Q&A Hero

Q: Describe the menstrual phase.

Q: Discuss the corpus luteum of pregnancy.

Q: Describe the erection reflex.

Q: Discuss the components of semen.

Q: Describe secondary sexual characteristics in males and females.

Q: Which number in the figure represents hydrolytic enzymes being released into the zona pellucida?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the sperm head enteringthe ovum cytoplasm?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents sperm penetration of the corona radiata?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the pathway to the ovum created byacrosomal enzymes digesting the zona pellucida?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents inactivation of ZP3 receptors and hardening of the zona pellucida?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: __________in breast milk promotes multiplication of the nonpathogenic microorganism Lactobacillus bifidus in the infant's digestive tract.

Q: __________ is the primary stimulant of milk secretion.

Q: A powerful uterine muscle stimulant, __________ plays the key role in the progression of labor.

Q: After delivery, the uterus shrinks to its pregestational size, a process known as __________, which takes 4 to 6 __________ to complete.

Q: One of the first endocrine events is secretion by the developing chorion of__________, a peptide hormone that prolongs the life span of the corpus luteum.

Q: The epithelial layer that encloses the amniotic cavity is called the amniotic sac, or __________.

Q: Production of __________ cells, which doubles or triples in pregnancy, suppress maternal cytotoxic T cells that might target the fetus.

Q: Binding of the sperm head to ZP3 triggers the Ca2+-dependent __________ reaction.

Q: The __________ phase is the most overt phase, characterized by discharge of blood and endometrial debris from the vagina.

Q: The __________ is the inner lining of the uterus that contains numerous blood vessels and glands.

Q: The oocyte and granulosa cells secrete glycoproteins that form a thick, gel-like __________that covers the oocyte and separates it from the surrounding granulosa cells.

Q: The primary oocytes remain in a state of __________ for years until they are prepared for ovulation.

Q: Most of the clitoris is located internally and consists mainly of large, highly vascular __________that surround the urethra and vagina.

Q: During the __________phase following orgasm, sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses slow the inflow of blood into the penis.

Q: The penis consists almost entirely of __________made up of three columns or cords of sponge-like vascular spaces extending the length of the organ.

Q: During sexual arousal, the__________ glands secrete mucus that provides lubrication for sexual intercourse.

Q: The testes are controlled by two __________hormones secreted by the__________.

Q: The final release of mature spermatozoa from the Sertoli cells is a process called__________.

Q: In humans, the spermatogonia divide __________ twice to form four identical primary __________.

Q: A small portion of testosterone secreted by the testes is converted to estrogen outside the testes by the enzyme __________.

Q: Genetic sex, which depends on the combination of sex chromosomes at the time of conception, in turn determines __________ sex.

Q: __________refers to the physical exchange of chromosome material between the homologous pairs before their separation during the first meiotic division.

Q: In humans, gametes contain only one member of each homologous pair for a total of __________ chromosomes -- the __________ number.

Q: The major male accessory sex glands, whose secretions provide the bulk of the semen, are the __________ vesicles, __________ gland, and bulbourethral glands.

Q: The primary reproductive organs, or __________, consist of a pair of __________ in the male and a pair of ovaries in the female.

Q: The placental hormone human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) increases use of glucose by the mother and mobilizes free amino acids from maternal adipose stores. a. True b. False

Q: The fetally derived portion of the placenta secretes hormones essential for maintaining pregnancy, primarily human chorionic gonadotropin, estrogen, and progesterone. a. True b. False

Q: The glycogen stores in the endometrium are sufficient to nourish the fetus for about three months. a. True b. False

Q: A blastocyst is a single-layer hollow ball of about 5 million cells encircling a fluid-filled cavity, with a dense mass of cells known as the central cell mass grouped together at one side. a. True b. False

Q: Fertilization, the union of male and female gametes, normally occurs in the ampulla, the upper third of the oviduct. a. True b. False

Q: Menopause is preceded by a period of progressive ovarian failure characterized by increasingly irregular cycles and dwindling estrogen levels. a. True b. False

Q: Puberty occurs in females around 16 years of age when hypothalamic GnRH activity increases dramatically. a. True b. False

Q: The uterus consists of two main layers: the myometrium and the endometrium. a. True b. False

Q: The secreted estrogen, in addition to acting on sex-specific tissues such as the clitoris, inhibits the thalamus and posterior pituitary in typical negative-feedback fashion. a. True b. False

Q: The second stage of follicular development is conversion of selected primordial follicles into primary follicles. a. True b. False

Q: Together, an oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells make up a primordial follicle. a. True b. False

Q: The ovaries perform the dual function of producing ova (oogenesis) and secreting the female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone. a. True b. False

Q: The average volume of semen is 2.75 L, ranging from 2 to 6 L, the higher volumes following periods of elevated sexual activity. a. True b. False

Q: An erection-generating center lies in the lower spinal cord. a. True b. False

Q: The male sex act involves two components: erection and ejaculation. a. True b. False

Q: Prostaglandins stimulate contractions of the smooth muscle in the reproductive tracts of both genders, thereby helping transport sperm to the site of fertilization in the female oviduct. a. True b. False

Q: The prostate gland secretes an acidic fluid that neutralizes the alkaline vaginal secretions, an important function because sperm are more viable in a slightly acidic environment. a. True b. False

Q: The epididymal ducts from each testis converge to form a large, thick-walled, muscular duct called the Wolffian duct. a. True b. False

Q: A spermatozoon has four parts: a head capped with an acrosome, an upper piece, a lower piece, and a tail. a. True b. False

Q: Most of testosterone's actions ultimately function to ensure delivery of sperm to the female. a. True b. False

Q: In males, the reproductive tract develops from the Mllerian ducts and the Wolffian ducts degenerate. a. True b. False

Q: Phenotypic sex, the apparent anatomic sex of an individual, is hormonally mediated and depends on the genetically determined gonadal sex. a. True b. False

Q: In humans, 20 autosomal chromosomes code for general human characteristics and for specific traits such as eye color. a. True b. False

Q: Nuclear division in the specialized case of gametes is accomplished by meiosis, in which only a half set of genetic information is distributed to each of four new daughter cells. a. True b. False

Q: The vaginal opening is located in the perineum between the urethral opening anteriorly and the anal opening posteriorly. a. True b. False

Q: What antibody is present in great amounts in breast milk? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgM d. lactoferrin e. Lactobacillus bifidus

Q: Where is oxytocin stored? a. thalamus b. hypothalamus c. pineal d. anterior pituitary e. posterior pituitary

Q: What are the three stages of labor? a. rupturing of the amniotic sac, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta b. rupturing of the amniotic sac, labor pains, and delivery of the baby c. rupturing of the amniotic sac, cervical dilation, and delivery of the baby d. cervical dilation, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta e. cervical dilation, labor pains, and delivery of the baby

Q: What peptide hormone causes cervical softening? a. oxytocin b. progesterone c. corticotrophin-releasing hormone d. vasopressin e. relaxin

Q: How long is the period of gestation (pregnancy) in humans from conception? a. about 33 weeks b. about 34 weeks c. about 36 weeks d. about 38 weeks e. about 40 weeks

Q: What function does placental PTHrp (parathyroid hormone"related peptide) serve? a. It helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation. b. It increases maternal plasma Ca2+levels for use in calcifying fetal bones. c. It softens the cervix in preparation for cervical dilation at parturition. d. It maintains the corpus luteum of pregnancy. e. It stimulates growth of the myometrium.

Q: How long after implantation is the placenta well established and operational (albeit not fully developed)? a. 5 days b. 3 weeks c. 5 weeks d. 8 weeks e. 12 weeks

Q: The endometrial tissue that's modified at the implantation site is called the: a. decidua b. morula c. blastocyst d. trophoblast e. chorion

Q: In about 95% ofectopic tubal pregnancies, the morula implants in the lining of the: a. uterus b. oviduct c. ovaries d. endometrium e. vagina

Q: What is the longest timeframe that sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract? a. 24 hours b. 48 hours c. 72 hours d. 5 days e. 7 days

Q: Within what timeframe must fertilization occur after ovulation? a. 24 hours b. 48 hours c. 72 hours d. 5 days e. 7 days

Q: Between what ages does menopause typically occur in women? a. 30 - 35 b. 35 - 45 c. 45 - 55 d. 55 - 65 e. 65 - 70

Q: What causes dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps)? a. ovulation b. prostaglandin overproduction c. estrogen overproduction d. progesterone underproduction e. LH underproduction

Q: How long does the menstrual, or uterine, cycle last on average? a. 1 week b. 10 days c. 2 weeks d. 3 weeks e. 28 days

Q: For how long will the corpus luteum function if fertilization does not occur? a. 1 week b. 10 days c. 2 weeks d. 3 weeks e. 28 days

Q: What enzyme do granulosa cells contain? a. inhibin b. lactase c. kisspeptin d. granulase e. aromatase

Q: The luteal phase is characterized by the presence of a(n): a. endometrium b. corona radiata c. corpus luteum d. zona pellucida e. antrum

Q: Thecal and granulosa cells are collectively known as: a. follicular cells b. ovulatory cells c. menstrual cells d. luteal cells e. secondary cells

Q: After the onset of puberty, the ovary constantly alternates between what two phases? a. primary and secondary phases b. initial and late phases c. estrogen and progesterone phases d. follicular and luteal phases e. ovulating and menstrual phases

Q: How many chromosomes dohumanprimary oocytes contain? a. 48 b. 46 c. 32 d. 24 e. 23