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Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of respiratory systems listed below.
a. pharynx
b. larynx
c. trachea
d. bronchiole
e. alveolus
This is the last component of the human lung that air flows into.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five components of respiratory systems listed below.
a. pharynx
b. larynx
c. trachea
d. bronchiole
e. alveolus
The voice box is located here.
Q:
ventilation
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
trachea
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
pleural sac
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
pharynx
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
oxyhemoglobin
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
medulla oblongata
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
larynx
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
rib muscles
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
epiglottis
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
diaphragm
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
bronchi
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
alveoli
Choose the one most appropriate answer for each.
a. flexible windpipe reinforced with cartilage
b. surrounds each lung
c. oxygen-rich form of a respiratory protein
d. contains two true vocal cords
e. alter chest cavity volume
f. part of the brainstem; controls breathing
g. throat passage behind the mouth
h. inhalation and exhalation
i. connect trachea to lungs
j. flaplike structure that points upward allowing air to enter trachea, but blocks the larynx during swallowing
k. contraction increases thoracic volume
l. microscopically small pockets lined with moist epithelium
Q:
Cancer(s) of which of the following is(are) associated with chronic smoking?
a. larynx
b. esophagus
c. pancreas
d. bladder
e. all of these
Q:
Globally, cigarette smoking kills four million people annually. That number is expected to increase to ____ million by 2030.
a. 10
b. 50
c. 100
d. 150
e. 250
Q:
Which of the following is a cause of apnea?
a. a tumor in the brain near the medulla oblongata
b. lung cancer
c. high altitude sickness
d. low red blood cell count
e. none of these
Q:
Which of the following is a common cause of interrupted breathing?
a. sleep apnea
b. lung cancer
c. high altitude sickness
d. low red blood cell count
e. none of these
Q:
Deep-diving animals accomplish their dives through all of the following means EXCEPT by
a. redirecting blood flow.
b. conserving energy by gliding rather than swimming.
c. relying primarily on anaerobic respiration during deep dives.
d. binding oxygen to myoglobin and hemoglobin.
e. assuring that the brain has an uninterrupted supply of ATP.
Q:
"Rapture of the deep" is caused by excessive ____ in the interstitial fluid.
a. O2
b. H2O
c. CO2
d. CO
e. N2
Q:
At what partial pressure of oxygen do half the heme groups in human blood have oxygen bound?
a. 30 mm Hg
b. 100 mm Hg
c. 70 mm Hg
d. 104 mm Hg
e. all of these
Q:
Altitude sickness
a. results from hypoxia.
b. is characterized by hyperventilation.
c. is characterized by nausea.
d. is characterized by an accelerated heart rate.
e. includes all of these.
Q:
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by the body is transported to the lungs
a. in gaseous form.
b. in blood plasma.
c. as carbaminohemoglobin.
d. as bicarbonate ions.
e. as carbonic acid.
Q:
Use the figure above to answer the following questions.
What is the partial pressure of oxygen at the start of the systemic capillary beds?
a. 40 mm Hg
b. 100 mm Hg
c. 70 mm Hg
d. 104 mm Hg
e. all of these
Q:
Oxyhemoglobin tends to give up oxygen where
a. the pH is low.
b. the tissues are warmer.
c. the partial pressure of O2 is low.
d. the partial pressure of CO2 is high.
e. all of these occur.
Q:
Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream
a. because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood.
b. mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells.
c. because of its attraction to hemoglobin.
d. to counter the high concentration of CO2 in the blood.
e. because of all of these.
Q:
____ is always ____, while ____ may be ____.
a. Exhalation; passive; inhalation; active
b. Inhalation; active; exhalation; passive
c. Inhalation; passive; exhalation; active
d. Exhalation; active; inhalation; passive
e. Exhalation; active; inhalation; active
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
The vital capacity is indicated by
a. A + D.
b. A + D + E.
c. C + E.
d. A + B + C + D.
e. A + C + D.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
Ventilation by an individual exercising strenuously is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above.
Ventilation by a relaxed individual is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The exchange of gases in the human lungs occurs through the
a. bronchi.
b. alveoli.
c. bronchioles.
d. tracheas.
e. glottis.
Q:
The last structure that air moves through in mammals before entering the alveoli is(are) the
a. larynx.
b. bronchi.
c. bronchioles.
d. trachea.
e. pharynx.
Q:
The ____ prevents food and fluids from entering the ____.
a. epiglottis; larynx
b. pharynx; larynx
c. epiglottis; esophagus
d. pharynx; trachea
e. larynx; pharynx
Q:
Humans produce sounds by controlling the vibration of vocal cords as air passes through the
a. pharynx.
b. glottis.
c. epiglottis.
d. pleura.
e. trachea.
Q:
Human vocal cords are located in the
a. glottis.
b. pharynx.
c. trachea.
d. larynx.
e. bronchus.
Q:
What is the proper sequence in the flow of air in mammals?
a. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea
b. nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea
c. nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
d. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
e. nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynx
Q:
Air is continuously forced through tubes that thread through vascularized tissue in a pair of inelastic lungs in
a. some fish.
b. amphibians.
c. birds.
d. reptiles.
e. some small mammals.
Q:
Which of the following is(are) characteristic of some amphibians?
a. gills
b. exchange of some gases occurs across their skin.
c. lungs for oxygen uptake
d. skin for carbon dioxide removal
e. all of these
Q:
Paired lungs are characteristic of
a. some fishes.
b. all amphibians.
c. all birds.
d. all mammals.
e. all of these.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
A respiratory surface is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above showing a fish gill filament.
The least oxygenated water is indicated by
a. A.
b. B.
c. C.
d. D.
e. E.
Q:
Countercurrent flow in the respiratory systems of fish is a mechanism that accounts for
a. oxygen uptake by blood capillaries in the gills.
b. ventilation across fish gills.
c. the transport of blood from the gills to the fish's heart.
d. the transport of blood from the heart to the fish's main body mass.
e. the flow of blood in gills as opposed to the flow of blood in the main body mass of fish.
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding insect tracheal systems?
a. They are associated with the blood circulatory system.
b. They excrete body wastes as well as transport gases.
c. They depend on the opening and closing of spiracles.
d. The tracheal tubes are continually open in large terrestrial insects.
e. They contain respiratory pigments to enhance oxygen transport.
Q:
The figure listed above is known as
a. a book lung.
b. a tracheal system.
c. gills.
d. a lung micrograph.
e. none of these.
Q:
The letter B" in the above figure represents its
a. shell.
b. mantle.
c. gills.
d. siphon.
e. none of these.
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding hemoglobin?
a. It is a protein.
b. It contains iron.
c. It has the same function in mollusks, annelids, and some crustaceans as it has in humans.
d. Clams, like humans, carry hemoglobin in red blood cells.
e. It is comparable in function to hemocyanin.
Q:
In the respiration of terrestrial animals, "ventilation" refers to
a. the bulk movement of air in and out of the organism.
b. the diffusion of gases across a membrane.
c. the diffusion of gases in and out of blood cells.
d. the transport of gases to and from body cells.
e. all of these.
Q:
The movement of both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body is accomplished by
a. exocytosis and endocytosis.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. osmosis.
d. simple diffusion.
e. active transport.
Q:
Continued exposure to carbon monoxide can cause
a. coma.
b. cardiac arrest.
c. seizures.
d. death.
e. all of these
Q:
Which of the following is not true of carbon monoxide?
a. it is a gas.
b. it is in automobile exhaust.
c. it is harmless.
d. it is odorless.
e. it is in cigarette smoke.
Q:
Innate immunity is
a. the body's first line of defense.
b. the body's second line of defense.
c. the body's third line of defense.
d. involved with the production of antibodies.
e. associated with all of these.
Q:
Antibodies can be produced against all of the following EXCEPT
a. viruses.
b. bacterial cell walls.
c. fungi.
d. toxins.
e. all of these can be bound by an antibody.
Q:
Cervical cancer
a. kills about 3,600 U.S. women each year.
b. can affect young women.
c. death occurs more often in women who have not had a Pap smear.
d. can be caused by genital HPV.
e. includes all of these.
Q:
Pre-cancerous and even early cervical cancer
a. can be removed if detected early enough.
b. may be caused by HPV, a type of papillomavirus.
c. can be detected by Pap tests.
d. can be prevented with a vaccine.
e. include all of these.
Q:
Research on HIV vaccines is progressing, but success to date has been limited to vaccines that are of limited effectiveness against a few strains of the HIV virus. However, flu vaccines are similar in their limitations. Why are "limited effectiveness' flu vaccines released, but not HIV vaccines?
Q:
Why is the destruction of helper T cells caused by HIV infection so crippling to adaptive immunity?
Q:
An individual is exposed to a pathogen and takes five days to recover. When exposed a year later they again take five days to recover. Would you suspect that adaptive immunity was involved?
Q:
Why is it beneficial to urinate after sexual activity?
Q:
__________ is the only disease to have been eradicated from causing natural infections.
Q:
__________ refers to processes designed to induce immunity.
Q:
__________ relieve allergy symptoms by dampening the effects of histamines.
Q:
There are five antibody classes: __________, __________, __________, __________, and __________. (Ig stands for __________.)
Q:
__________ are proteins, Y-shaped antigen receptors made only by __________ cells.
Q:
Some clones of the original immune cells are __________ cells, long-lived B and T cells reserved for future encounters with the antigen.
Q:
Antigen receptors are capable of producing large diversity due to the fact that there are __________ cassettes (versions) of each __________.
Q:
__________ fights infection by increasing the metabolic rate.
Q:
Inflammation begins when mast cells in tissue release __________, which increases blood flow and also makes capillaries leaky to phagocytes and plasma proteins.
Q:
__________ immunity specifically targets billions of different antigens.
Q:
An antigen-bearing pathogen that breaches surface barriers triggers __________ immunity.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. effector B cells
Proteins produced by these attack bacteria and viruses in the blood.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. effector B cells
An Rh+ molecule in the body of an Rh woman is an example of these.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. effector B cells
These directly attack the foreign cells of an incompatible skin graft.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. effector B cells
These produce immunoglobulins in response to the reinvasion by a virus.
Q:
Respond to the following statements in reference to the five items listed below.
a. antigens
b. antibodies
c. helper T cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. effector B cells
These bind, as in a lock-and-key mechanism, to foreign proteins.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. macrophages
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. natural killer cells
Antibody production occurs in these cells.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. macrophages
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. natural killer cells
These cells recognize cell surface antigens and initiate the proliferation of lymphocytes.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. macrophages
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. natural killer cells
These cells destroy cells infected by viruses.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. macrophages
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. natural killer cells
These cells scavenge dead cells and attack bacteria directly.
Q:
Respond to the following statements with reference to the five types of white cells listed below.
a. macrophages
b. helper T cells
c. B cells
d. cytotoxic T cells
e. natural killer cells
These cells kill tumor cells but are not B or T lymphocytes.
Q:
vaccine
Match each term with the most appropriate statement.
a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies
b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells
c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader
d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes
e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies
f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes
g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate
h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens
i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types
j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell
k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles
l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes
m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response
n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS