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Q:
Where are chimpanzees found?
a. across forested equatorial Africa as far east as Lake Tanganyika
b. in Africa and India
c. in open savanna areas of Kenya ONLY
d. in the mountainous areas of central Africa ONLY
e. in Africa, India and southeast Asia
Q:
Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of
a. one adult silverback male and one adult female, plus their immature offspring
b. solitary individuals, except for females with dependent young
c. one or two adult silverback males, a few adult females and their immature offspring
d. several adults of both sexes and offspring of all ages
e. several adult males plus only one female and her offspring
Q:
Which are the largest of the living primates?
a. orangutans
b. chimpanzees
c. gibbons
d. bonobos
e. gorillas
Q:
________ have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives.
a. Gorillas
b. Chimpanzees
c. Gibbons
d. Orangutans
e. Humans
Q:
Orangutans belong to which genus?
a. Pan
b. Pongo
c. Gorilla
d. Papio
e. Hylobates
Q:
Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for
a. quadrupedalism
b. bipedalism
c. brachiation
d. vertical clinging and leaping
e. knuckle-walking
Q:
Among the apes, the ________ have the smallest average body sizes.
a. gibbons and siamangs
b. bonobos
c. chimpanzees
d. macaques
e. orangutans
Q:
Compared to monkeys, hominoids
a. generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail
b. have a more elongated lower back
c. have arms and legs of equal length
d. exhibit less complex behavior
e. have a shorter period of infant dependency
Q:
Which of the following are not apes?
a. gorillas
b. orangutans
c. bonobos
d. chimpanzees
e. macaques
Q:
In nonhuman primates, the hormonally initiated period of sexual receptivity is
a. called sexual dimorphism
b. called sexual reciprocity
c. typical of males
d. called estrus
e. is not significant
Q:
Sexual dimorphism
a. refers to differences between adults and adolescents with regard to sexual behavior
b. is particularly pronounced in all primate species
c. refers to differences between the sexes with regard to features such as body size
d. is more common in arboreal species
e. has not been observed in any monkey
Q:
Which of the following are not hominoids?
a. bonobos
b. gorillas
c. orangutans
d. chimpanzees
e. baboons
Q:
Which of the following does not characterize Cercopithecines
a. are one subfamily of Old World monkeys
b. are more generalized than colobines
c. include baboons, guenons, and macaques
d. have cheek pouches for storing food
e. found only in Sri Lanka and Madagascar
Q:
All Old World monkeys belong to which family?
a. Ominidae
b. Cercopithecidae
c. Callitrichidae
d. Pongidae
e. Monquidae
Q:
Where are Old World monkeys found?
a. Africa and northern Europe
b. Mexico and South America
c. Sub Saharan Africa, southern Asia, and northern Japan
d. India and southern Asia only
e. North America and Mexico
Q:
What are the smallest New World anthropoids?
a. marmosets and tamarins
b. howler monkeys and baboons
c. spider monkeys and capuchin monkeys
d. squirrel monkeys and bonobos
e. macaques
Q:
Monkeys are divided into which two major groups?
a. terrestrial and arboreal forms
b. New and Old World species
c. large and small-bodied species
d. quadrupedal and bipedal
e. omnivores and frugivores
Q:
Compared to Strepsirhini, anthropoids generally
a. have smaller body sizes
b. have decreased infant maturation periods
c. have smaller brains
d. depend less on olfaction and more on vision
e. groom less often
Q:
Today, where are lorises not found?
a. India
b. Africa
c. Southeast Asia
d. North America
e. Sri Lanka
Q:
Which of the following are Strepsirhini?
a. New World monkeys
b. lorises
c. Old World monkeys
d. humans
e. chimpanzees
Q:
What are the two major groups of Strepsirhini?
a. lemurs and tarsiers
b. marmosets and howler monkeys
c. lemurs and lorises
d. baboons and macaques
e. tarsiers and lorises
Q:
What are the most non-derived or primitive primates?
a. Old World monkeys
b. New World monkeys
c. tarsiers
d. lemurs and lorises
e. great apes
Q:
Tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are placed together in which suborder?
a. Prosimii
b. Lorisoidea
c. Hominoidea
d. Haplorhini
e. Strepsirhini
Q:
The following are characteristics of tarsiers except
a. Restricted to the islands of Southeast Asia
b. Mainly diurnal
c. Insectivore leaping from branch to branch to catch prey
d. Form stable bonds
e. Inhabit wide range of habitats
Q:
DNA hybridization of humans and chimpanzees indicate they share about _________ of their DNA base sequences.
a. 10 percent
b. 95 percent
c. 28 percent
d. 99 percent
e. 100 percent
Q:
Traditionally, Old World monkeys are separated from apes and humans at the level of the
a. infraorder
b. genus
c. superfamily
d. family
e. suborder
Q:
The suborder Strepsirhini includes
a. Lemurs and lorises
b. Tarsiers, lemurs and lorises
c. Lorises, chimpanzees, and gorillas
d. Chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans
e. Strepsirhini is not a suborder of primates
Q:
The order Primates is traditionally divided into two suborders:
a. Platyrrhine and Catarrhine
b. Strepsirhini and Haplorhini
c. Pongidae and Hominidae
d. Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea
e. Pongo and Homo
Q:
_________ is seen in some New World monkeys, but not in any Old World monkeys.
a. A grasping hand
b. Quadrupedalism
c. An arboreal lifestyle
d. Color vision
e. A prehensile tail
Q:
Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable lumbar spine are traits associated with
a. brachiation
b. vertical clinging and leaping
c. arboreal quadrupedalism
d. terrestrial quadrupedalism
e. full-time bipedalism
Q:
Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?
a. apes
b. lemurs and tarsiers
c. terrestrial monkeys
d. Old World monkeys
e. gibbons
Q:
Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called
a. bipedalism
b. quadrupedalism
c. vertical clinging and leaping
d. brachiation
e. semi-brachiation
Q:
Adaptive niche refers to
a. an adaptive advantages in a purely terrestrial environment.
b. mammalian characteristics which evolved from an arboreal environment.
c. an organism's entire way of life.
d. a numerical device that indicates the number of each type of tooth.
e. adaptive benefit of surrounding forests and rivers.
Q:
Traditionally, primate characteristics have been explained as the result of adaptation to ________ environments.
a. terrestrial
b. rocky
c. arboreal
d. desert
e. ocean
Q:
Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have all except
a. a more efficient means of fetal nourishment
b. longer periods of gestation
c. reduced numbers of offspring
d. delayed maturation
e. decreased life span
Q:
The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected all of the following except
a. the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell
b. the presence of color vision in most species
c. a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals
d. visual information from each eye transmitted to visual centers in both hemispheres
e. lack of color vision in most species
Q:
Prehensile ability to grasp with five digits is
a. a variable trait in the order
b. characteristic only of monkeys
c. characteristic only of apes and humans
d. the only truly distinctive primate trait
e. is hindered by an opposable thumb
Q:
Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates?
a. a tendency towards erect posture
b. an inflexible, specialized limb structure
c. hands and feet with a high degree of prehensility
d. retention of five digits on the hands and feet
e. generalized dentition
Q:
As an order, primates
a. have highly specialized traits
b. can be easily defined by one or two traits
c. lack traits that define the mammals
d. have generalized traits
e. have very narrow, or specialized, dietary preferences
Q:
Currently, there are approximately _______ species of non-human primates.
a. 230
b. 23
c. 30
d. 2300
e. 2
Q:
As discussed in the text, long-term continental drift had significant evolutionary ramifications because
a. groups of animals were no longer isolated from each other by oceans.
b. the distribution of mammals and other land vertebrates were unaffected.
c. geological activities induced volcanic activities which decimated populations of placental mammals.
d. groups of animals were isolated from each other by oceans.
e. scientists can map the changes that occurred.
Q:
Continental drift
a. had no real impact on the evolutionary history of vertebrates
b. never occurred
c. is the movement of the continents on the Earth's surface
d. ceased to occur several million years ago
e. occurs only in the Old World
Q:
Grouping contemporaneous species into genera
a. is never a subjective process
b. can be facilitated by identifying which species can interbreed and produce live, though not necessarily fertile, hybrid offspring
c. is always easy and accurate
d. is problematic and therefore not a common practice of physical anthropologists
e. requires similarities between species in one genus and species of another genus.
Q:
A genus may be defined as a group of
a. individuals who interbreed but who are reproductively isolated from other such groups
b. closely related species
c. one or more species that do not differ from each other in basic ways
d. members of the same species
e. individuals more closely related to individuals of another species in another genus
Q:
Morphological variation between individuals within a species
a. may be the product of male/female morphological differences
b. is called interspecific variation
c. is of no concern to anthropologists
d. is unimportant when interpreting the fossil record
e. produces large numbers of identical individuals
Q:
Assigning fossil remains to a particular primate species
a. is an uncomplicated process
b. requires splitting samples into as many species as possible
c. requires making comparisons to well-known living species of primates
d. can be accomplished only if the species is sexually dimorphic
e. requires not making comparisons to well-known living species of primates
Q:
Speciation can occur as a result of all of the following except
a. geographic isolation
b. natural selection acting on populations
c. ecological separation
d. lack of differences in habitats
e. limited gene exchange
Q:
Unlike a cladogram, a phylogenetic tree
a. includes the dimension of time
b. does not suggest ancestral-descendant relationships
c. is one-dimensional
d. are used by physical anthropologists to identify and assess the utility of traits
e. are used by physical anthropologists to make testable hypotheses regarding relationships between groups of organisms
Q:
A hypothesis regarding ancestor-descendant relationships that includes a time scale is called a
a. cladogram
b. phylogenetic tree
c. phylogram tree
d. hypogram tree
e. hypoplastic tree
Q:
In grouping organisms together in a cladistic classification, the most important characteristics are those that are
a. ancestral
b. shared derived (modified)
c. shared primitive
d. analogous
e. homologous
Q:
When assessing evolutionary relationships, one approach is to focus on derived (modified) characteristics. What is this approach called?
a. taxonomy
b. phylogeny
c. classification
d. cladistics
e. homoplasy
Q:
What is the term for traits that reflect specific evolutionary lineages and can be informative of evolutionary relationships?
a. ancestral (primitive)
b. acquired
c. derived (modified)
d. convergent characters
e. analogies
Q:
Structural similarities shared by a wide array of distantly related species that are inherited from a remote ancestor, such as the number of bones in the forelimb, are termed
a. specialized
b. ancestral (primitive)
c. adaptive radiations
d. analogies
e. derived (modified)
Q:
Which two primary schools of classification are discussed in the text?
a. generalized and specialized
b. organic and inorganic
c. evolutionary systematics and cladistics
d. cladistics and non-cladistics
e. ancestral and derived (modified)
Q:
What is the evolutionary process that produces analogous structures called?
a. speciation
b. homology
c. homoplasy
d. founder effect
e. evolutionary systematics
Q:
What are structural similarities between species that are based on common function and not on common evolutionary descent called?
a. acquired
b. generalized
c. non-adaptive
d. analogies
e. homologies
Q:
Structural similarities shared by species that are acquired by descent from a common ancestor are
a. analogies
b. homologies
c. acquired
d. uncommon
e. uninformative of evolutionary relationships
Q:
Vertebrates include all of the following except
a. birds
b. insects
c. amphibians
d. mammals
e. fishes
Q:
Animals with a nerve cord along the back and gill slits during some developmental stage are called which of the following?
a. insects
b. invertebrates
c. chordates
d. metazoans
e. underdeveloped
Q:
Ideally, taxonomic classification
a. reflects evolutionary relationships
b. is based on the presence of acquired characteristics
c. is always based solely on between-species behavioral similarities
d. reflects the current geographic distribution of species
e. is only applicable to nonhuman species
Q:
What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families?
a. evolution
b. classification
c. parallelism
d. analogy
e. generalization
Q:
Give an overview of the modes of evolutionary change, including both microevolution and macroevolution. Why does the textbook author indicate that the major differences between the two seem to be one of scale?
Q:
Explain the difference between generalized and specialized characteristics. What are examples of each in terms of the adaptive potential?
Q:
When scientists assign fossil remains to genera and species, they must first assess the variation present in the fossil sample to determine its biological significance. What are the sources of morphological variation in fossil samples?
Q:
Define "species" and the biological species concept. Why is the latter the one preferred by most biologists?
Q:
Contrast the two schools of taxonomy: evolutionary systematics and cladistics.
Q:
What does it mean to say that evolutionary processes can be both microevolution and macroevolution?
Q:
Define the term "adaptive radiation" and why it is important to the principle of evolution.
Q:
Explain the geological time scale and the various emergence of life forms during the three main eras.
Q:
What are the influences of long-term continental drift on the evolution of terrestrial life forms?
Q:
Why is geographic isolation important to the process of speciation?
Q:
Contrast ancestral traits with derived traits.
Q:
Define analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each.
Q:
Much of what we know about the history of life comes from studying fossils.
Q:
Epochs are categories of geological time; the Cenozoic contains seven.
Q:
The mammals achieved rapid evolutionary success because they possessed several characteristics related to learning and general behavioral flexibility.
Q:
During the Paleozoic era, reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates.
Q:
Vertebrate fossils are found as far back as the Paleozoic.
Q:
The variation that exists among individuals within a species is termed interspecific variation.
Q:
The Cenozoic era is considered the age of mammals due to the vast diversification that took place.