Archaeology

Q: The theory that macroevolution proceeds as the result of gradual microevolutionary change a. is the only explanation of speciation accepted by biologists today b. is called the theory of punctuated equilibrium c. has been refuted d. has been questioned as the exclusive mode of speciation e. postulates rapid evolutionary change followed by long periods of stasis

Q: The diversification of reptiles facilitated by the evolution of the reptilian egg is a good example of which of the following? a. parallel evolution b. specialization c. homology d. adaptive radiation e. devolution

Q: What is the term for the rapid expansion and diversification of groups of organisms into newly available ecological niches? a. generalization b. homology c. parallel evolution d. adaptive radiation e. specialization

Q: In _________, the young are born in an extremely immature state and complete development in their mother's external pouch. a. placental mammals b. monotremes c. marsupials d. reptiles e. adaptive radiation

Q: What are Monotremes? a. marsupials b. viviparous reptiles c. egg-laying fish d. placental mammals e. egg-laying mammals

Q: Endothermic animals include mammals and which of the following? a. fish b. amphibians c. birds d. all dinosaurs e. reptiles

Q: What does the term endothermic refer to? a. mammalian tooth shapes b. the loss of heat in animals without fur c. using metabolic activity to maintain a constant internal body temperature d. staying warm by laying in the sun e. energy is generated externally

Q: Mammals, in contrast to reptiles, a. have larger brains b. are homodont c. cannot process a wide variety of foods d. lack fur e. are ectothermic

Q: The diversification of the mammals occurred mostly during the a. Pleistocene b. Mesozoic c. Quaternary d. Cenozoic e. Paleozoic

Q: Development of a mammalian brain requires all except a. Longer period of growth b. More intense period of growth c. Slower development in utero and after birth d. Social system that ensure ample learning e. The lack of a "bond of milk" between mother and infant

Q: During the ___________mammals replaced reptiles as the dominant form of land vertebrate. a. Cenozoic b. Paleozoic c. Mesozoic d. Precambrian e. Permian

Q: Which of the following is an epoch of the Cenozoic era? a. Ordovician b. Permian c. Triassic d. Cambrian e. Eocene

Q: Discuss the factors that are contributing to the reemergence of infectious diseases that used to be close to extinction.

Q: How did the adoption of a settled lifestyle affect patterns of infectious disease in human populations?

Q: Outline the general principles of Bergmann's and Allen's rules. Can we use these rules to explain human phenotypic variation at the level of the population?

Q: What is the adaptive value of dark skin tones in equatorial regions such as Africa? If all humans are ultimately from Africa, what hypotheses might explain why skin tones lightened as humans came to occupy more northern latitudes?

Q: Define the term race. How does the modern use of race differ from the 19th century use of race?

Q: Explain what HIV is and the hypothesis of its origin. Describe why it is seen as the best example of evolution and adaptation in a pathogen.

Q: Discuss developmental acclimatization to high altitude.

Q: Define vasoconstriction and describe its role in the human physiological response to cold.

Q: Define vasodilation and describe its role in the human physiological response to heat.

Q: What is the physiological mechanism of lactose intolerance? Why is the ability to digest milk sugars an example of biocultural evolution?

Q: What polymorphisms exist at the DNA level?

Q: What does it mean when one states that humans are members of the same polytypic species?

Q: Explain the historical views on human variation.

Q: Infectious diseases have exerted enormous selective pressures on our species.

Q: Thanks to the modern medicine, many infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and cholera are no longer a threat to human populations.

Q: Developmental acclimatization occurs in high-altitude natives during growth and development.

Q: The most interesting fact about human skin color is that there appears to be no adaptive significance whatsoever to population-level variations in skin color.

Q: The majority of modern anthropologists regard biological determinism as a valid mode of explaining human racial differences.

Q: Forensic anthropologists must deal with the race concept because they are asked by law enforcement agencies to identify an individual's race from skeletal remains.

Q: The term ethnicity was originally proposed in order to avoid the emotional baggage associated with the term race.

Q: The term race currently has only biological connotations and is without any social significance.

Q: Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin, originated the eugenics approach to "race improvement."

Q: Anders Retzius was the first European scientist to classify humans into races.

Q: The World Heath Organization lists ______ as the world's leading killer of adults. a. car crashes b. reality show stunts c. tuberculosis d. cholera e. AIDS

Q: What is an extensive outbreak of disease affecting large numbers of people over a wide area called? a. pandemic b. epidemic c. vector d. endemic e. pathogen

Q: When a disease is continuously present in a population it is said to be a. pandemic b. chronic c. epidemic d. lethal e. endemic

Q: What is AIDS caused by? a. mosquito bites b. a bacterium c. a mutation on a cell's receptor site d. a virus e. bad meat

Q: What are disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses called? a. pathogens b. vectors c. pandemics d. endemics. e. antigens

Q: Developmental acclimatization occurs in those individuals who a. have recently moved to a high altitude environment b. have spent their adult life at high altitude c. were born in a high altitude environment, but who grew up in a low altitude environment d. grow up in high altitude environments e. live at high altitude and are lactose intolerant

Q: Hypoxia a. is the reduced availability of oxygen b. occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level c. exerts no stress on humans d. is a problem for people living at sea level e. is not a concern for humans

Q: Bergmann's rule a. states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates b. concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages c. states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates d. is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area e. is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface

Q: Mechanisms for radiating body heat include which of the following? a. increased production of red blood cells b. vasodilation c. vasoconstriction d. increased activity levels e. increased metabolic rate

Q: Sweating a. is a uniquely human response to heat b. has no detrimental physiological effects c. is not an effective means of dissipating heat d. permits cooling through evaporation e. is an ability that varies from one human population to another

Q: Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ______, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo. a. melanin b. melanocytes c. carotene d. folate e. vitamin C

Q: What causes rickets? a. overexposure to ultraviolet radiation b. too much vitamin D c. an insufficient amount of melanin d. too few melanocytes e. an insufficient amount of vitamin D

Q: Ultraviolet radiation can be an important factor in selection for increased melanin production because UV radiation can cause which of the following? a. rickets b. albinism c. skin cancer d. the rebuilding of folate e. spina bifida

Q: Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why? a. It protects from frostbite. b. It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation. c. It helps prevent rickets. d. It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate. e. It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Q: Light-skinned people, when compared to dark skinned people a. produce too much melanin b. have rickets c. lack melanin d. have no melanocytes e. are not found in African populations

Q: Melanocytes a. are cells that produce carotene b. are found in the dermis c. only occur in dark-skinned individuals d. produce melanin e. cause cancer

Q: Which of following protects from ultraviolet radiation? a. carotene b. hemoglobin c. vitamin D d. melanin e. melanocytes

Q: Which of the following contributes most to skin color? a. hemoglobin b. melanin c. carotene d. vitamin D e. short-term acclimatization

Q: Adaptations are a. seen only in nonhuman animals b. the same as acclimatization responses c. always temporary d. long term evolutionary changes e. short-term evolutionary changes

Q: Acclimatization refers to which of the following? a. long-term adaptations of species to certain environmental conditions b. an individual's short-term physiological responses to the environment c. the appearance of a new species d. slow genetic changes in populations e. changes in climate

Q: Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in a. hypoxia b. homeostasis c. heterostasis d. acclimatization e. polystasis

Q: Population geneticists use the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation to determine a. whether evolution is occurring at all loci throughout the genome simultaneously b. whether allele frequencies in a population are changing c. the mode of inheritance of Mendelian traits d. whether a particular trait is polygenic e. if human populations are operating on evolutionary forces

Q: Which factors do not influence mate choice? a. geographical b. ecological c. social d. biological e. isolation from other vicinities

Q: Lactose intolerance can be characterized by all of the following except a. results from the lack of lactase b. has a genetic basis c. is a good example of biocultural evolution d. can be influenced by the environment e. does not involve a person's ability to digest milk

Q: What is significant about areas in the DNA that contain repeated segments? a. They are termed SNPs b. They are the basis for DNA fingerprinting c. They are the same from person to person d. They cannot be mapped e. They disprove the belief that there are variations of the human genome

Q: The frequency of the O allele is almost 100 percent in indigenous a. Northern Europeans b. Chinese c. Eurasians d. Africans e. South Americans

Q: The ABO system is interesting from an anthropological perspective because it a. illustrates that allele frequencies do NOT vary among populations b. illustrates that some allele frequencies DO vary among populations c. demonstrates that natural selection does not alter allele frequencies d. has never been convincingly demonstrated for any allele e. is no longer present in human populations

Q: The evolutionary development of the species H. sapiens a. is determined solely by genetic factors b. is determined solely by environmental factors c. can be accurately measured by IQ tests d. is a Mendelian trait e. is the result of both genetic and environmental factors

Q: In its most common biological usage, the term race a. has precise definitions agreed upon all anthropologists b. refers to the geographically patterned phenotypic variation within a species c. refers only to skin color d. refers only to IQ e. refers to a person's nationality

Q: The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation a. reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change b. allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits c. helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes d. allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races e. has been of little value for understanding human variation

Q: A polytypic species a. is one that has no phenotypic variability b. has never been observed in nature c. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits d. is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits e. is composed of widely dispersed populations

Q: The eugenics movement a. formed the basis for notions of racial equality in Nazi Germany b. was popular throughout the 1970s. c. is a now discredited view of racial purity d. was begun by Charles Darwin e. is supported in biological data

Q: Who was responsible for popularizing eugenics among 19th century Europeans? a. Charles Darwin b. Francis Galton c. Georges Cuvier d. Charles Lyell e. Thomas Jefferson

Q: What is the term for the philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of some groups and the encouraged reproduction of others? a. eugenics b. genetics c. monogenism d. polygenism e. polytpyic

Q: What is the false belief that there is a relationship between physical traits and certain behavioral traits such as intelligence and morality? a. eugenics b. monogenism c. polygenism d. biological determinism e. homeostasis

Q: Deterministic (or racist) views concerning human variation were once or presently held by all of the following except a. Benjamin Franklin b. Thomas Jefferson c. Oliver Wendell Holmes d. Abraham Lincoln e. biologists

Q: Categorizing people on the basis of skin color a. is mostly a twentieth century phenomenon b. has been practiced only by Western Europeans c. is a valid approach to racial taxonomy d. has a long history and has been practiced by many peoples e. began with Christopher Columbus

Q: Explain why Charles Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism was important to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace as they developed their theories of biological evolution.

Q: Many people in the United States believe in the biblical creation. What factors may account for the fact that many people do not accept evolution as an explanation for the origins and diversity of life?

Q: Explain what is meant by differential net reproductive success. Give an example of how this mechanism works.

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