Q&A Hero

Q: What dual functions do the ovaries perform? a. oogenesis and lactation b. menstruation and ovulation c. oogenesis and secreting female sex hormones d. menstruation and secreting female sex hormones e. oogenesis and gametogenesis

Q: What is the sympathetic rhythmic contraction rate (in response to orgasm) in both males and females? a. 0.1-second intervals b. 0.4-second intervals c. 0.8-second intervals d. 1.2-second intervals e. 1.8-second intervals

Q: A man is considered clinically infertile if his sperm concentration falls below: a. 400 million/mL of semen b. 165 million/mL of semen c. 100 million/mL of semen d. 60 million/mL of semen e. 20 million/mL of semen

Q: In what phase of the sexual response cycle does ejaculation occur? a. excitation phase b. resolution phase c. plateau phase d. orgasmic phase e. seminal phase

Q: What is the primary energy source for ejaculated sperm? a. fructose b. glucose c. galactose d. lactic acid e. fatty acids

Q: The enhancement of sperm's ability to fertilize in the male and female reproductive tracts is known as: a. activation b. capacitation c. synergistic response d. initiation e. ignition

Q: The testes are controlled by what two gonadotropic hormones? a. testosterone and estrogen b. LH and FSH c. androgens and ACTH d. cAMP and testosterone e. FSH and growth hormone

Q: Where are Sertoli cells located or housed? a. Leydig cells b. epididymis c. ductus deferens d. seminiferous tubules e. Mllerian ducts

Q: What are the three major stages of spermatogenesis? a. mitotic proliferation, sperm differentiation, and delivery b. testosterone secretion, sperm differentiation, and packaging c. mitotic proliferation, meiosis, and packaging d. testosterone secretion, meiosis, and packaging e. mitotic proliferation, meiosis, and delivery

Q: How many chromosomes dohumanspermatogonia contain? a. 22 b. 23 c. 32 d. 44 e. 46

Q: What endocrine cells produce testosterone in the male? a. Leydig cells b. Sertoli cells c. inguinal cells d. granulosa cells e. islets of Langerhans

Q: Where is the coolest temperature found that is best suited for spermatogenesis? a. scrotum b. inguinal canal c. epididymis d. Wolffian ducts e. abdominal cavity

Q: What is the chromosomal designation of a human female? a. XY b. YY c. XX d. XZ e. ZZ

Q: Gametogenesis is accomplished by: a. mitosis b. fertilization c. gestation d. meiosis e. ovulation

Q: How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain? a. 48 b. 46 c. 32 d. 24 e. 23

Q: What is the male equivalent of the female clitoris? a. prostate gland b. scrotum c. testes d. penis e. epididymis

Q: What is the lowest portion of the uterus called? a. vagina b. endometrium c. cervix d. vulva e. perineum

Q: What is the production of female eggs called? a. oogenesis b. parturition c. fertilization d. gestation e. lactation

Q: What is the principal estrogen secreted by the ovaries? a. estrone b. estriol c. progesterone d. menstruum e. estradiol

Q: What are the female gametes? a. uterus b. ova c. fallopian tubes d. semen e. ovaries

Q: Discuss the consequences of vitamin D deficiency.

Q: Describe the role of amylin.

Q: Define stress, and describe factors that elicit a stress response.

Q: Discuss the causes and symptoms of aldosterone hypersecretion.

Q: Discuss the relationship between hyperthyroidism and Graves' disease.

Q: Which number in the figure represents an osteoblast?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents an osteocyte?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents an osteoclast?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the canaliculi?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Which number in the figure represents the lamellae?a. 1b. 2c. 3d. 4e. 5

Q: Cholecalciferol, or __________, is a steroid-like compound essential for Ca2+ absorption in the __________.

Q: __________, the hormone produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland, exerts an influence on plasma Ca2+ levels.

Q: Osteoblasts produce two chemical signals that govern osteoclast development and activity in opposite ways: RANK ligand and __________.

Q: Regulation of calcium __________ involves the immediate adjustments required to maintain a constant free plasma Ca2+ concentration on a minute-to-minute basis.

Q: Calcium serves as a cofactor in several steps of the cascade of reactions that leads to __________ formation.

Q: Recent evidence indicates that the CNS, particularly the __________, directly senses blood-borne nutrients and hormones associated with nutrient management and uses this information to influence the three main regulators of __________ homeostasis.

Q: The stress hormones, __________ and cortisol, both increase blood glucose and blood fatty acids through a variety of metabolic effects.

Q: Glucagon secretion __________ during the post-absorptive state and __________ during the absorptive state.

Q: Insulin excess can occur in a diabetic patient when too much insulin has been injected for the person's caloric intake and exercise level, resulting in __________.

Q: The effects of a lack of insulin on protein metabolism result in a net shift toward protein __________.

Q: Glucose stimulates insulin secretion by means of a(n) __________ process.

Q: Insulin stimulates __________, the production of glycogen from glucose, in skeletal muscle and the liver.

Q: The __________ nervous system and the epinephrine secreted at its bidding both inhibit insulin and stimulate __________.

Q: The major neural response to a stressful stimulus is generalized activation of the __________ nervous system.

Q: Epinephrine __________ the overall metabolic rate.

Q: The adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons called __________ cells.

Q: Excessive adrenal androgen secretion in young boys causes them to prematurely develop male secondary sexual characteristics, a condition called __________.

Q: Adrenal DHEA is overpowered by testicular __________ in males, but is of physiologic significance in females.

Q: Cortisol exerts __________ and immunosuppressive effects to help hold immune system responses in a check-and-balance fashion.

Q: Cortisol is bound mostly to a plasma protein specific for it, which is known as __________.

Q: With __________ caused by thyroid gland failure or lack of __________, a goiter develops because the circulating level of thyroid hormone is so low.

Q: The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is __________.

Q: Closely related to thyroid hormone's metabolic effect is its __________ effect.

Q: About 90% of the secretory product released from the thyroid gland is in the form of __________, yet __________ is about 10 times more biologically potent.

Q: The follicular cells produce two iodine-containing hormones derived from the amino acid __________: tetraiodothyronine (T4) and __________.

Q: Hyperparathyroidism, which is usually caused by a hypersecreting tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. a. True b. False

Q: Intracellular phosphate is important in the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP. a. True b. False

Q: Vitamin D is a hormone that increases Ca2+ absorption in the liver. a. True b. False

Q: Calcitonin raises plasma Ca2+ concentration and is important for controlling Ca2+ metabolism. a. True b. False

Q: Osteoporosis occurs with greatest frequency in postmenopausal women because of the associated withdrawal of bone-preserving estrogen. a. True b. False

Q: The stress hormones, epinephrine and cortisol, both increase blood glucose and blood fatty acids through a variety of metabolic effects. a. True b. False

Q: A fall in blood fatty acid concentration directly inhibits insulin output and stimulates glucagon output by the liver. a. True b. False

Q: Glucagon affects many of the same metabolic processes that insulin influences, but in most cases glucagon's actions are opposite to those of insulin. a. True b. False

Q: Blood insulin levels may rise abnormally high in a non-diabetic individual whose alpha cells are under-responsive to glucose, a condition called reactive hypoglycemia. a. True b. False

Q: Pancreatic somatostatin stimulates digestion in a variety of ways by increasing nutrient breakdown and absorption. a. True b. False

Q: The liver plays the primary role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels. a. True b. False

Q: Excess circulating glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen. a. True b. False

Q: Anabolism is the breakdown, or degradation, of large, energy-rich organic molecules within cells. a. True b. False

Q: Strong circumstantial evidence suggests a link between chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors and development of pathological conditions such as high blood pressure. a. True b. False

Q: In addition to the effects of cortisol in the hypothalamus" pituitary"adrenal cortex axis, ACTH may also play a role in resisting stress. a. True b. False

Q: When the sympathetic system is activated under conditions of fear or stress, it simultaneously triggers a surge of adrenomedullary catecholamine release. a. True b. False

Q: Epinephrine reduces blood glucose levels by several different mechanisms. a. True b. False

Q: Of the total adrenomedullary catecholamine output, epinephrine accounts for 20% and norepinephrine for 80%. a. True b. False

Q: In primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease), all layers of the adrenal cortex are undersecreting. a. True b. False

Q: Excess adrenal androgen secretion, a masculinizing condition, is far less common than the feminizing condition of excess adrenal estrogen secretion. a. True b. False

Q: Cortisol inhibits glucose uptake and use by many tissues, including the brain. a. True b. False

Q: A goiter may accompany hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, but it need not be present in either condition. a. True b. False

Q: A prominent feature of Graves' disease and all types of hyperthyroidism is exophthalmos. a. True b. False

Q: The hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in tropic fashion, "turns on" TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary. a. True b. False

Q: Thyroid hormone is essential for normal growth because of its effects on growth hormone and IGF-I. a. True b. False