Q&A Hero

Q: Consider the following discrete probability distributions of payoffs for 3 securities that are held in a DI's trading portfolio (payoff amounts shown are in $millions): What are the expected returns for securities Alpha and Beta, respectively (in millions)? A. -$248 and +$248B. +$248 and +$248C. -$300 and +$400D. +$300 and -$3,300E. none of the above

Q: On December 31, 2001 Historic Bank had long positions of 200,000,000 Japanese Yen and 50,000,000 Swiss Francs. The closing exchange rates were ¥92/$ and Swf1.89/$.Over the past 500 days, the 25th worst day for adverse exchange rate changes saw a change in the exchange rates of 0.78 percent for the Yen and 0.30 percent for the Swiss Franc. What is the expected VAR exposure on December 31? A. -$96,332.B. -$2,157,088.C. -$26,375,899.D. -$109,233.E. -$314,848.

Q: On December 31, 2001 Historic Bank had long positions of 200,000,000 Japanese Yen and 50,000,000 Swiss Francs. The closing exchange rates were ¥92/$ and Swf1.89/$.What is the value of delta for the respective positions of the two currencies in dollars? A. -$200,000,000 and -$50,000,000.B. -$21,524 and -$261,930.C. -$21,524 and -$50,000,000.D. -$200,000,000 and -$261,640.E. -$21,524 and -$317,642.

Q: On December 31, 2001 Historic Bank had long positions of 200,000,000 Japanese Yen and 50,000,000 Swiss Francs. The closing exchange rates were ¥92/$ and Swf1.89/$.What were the respective positions of the two currencies in dollars? A. $2,173,913 and $94,500,000.B. $18,400,000,000 and $26,455,026.C. $2,173,913 and $26,455,026.D. $18,400,000,000 and $94,500,000.E. None of the above.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the 10-day VAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlation among assets is assumed to be -1.0? A. -$100,000.B. -$316,228.C. -$1,106,797.D. -$1,204,161.E. -$1,264,911.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the total DEAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlation among assets is assumed to be -1.0? A. -$100,000.B. -$291,548.C. -$350,000.D. -$380,789.E. -$400,000.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the total DEAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlation among assets is assumed to be 0.0? A. -$100,000.B. -$291,548.C. -$350,000.D. -$380,789.E. -$400,000.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the total DEAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlation among assets is assumed to be 0.80? A. -$100,000.B. -$291,548.C. -$350,000.D. -$380,789.E. -$400,000.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the total DEAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlation among assets is assumed to be 1.0? A. -$100,000.B. -$291,548.C. -$350,000.D. -$380,789.E. -$400,000.

Q: Sumitomo Bank's risk manager has estimated that the DEARs of two of its major assets in its trading portfolio, foreign exchange and bonds, are -$150,000 and -$250,000, respectively.What is the total DEAR of Sumitomo's trading portfolio if the correlations among assets are ignored? A. -$100,000.B. -$291,548.C. -$350,000.D. -$380,789.E. -$400,000.

Q: City bank has six-year zero coupon bonds with a total face value of $20 million. The current market yield on the bonds is 10 percent.What is the 10-day VAR assuming the daily returns are independently distributed? A. -$714,009.31B. -$778,270.16C. -$389,135.09D. -$428,405.58E. -$471,246.16

Q: What is the daily earnings at risk (DEAR) of this bond portfolio? A. -$246,111. B. -$218,180. C. -$135,474. D. -$149,021. E. -$225,789.

Q: City bank has six-year zero coupon bonds with a total face value of $20 million. The current market yield on the bonds is 10 percent.What is the price volatility if the maximum potential adverse move in yields is estimated at 20 basis points? A. -1.32 percent.B. -2.00 percent.C. -2.18 percent.D. -1.09 percent.E. -1.20 percent.

Q: City bank has six-year zero coupon bonds with a total face value of $20 million. The current market yield on the bonds is 10 percent.What is the modified duration of these bonds? A. 5.45 years.B. 6.00 years.C. 6.60 years.D. 10.0 years.E. 10.9 years.

Q: The mean change in the value of a portfolio of trading assets has been estimated to be 0 with a standard deviation of 20 percent. Yield changes are assumed to be normally distributed.What is the maximum yield change expected if a 98 percent confidence (one-tailed) limit is used? A. 3.30%.B. 20.0%.C. 33.0%.D. 39.2%.E. 46.6%.

Q: The mean change in the value of a portfolio of trading assets has been estimated to be 0 with a standard deviation of 20 percent. Yield changes are assumed to be normally distributed.What is the maximum yield change expected if a 95 percent confidence (one-tailed) limit is used? A. 3.30%.B. 20.0%.C. 33.0%.D. 39.2%.E. 46.6%.

Q: The mean change in the value of a portfolio of trading assets has been estimated to be 0 with a standard deviation of 20 percent. Yield changes are assumed to be normally distributed.What is the maximum yield change expected if a 90 percent confidence (one-tailed) limit is used? A. 3.30%.B. 20.0%.C. 33.0%.D. 39.2%.E. 46.6%.

Q: The DEAR of a bank's trading portfolio has been estimated at $5,000. It is assumed that the daily earnings are independently and normally distributed.What is the 20-day VAR? A. $5,000.B. $10,000.C. $15,811.D. $22,361.E. $50,000.

Q: The DEAR of a bank's trading portfolio has been estimated at $5,000. It is assumed that the daily earnings are independently and normally distributed.What is the 10-day VAR? A. $5,000.B. $10,000.C. $15,811.D. $22,361.E. $50,000.

Q: To measure market risk at the 1 percent level of risk, what is the the scaling factor for the value at risk (VAR) and the expected shortfall (ES) respectively? A. 2.33 and 2.665 B. 1.65 and 2.063 C. 1.65 and 2.665 D. 2.33 and 2.063 E. none of the above is the correct scaling factor.

Q: The use of expected shortfall (ES) to measure market risk of a portfolio assumes which of the following? A. There is a very small sample size (<30 observations) used to estimate probability distributions. B. That the probability distribution is skewed to the left. C. That changes in asset prices are normally distributed but with fat tails. D. That the probability distribution is skewed to the right. E. That changes in asset prices follow a standard normal probability distribution.

Q: The use of expected shortfall (ES) is most appropriate when A. there is a small sample size used to estimate probability distributions. B. the VAR indicates there is no possibility of losses so another method must be used to determine market risk. C. the probability distribution is skewed to the right. D. a continuous probability distribution cannot be constructed. E. The probability distribution indicates there is a possibility of a "fat tail" loss.

Q: Which approach to measuring market risk, in effect, amounts to simulating or creating artificial trading days and FX rate changes? A. Back simulation approach. B. Variance/covariance approach. C. Monte Carlo simulation approach. D. RiskMetrics Model. E. All of the above.

Q: Which of the following is a method that may overcome weaknesses in the historic or back simulation model? A. The use of smaller sample sizes to estimate return distributions. B. Weight sample size observations so that the more recent observations contribute a larger amount to the model. C. Decrease the number of assets in the trading portfolio so that past returns will provide more accuracy to the model. D. Increase the number of assets in the trading portfolio in order to benefit from higher levels of diversification. E. The weaknesses in the model cannot be overcome.

Q: A disadvantage of the historic or back simulation model for quantifying market risk includes A. calculation of a standard deviation of returns is not required. B. calculation of the correlation between asset returns is not required. C. estimates of past returns used in the model may not be relevant to the current market returns. D. it accounts for non-standard return distributions. E. None of the above.

Q: An advantage of the historic or back simulation model for quantifying market risk includes A. calculation of a standard deviation of returns is not required. B. all return distributions must be symmetric and normal. C. the systematic risk of the trading positions is known. D. there is a high degree of confidence when using small sample sizes. E. None of the above.

Q: Which of the following items is not considered to be an advantage of using back simulation over the RiskMetrics approach in developing market risk models? A. Back simulation is less complex. B. Back simulation creates a higher degree of confidence in the estimates. C. Asset returns do not need to be normally distributed. D. The correlation matrix does not need to be calculated. E. A worst-case scenario value is determined by back simulation.

Q: The capital requirements of internally generated market risk exposure estimates can be met A. only with two types of capital. B. only with Tier 1, Tier 2, or Tier 3 capital. C. with retained earnings and common stock only. D. only with retained earnings, common stock, and long-term subordinated debt. E. only with short- or long-term subordinated debt.

Q: If an FIs trading portfolio of stock is not well-diversified, the additional risk that must be taken into account is A. unsystematic risk. B. default risk. C. timing risk. D. interest rate risk. E. systematic risk.

Q: If a stock portfolio replicates the returns on a stock market index, the beta of the portfolio will be A. less than 1. B. greater than 1. C. equal to 0. D. equal to 1. E. negative.

Q: Considering the Capital Asset Pricing Model, which of the following observations is incorrect? A. In a well-diversified portfolio, unsystematic risk can be largely diversified away. B. Systematic risk is considered to be a diversifiable risk. C. Total risk is the sum of systematic risk and unsystematic risk. D. Systematic risk reflects the co-movement of a stock with the market portfolio. E. Unsystematic risk is specific to the firm.

Q: Which of the following is a problem encountered while using more observations in the back simulation approach? A. Past observations become decreasingly relevant in predicting VAR in the future. B. Calculations become highly complex. C. Need to assume a symmetric (normal) distribution for all asset returns. D. Requirement for calculating the correlations of asset returns. E. Answers B and C only.

Q: Which of the following securities is most unlikely to have a symmetrical return distribution, making the use of RiskMetrics model inappropriate? A. Common stock. B. Preferred stock. C. Option contracts. D. Consol bonds. E. 30-year U.S. Treasury bonds.

Q: In the RiskMetrics model, value at risk (VAR) is calculated as A. the price sensitivity times an adverse daily yield move. B. the dollar value of a position times the price volatility. C. the dollar value of a position times the potential adverse yield move. D. the price volatility times the √N. E. DEAR times the √N.

Q: When using the RiskMetrics model, price volatility is calculated as A. the price sensitivity times an adverse daily yield move. B. the dollar value of a position times the price volatility. C. the dollar value of a position times the potential adverse yield move. D. the price volatility times the √N. E. None of the above.

Q: Daily earnings at risk (DEAR) is calculated as A. the price sensitivity times an adverse daily yield move. B. the dollar value of a position times the price volatility. C. the dollar value of a position times the potential adverse yield move. D. the price volatility times the √N. E. More than one of the above is correct.

Q: In calculating the value at risk (VAR) of fixed-income securities in the RiskMetrics model A. the VAR is related in a linear manner to the DEAR. B. the price volatility is the product of the modified duration and the adverse yield change. C. the yield changes are assumed to be normally distributed. D. All of the above. E. Answers B and C only.

Q: The earnings at risk for an FI is a function of A. the time necessary to liquidate assets. B. the potential adverse move in yield. C. the dollar market value of the position. D. the price sensitivity of the position. E. All of the above.

Q: A reason for the use of market risk management (MRM) for the purpose of identifying potential misallocations of resources caused by prudential regulation is which of the following? A. Regulation. B. Resource allocation. C. Management information. D. Setting limits. E. Performance evaluation.

Q: Using market risk management (MRM) to identify the potential return per unit of risk in different areas by comparing returns to market risk so that more capital and resources can be directed to preferred trading areas is considered to be which of the following? A. Regulation. B. Resource allocation. C. Management information. D. Setting limits. E. Performance evaluation.

Q: Market risk measurement considers the return-risk ratio of traders, which may allow a more rational compensation system to be put in place. Thus market risk measurement (MRM) aids in A. regulation. B. resource allocation. C. management information. D. setting limits. E. performance evaluation.

Q: Which benefit of market risk measurement (MRM) provides senior management with information on the risk exposure taken by FI traders? A. Regulation. B. Resource allocation. C. Management information. D. Setting limits. E. Performance evaluation.

Q: How can market risk be defined in absolute terms? A. A dollar exposure amount or as a relative amount against some benchmark. B. The gap between promised cash flows from loans and securities and realized cash flows. C. The change in value of an FI's assets and liabilities denominated in nondomestic currencies. D. The cost incurred by an FI when its technological investments do not produce anticipated cost savings. E. The capital required to offset a sudden decline in the value of its assets.

Q: The portfolio of a bank that contains assets and liabilities that are relatively illiquid and held for longer holding periods A. is the trading portfolio. B. is the investment portfolio. C. contains only long term derivatives. D. is subject to regulatory risk. E. cannot be differentiated on the basis of time horizon and liquidity.

Q: Which term defines the risk related to the uncertainty of an FI's earnings on its trading portfolio caused by changes, and particularly extreme changes in market conditions? A. Interest rate risk. B. Credit risk. C. Sovereign risk. D. Market risk. E. Default risk.

Q: Regulators usually view tradable assets as those held for horizons of A. less than one year. B. greater than one year. C. less than a quarter. D. less than a week. E. less than three years.

Q: Conceptually, an FI's trading portfolio can be differentiated from its investment portfolio by A. liquidity. B. time horizon. C. size of assets. D. effects of interest rate changes. E. Answers A and B only.

Q: The root cause of much of the losses of FIs during the financial crisis of 2008-2009 was A. interest rate risk. B. market risk. C. sovereign risk. D. firm-specific risk. E. systematic risk.

Q: In the early 2000s the market risk capital requirement uniformly was a large proportion of the total risk capital requirements for the largest US banks.

Q: In the BIS framework, horizontal offsets within time zones are used to adjust residual positions between zones.

Q: In the BIS framework, vertical offsets are charges that reflect the modified duration and interest rate shocks for each maturity.

Q: A charge reflecting the risk of the decline in the liquidity or credit risk quality of the trading portfolio is the general market risk charge in the BIS framework.

Q: As compared to the BIS standardized framework model for measuring market risk, the internal models allowed by the large banks are subject to audit by the regulators.

Q: In the BIS standardized framework model, the general market risk weights reflect the product of the modified durations and interest rate shocks.

Q: In the BIS standardized framework model, the specific risk charge attempts to measure the decline in the liquidity or credit risk quality of the trading portfolio over the holding period.

Q: Banks in the countries that are members of the BIS must use the standardized framework to measure market risk exposures.

Q: One of the reasons for the development of internal risk measurement models is the proposal of the BIS to impose capital requirements on the trading portfolios of FIs.

Q: For situations in which probability distributions exhibit fat tail losses, expected shortfall (ES) may look relatively small, but value at risk (VAR) may be very large.

Q: The Expected Shortfall (ES) is a measure of market risk that estimates the expected losses beyond a given confidence level.

Q: The Value at Risk (VAR) provides information about the potential size of the expected loss given a level of probability.

Q: Monte-Carlo simulation is a tool for considering portfolio valuation under all possible combinations of factors that determine a security's value.

Q: Monte-Carlo simulation is a process of creating asset returns based on actual trading days so that the probabilities of occurrence are consistent with recent historical experience.

Q: A disadvantage of the back simulation approach to estimate market risk exposure is the limited confidence level based on the number of observations.

Q: One advantage of RiskMetrics over back simulation is that RiskMetrics provides a worst case scenario value.

Q: The back simulation approach to estimating market risk exposure requires the use of daily prices or returns for some period of immediately recent history.

Q: The back simulation approach to estimating market risk exposure requires normally distributed asset returns, but does not require correlations of asset returns.

Q: A major weakness of the RiskMetrics Model is the need to assume a symmetric or normal distribution of asset returns.

Q: The JPM RiskMetrics model is based on the assumption of a binomial distribution of asset returns.

Q: The dollar value of a foreign exchange portfolio equals the FX position times the spot exchange rate.

Q: The DEAR of a portfolio of assets is simply the weighted average of each individual assets' DEAR.

Q: Calculating the risk of a multi-asset trading portfolio requires the consideration of the correlations of returns between the different assets.

Q: The RiskMetrics model generally prefers using the present value of cash flow changes as the price-sensitivity weights.

Q: In estimating price sensitivity, the RiskMetrics model prefers to use modified duration over the present value of cash flow changes.

Q: Price volatility of a bond can be estimated by multiplying the bond's modified duration by the adverse daily yield move.

Q: Price volatility is the price sensitivity times the potential adverse move in yield.

Q: Market value at risk (VAR) is defined as the daily earnings at risk (DEAR) times the number of days (N).

Q: Daily earnings at risk (DEAR) is defined as the dollar value of a position times price sensitivity.

Q: Banks are limited by regulation to using the historic or back simulation method to quantify market risk exposure.

Q: Market risk is the potential gain caused by an adverse movement in market conditions.

Q: The Volker Rule reduces the specialness of banks in maturity intermediation by effectively forcing Dis to hold a matched maturity book.