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Q:
A kidney dialysis machine
a. may cleanse the patient's blood outside the body.
b. may use the patient's abdominal cavity as the site for solute exchange.
c. may use hemodialysis.
d. may use peritoneal dialysis.
e. may do all of these.
Q:
Which of these statements is false regarding kidney stones?
a. They may become lodged inside a ureter or the urethra.
b. They may block urine flow.
c. A high carbohydrate diet increases the risk for their formation.
d. They may cause extreme pain.
e. They may lead to permanent kidney damage.
Q:
Most kidney problems in the United States result from
a. viral infections.
b. diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure.
c. arsenic or lead poisoning.
d. chronic overdoses of aspirin.
e. accidental inhalation of pesticides.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT influence the pH of extracellular fluids?
a. respiration
b. a high protein diet
c. bicarbonate ions
d. filtration by glomerulus
e. phosphate and ammonia ions
Q:
The urinary system helps to maintain the extracellular fluid pH by
a. synthesizing buffers.
b. retaining carbon dioxide in the filtrate.
c. excreting excess hydrogen ions.
d. combining hydrogen ions with urea.
e. signaling the respiratory system to adjust breathing rate.
Q:
A rise in sodium levels and extracellular volume leads to a rise in blood pressure. As a result,
a. renin levels rise, but aldosterone levels fall.
b. renin levels fall, but angiotensin levels rise.
c. renin and aldosterone levels all rise.
d. renin and aldosterone levels all drop.
e. none of these occur.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT happen when the body has excess sodium?
a. More sodium is excreted.
b. More sodium is reabsorbed.
c. Edema occurs.
d. Blood pressure rises.
e. Aldosterone secretion is inhibited.
Q:
Ethanol is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a mixed drink excretes
a. less water because ADH promotes reabsorption.
b. the alcohol because ADH cannot degrade it.
c. ketone bodies formed from the alcohol.
d. more water because ADH normally promotes reabsorption.
e. more water plus the alcohol due to the ADH inhibition.
Q:
The antidiuretic hormone
a. promotes processes that lead to an increase in the volume of urine.
b. promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of urine.
c. acts on the proximal tubules of nephrons in the kidney.
d. is produced by the adrenal cortex.
e. fits all of these descriptions.
Q:
In humans, the thirst center is located in the
a. adrenal cortex.
b. hypothalamus.
c. anterior pituitary.
d. glomerulus.
e. stomach.
Q:
The region(s) where hormonal adjustment to solute and volume levels occur(s) is(are) indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. C and D.
Q:
The region where filtration occurs is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. none of these.
Q:
The process during which potassium and hydrogen ions, penicillin, and some toxic substances are put into the urine by active transport is
a. tubular secretion.
b. reabsorption.
c. filtration.
d. countercurrent multiplication.
e. diffusion.
Q:
An animal's capacity to conserve water and to concentrate solutes for excretion in the urine is greater in a kidney with longer
a. Bowman's capsules
b. loops of Henle
c. proximal tubules
d. ureters
e. afferent arterioles
Q:
Which of the following are most permeable to water and small molecules?
a. glomerular capillaries
b. peritubular capillaries
c. afferent arterioles
d. ureters
e. efferent arterioles
Q:
In reabsorption
a. plasma proteins are returned to the blood.
b. excess hydrogen ions are removed from the blood.
c. excess water is passed on to the urine.
d. nutrients and ions are selectively returned to the blood.
e. drugs and foreign substances are passed into the urine.
Q:
The process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by
a. active transport.
b. blood pressure.
c. osmosis.
d. dialysis.
e. sodium-potassium pumps.
Q:
At what point in the figure above is the urine most concentrated?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. none of these
Q:
The letter "D" in the above figure represents
a. a kidney.
b. a urethra.
c. a urinary bladder.
d. a ureter.
e. water.
Q:
The region where the renal medulla is located is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. E.
e. both A and B.
Q:
The source of blood for the glomerular capillaries is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
Filtrate that is removed from the blood is collected by the
a. loop of Henle.
b. glomerulus.
c. distal tubule.
d. proximal tubule.
e. Bowman's capsule.
Q:
Collecting ducts in the kidney lead immediately into the
a. renal cortex.
b. renal medulla.
c. renal pelvis.
d. ureter.
e. urethra.
Q:
The subunit of a kidney that purifies blood and restores solute and water balance is the
a. glomerulus.
b. loop of Henle.
c. nephron.
d. ureter.
e. peritubular capillary.
Q:
Which of the following processes is under voluntary control?
a. filtration
b. reabsorption
c. urination
d. secretion
e. excretion
Q:
Which of the following solutes would NOT leave the vertebrate body under normal conditions?
a. uric acid
b. ammonia
c. urea
d. carbon dioxide
e. glucose
Q:
Blanks "C" and "D" should be labeled respectively
a. in; large
b. in; small
c. out; large
d. out; small
e. none of these
Q:
Blanks "A" and "B" should be labeled respectively
a. does not drink; loss
b. does not drink; gain
c. drinks; loss
d. drinks; gain
e. none of these
Q:
The letter "C" from above represents which of the following?
a. the excretory pore
b. loops where blood vessels take up solutes from the blood
c. sexual reproductive organ of the planarian
d. cilia which flick to draw fluid into the planarian
e. none of these
Q:
The letter "B" from above represents which of the following?
a. nucleus of the flame cell
b. small capillaries which allow water to freely diffuse into the planarian
c. sexual reproductive organ of the planarian
d. cilia which flick to draw fluid into the planarian
e. none of these
Q:
The process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual is
a. sweating.
b. elimination in feces.
c. kidney function.
d. evaporation through the skin.
e. respiratory loss.
Q:
Extracellular fluid includes
a. interstitial fluid.
b. blood.
c. lymph.
d. blood and lymph, only.
e. interstitial fluid, plasma, and lymph.
Q:
Urinalysis can be used to identify all of the following EXCEPT
a. a metabolic problem.
b. prostate cancer.
c. kidney disease.
d. diabetes mellitus.
e. cardiac damage.
Q:
The kidneys function to rid the body of
a. excess water.
b. excess solutes.
c. toxins and drugs.
d. metabolic wastes.
e. all of these.
Q:
If you are seeking to maintain a healthy weight, should you be concerned about carbohydrate, fat or protein intake?
Q:
The liver is commonly damaged if drugs or other toxins are over consumed. Why?
Q:
If you place a plain, dry cracker in your mouth, you will slowly notice a sweet taste. Why?
Q:
Chart the path of food through the human digestive system.
Q:
Monoglycerides and fatty acids diffuse into a brush border cell, where they combine with proteins resulting in __________.
Q:
Multicelled, absorptive structures called __________ are on each fold of the small intestines.
Q:
Delivery of bile into the small intestine causes the __________ of fats, breaking them into smaller, more easily digested droplets.
Q:
__________, which assists in fat digestion, is made in the liver and stored in the __________.
Q:
__________ contains protein-digesting enzymes and acid.
Q:
Saliva contains the enzyme __________, which begins the process of starch digestion.
Q:
Most digestion occurs and most nutrients and water are absorbed in the __________.
Q:
__________ moves food down the esophagus and through a __________ (a ring of muscle that can close off an opening) into the stomach.
Q:
The multiple stomach chambers of cattle and other __________ allow them to maximize the nutrients they get from plant food.
Q:
Labeling. anus
Q:
Labeling. rectum
Q:
Labeling. pancreas
Q:
Labeling. large intestine
Q:
Labeling. gallbladder
Q:
Labeling. small intestine
Q:
Labeling. liver
Q:
Labeling. stomach
Q:
Labeling. esophagus
Q:
Labeling. pharynx
Q:
Labeling. salivary glands
Q:
Labeling. oral cavity
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five vitamins listed below.
a. Vitamin B1
b. Vitamin B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
A deficiency of this vitamin causes pernicious anemia and neurological disorders and is a coenzyme important in synthesizing DNA.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five vitamins listed below.
a. Vitamin B1
b. Vitamin B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
A deficiency of this vitamin causes pellagra.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five vitamins listed below.
a. Vitamin B1
b. Vitamin B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
This vitamin functions in coenzyme NAD+ action.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five vitamins listed below.
a. Vitamin B1
b. Vitamin B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
This vitamin functions in connective tissue formation.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five vitamins listed below.
a. Vitamin B1
b. Vitamin B2
c. Niacin
d. Vitamin B6
e. Vitamin B12
This vitamin is a coenzyme involved in amino acid metabolism and is obtained from meats, spinach, and tomatoes.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four glands or structures of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. salivary glands
b. stomach mucosa
c. intestinal mucosa
d. pancreas
The peptide-digesting enzyme, aminopeptidase, is produced there.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four glands or structures of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. salivary glands
b. stomach mucosa
c. intestinal mucosa
d. pancreas
The fat-digesting enzyme, lipase, is formed there.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four glands or structures of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. salivary glands
b. stomach mucosa
c. intestinal mucosa
d. pancreas
The enzyme carboxypeptidase is produced there.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the four glands or structures of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. salivary glands
b. stomach mucosa
c. intestinal mucosa
d. pancreas
The enzyme pepsin is produced there.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of the gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
The digestion of cellulose occurs in this part of the digestive system of the pronghorn antelope.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of the gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
Bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, and lecithin are stored by this organ.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of the gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
Enzymatic digestion of proteins occurs primarily in this organ.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of the gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
This organ absorbs about 95 percent of the water that enters the human body, either as fluids or as part of food being eaten.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of the gastrointestinal tract listed below.
a. stomach
b. gallbladder
c. small intestine
d. appendix
e. large intestine
Short tubular projection of the large intestine.
Q:
trypsin
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
sphincter
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
amino- and carboxypeptidase
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
pepsin
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
monosaccharides
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
lipase
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve
Q:
gastrin
Choose the one most appropriate statement for each.
a. made in the small intestine and pancreas; act on peptide fragments
b. glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples
c. made in the pancreas; acts on fats
d. made by the pancreas and salivary glands; acts on starch
e. made by the small intestine; acts on double sugars
f. made by the pancreas; acts on proteins and polypeptides
g. contains cholesterol; helps emulsify fats
h. made in the stomach; acts on proteins
i. stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion
j. circular muscle acts like valve