Q&A Hero

Q: Myasthenia gravis is characterized by what extreme symptom? a. inability to breath b. inability to think c. muscle twitching d. muscular weakness e. explosive diarrhea

Q: Organophosphates are a group of chemicals that modify neuromuscular junction activity by irreversibly inhibiting what chemical compound? a. acetylcholine b. acetylcholinesterase c. nicotinic acid d. epinephrine e. norepinephrine

Q: What is the potentially deadly food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum called? a. influenza b. clostridium disease c. myasthenia gravis d. botulism e. Guillain-Barre syndrome

Q: Curare blocks the action of ACh at receptor-channels. Therefore, it is considered a(n) ____. a. antagonist b. agonist c. protagonist d. synergist e. beta blocker

Q: Botulinum toxin exerts its lethal blow by blocking the release of what chemical compound? a. calcium b. serotonin c. ACh d. potassium e. dopamine

Q: What is the most harmful result of prolonged depolarization at cholinergic sites? a. heart attack b. brain embolism c. atherosclerosis d. lung cancer e. respiratory failure

Q: What chemical agent causes an explosive release of ACh? a. botulinum toxin b. curare c. organophosphates d. black widow spider venom e. malathion

Q: Acetylcholinesterase is classified as a(n) ____. a. hormone b. neurotransmitter c. enzyme d. fatty acid e. amino acid

Q: Acetylcholinesterase is located ____. a. in the voltage-gated channels b. on the motor end-plate membrane c. on the terminal button d. on the plasma membrane e. in the axon of the motor neuron

Q: Propagation of an action potential to the axon terminal triggers the opening of what kind of voltage-gated channels? a. calcium b. sodium c. potassium d. acetylcholine e. dopamine

Q: What is the shape of a muscle cell or fiber? a. short and cylindrical b. short and flat c. bulbous and segmented d. long and cylindrical e. long and flat

Q: Each muscle cell connects to how many neuromuscular junctions? a. five b. four c. three d. two e. one

Q: What is an interneuron's effect on its effector organ? a. It doesn"t attach to organs. b. It always excites. c. It always inhibits. d. It neither excites or inhibits. e. It can excite or inhibit.

Q: How is most of the motor activity in the somatic nervous system coordinated? a. consciously b. subconsciously c. voluntarily d. sequentially e. reflexively

Q: What type of control exists in the somatic nervous system? a. involuntary b. voluntary c. automatic d. partial e. reflexive

Q: In the somatic nervous system, how many neurons run from the CNS to the effector organ? a. one b. two c. three d. four e. five

Q: The poliovirus selectively destroys what part of the somatic nervous system? a. blood vessels that supply motor neurons b. dendrites of motor neurons c. cell bodies of motor neurons d. axons of motor neurons e. neurotransmitters

Q: What chemical compound do motor-neuron axon terminals release? a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. nicotinic acid d. acetylcholine e. sodium ions

Q: Where are the cell bodies of almost all motor neurons situated within the spinal cord? a. cauda equina b. cervical ganglia c. dorsal horn d. lateral horn e. ventral horn

Q: What is a compound called that mimics a neurotransmitter's response? a. agonist b. antagonist c. synergist d. protagonist e. facsimile

Q: What are the two main classes of adrenergic receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine? a. nicotinic and muscarinic b. ACh and ATP c. alpha and beta d. epinephrine and norepinephrine e. sodium and potassium

Q: What are the two types of cholinergic receptors? a. nicotinic and muscarinic b. ACh and ATP c. alpha and beta d. epinephrine and norepinephrine e. sodium and potassium

Q: What response is triggered when the parasympathetic system is dominant? a. muscle building response b. fight or flight response c. hiding response d. rest and digest response e. sleep response

Q: What response is triggered when the sympathetic system is dominant? a. muscle building response b. fight or flight response c. hiding response d. rest and digest response e. sleep response

Q: What cranial nerve directly impacts heart rate by decreasing it? a. II (optic) b. V (trigeminal) c. VII (facial) d. IX (glossopharyngeal) e. X (vagus)

Q: What is epinephrine called in English speaking countries outside the United States? a. norepinephrine b. ATP c. adenosine phosphate d. adrenaline e. aldosterone

Q: Innervation of a single organ by both branches of the autonomic nervous system is known as ____. a. binocular innervation b. biphasic innervation c. dual innervation d. bipolar innervation e. double branched

Q: What do chemoreceptors monitor? a. acidity b. protein or fat content of ingested food c. salt content d. osmolarity e. toxicity

Q: What do baroreceptors monitor? a. blood pressure b. pH c. sodium content d. potassium content e. temperature

Q: What are some examples of autonomic cotransmitters? a. endogenous opioids, sodium, and serotonin b. ATP, dopamine, and neuropeptide Y c. vasoactive intestinal peptide, dopamine, and serotonin d. vasoactive intestinal peptide, sodium, and chloride e. endogenous opioids, ATP, and serotonin

Q: What kind of receptor responds to acetylcholine released by all autonomic preganglionic fibers? a. muscarinic cholinergic receptors b. β1 adrenergic receptors c. β2 adrenergic receptors d. α1 adrenergic receptors e. nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Q: What neurotransmitter is released from the sympathetic preganglionic fiber? a. sodium b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine e. epinephrine

Q: What neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic postganglionic fiber? a. sodium b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine e. epinephrine

Q: What neurotransmitter is released from the parasympathetic preganglionic fiber? a. sodium b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. norepinephrine e. epinephrine

Q: Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from the ____. a. cranial and cervical areas of the CNS b. cranial and thoracic areas of the PNS c. cranial and sacral areas of the CNS d. thoracic and sacral areas of the PNS e. thoracic and lumbar areas of the CNS

Q: Where do the sympathetic nerve fibers originate? a. The lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord b. The lateral horn of the thoracic and cervical regions of the spinal cord c. The medial horn of the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord d. The medial horn of the lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord e. The posterior horn of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

Q: What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? a. superior and inferior b. sympathetic and parasympathetic c. spinal and limbs d. internal and external e. efferent and afferent

Q: Each autonomic nerve pathway (from the CNS to an innervated organ) consist of how many nerves? a. six b. five c. four d. three e. two

Q: What kind of muscles are respiratory muscles? a. skeletal b. smooth c. cardiac d. efferent e. afferent

Q: Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, most exocrine glands, some endocrine glands, and adipose tissue are innervated by the ____. a. somatic nervous system b. sensory-somatic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. cranial nerves e. sacral plexus

Q: What is the fastest transmission rate of A-delta fibers? a. up to 300 m/sec b. up to 30 m/sec c. up to 3 m/sec d. up to 30 cm/sec e. up to 3 cm/sec

Q: What nerve fibers constitute the "fast pain" pathway? a. A-alpha fibers b. A-delta fibers c. A-beta fibers d. B fibers e. C fibers

Q: What compound greatly sensitizes all nociceptors to noxious stimuli? a. serotonin b. adrenalin c. prostaglandins d. dopamine e. glucose

Q: How many categories of pain receptors are there? a. six b. five c. four d. three e. two

Q: During precortical processing of sensory input, some features of stimuli are accentuated and others are suppressed through ____. a. precortical filtering b. desensitization c. cortical damping d. medial inhibition e. lateral inhibition

Q: What kind of nerves carries subconscious input information? a. sensory afferent b. sensory efferent c. visceral afferent d. visceral efferent e. peripheral motor

Q: How many tactile mechanoreceptors are estimated to be in a typical fingertip? a. 17,000 b. 5,000 c. 1,700 d. 500 e. 170

Q: What kind of tactile receptor is stimulated by light, sustained touch? a. Pacinian corpuscles b. Merkel's discs c. Ruffini endings d. Meissner's corpuscles e. dermatomes

Q: What are rapidly adapting receptors called? a. phasic b. tonic c. clonic d. depolarizing e. responsive

Q: Some receptors diminish the extent of their depolarization despite sustained stimulus strength, a phenomenon called ____. a. reduction b. depolarizing c. ionization d. evolution e. adaptation

Q: Nociceptors are sensitive to ____. a. sound b. osmolarity c. pain d. light e. scent

Q: Stimulation of a receptor alters its membrane permeability, usually by opening channels that permit an influx of what ions? a. calcium b. chloride c. potassium d. sodium e. iron

Q: Discuss how the gut and airways "taste" also.

Q: Describe the role of the otolith organs.

Q: Describe the process of dark adaptation.

Q: Define perception.

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents a rod?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents a bipolar cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents an amacrine cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents a horizontal cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents a cone?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: Figure 6-20Which number in the accompanying figure represents a ganglion cell?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5f. 6

Q: ____________________ are nonvolatile chemical signals passed subconsciously between individuals of the same species.

Q: Odor discrimination is coded by patterns of activity in the ____________________.

Q: There are five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, ____________________, and ____________________.

Q: Each taste bud has a small opening, the ____________________, through which fluids in the mouth come into contact with the surface of its receptor cells.

Q: The ____________________ provides information essential for the sense of equilibrium and for coordinating head movements with eye and postural movements.

Q: The inner hair cells communicate via a chemical synapse with the terminals of afferent nerve fibers making up the ____________________ nerve.

Q: The cochlea is divided throughout most of its length into ____________________ fluid-filled ____________________ compartments.

Q: The intensity or ____________________ of a sound depends on the ____________________ of the sound waves.

Q: The overlapping area seen by both eyes at the same time is known as the ____________________ field of vision.

Q: The ____________________ is in the exact center of the retina and the region with greatest acuity.

Q: Photoreceptors called ____________________ are responsible for night vision.

Q: The primary visual cortex is situated in the ____________________ lobe of the brain.

Q: When an individual lacks a particular cone type, the resulting condition is called ____________________, which is more common in ____________________.

Q: Photoreceptors are ____________________ by their adequate stimulus and ____________________ in the absence of stimulation.

Q: ____________________ is the process of converting light stimuli into electrical signals.

Q: The pea-sized area immediately surrounding the fovea is called the ____________________ which has a high concentration of cones and fairly high acuity.

Q: The normally transparent elastic fibers in the lens may become opaque so that light cannot pass through, a condition known as a(n) ____________________.

Q: ____________________ is a normally inactive substance that is activated by enzymes released into the ECF from damaged tissue.