection
e. Individuals choose certain environments based upon the likelihood of carrying out aggressive behavior
Q:
Primate social structure of a group of animals refers to
a. the composition
b. the size
c. the sex ratio
d. the composition, size and sex ratio
e. the behavior of the animals
Q:
___________ is the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection.
a. Sociobiology
b. Biological-ecology
c. Behavioral ecology
d. Evolutionary ecology
e. Eco-sociobiology
Q:
Primate behavior is best viewed as being
a. influenced by environmental factors
b. entirely genetic in origin
c. independent of environmental factors
d. entirely learned and without any genetic basis
e. subject to very few factors
Q:
Studies of nonhuman primate behavior
a. have no relevance for understanding human behavior
b. may provide valuable insights into human behavioral evolution
c. has not been shaped by genetic and environmental factors
d. offer familiar examples of individual and social behaviors but are not helpful in identifying the interactions between a number of environmental and physiological variables
e. are indicative of how humans were once monkeys
Q:
Discuss the form of locomotion called braciation. Among which primates is it most commonly fund? Why are some called "semibrachiators?" Where are the latter found?
Q:
Why are nonhuman primate populations endangered? Why is their extinction of grave concern?
Q:
Compare and contrast the social organization of orangutans, gorillas, and common chimpanzees.
Q:
What are the main tenets of the visual predation and arboreal theories of primate origins? Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of both.
Q:
Compare chimpanzee and bonobo anatomy and social behavior.
Q:
Gibbons are said to be adapted for brachiation. What anatomical features do gibbons possess that enable them to carry this out efficiently?
Q:
What traits distinguish Old World monkeys from apes and humans?
Q:
List five traits that distinguish the Anthropoids.
Q:
Define three major forms of primate locomotion. Name at least one species associated with each.
Q:
What primate traits are likely to be adaptations to arboreal lifestyles?
Q:
List five traits used to define the order Primates.
Q:
There are less than 650 Mountain Gorillas left in existence.
Q:
Miss Waldron's red colobus has officially been declared extinct.
Q:
Humans are the only living representatives of the habitually bipedal primates (hominin tribe.)
Q:
Bonobo communities, like those of chimpanzees, are centered around male-male bonds.
Q:
In major cities throughout Europe and the U.S., illegal bushmeat is readily available.
Q:
Orangutan adults have a very active locomotion pattern, and they frequently brachiate.
Q:
Colobine monkeys specialize in eating mature leaves, and are referred to as "leaf-eating monkeys."
Q:
In the classification of the primates, the lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers would be placed in the suborder Strepsirhini.
Q:
The "dental comb" is a specialization found in most of the anthropoid species.
Q:
Humans and New World monkeys both have a 2.1.2.3 dental formula.
Q:
The dental formula for an Old World anthropoid is 2.1.2.3.
Q:
Primates are found primarily in tropical and semitropical habitats of the Old World and North America.
Q:
The fact that Strepsirhinis evolved before the anthropoids indicates that anthropoids are more evolved.
Q:
What is a major underlying factor for the declining numbers of nonhuman primates?
a. the killing of primates for human consumption
b. the trapping of live primates for biomedical research
c. unprecedented human population growth
d. the trapping of live primates for the pet trade
e. the overpopulation of nonhuman primate groups
Q:
Bonobos are
a. the most thoroughly studied primate species
b. in the same genus as the gorilla
c. behaviorally indistinguishable from chimpanzees
d. in the same genus as the chimpanzee
e. almost exclusively arboreal
Q:
Chimpanzees live in groups composed of
a. one adult male, several females, and their young
b. large communities of bonded males and females, plus young of all ages
c. one adult male plus one adult female and their young
d. several adult females, one adult male, and any dependent young
e. other primate species