Q&A Hero

Q: natural killer cells Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: stem cells Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: retroviruses Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: B cells Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: memory cells Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: macrophages Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: interleukins Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: cytotoxic T lymphocytes Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: complement proteins Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: clone Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: perforin Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: B lymphocytes Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: antigens Match each term with the most appropriate statement. a. cells that do not divide, die in less than a week, and secrete antibodies b. cells that directly destroy body cells already infected by viral or fungal parasites, as well as mutant and cancerous cells c. lymphocytes that are held in reserve, circulate in the bloodstream, and enable a rapid response to subsequent encounters with the same invader d. able to lyse cells by forming pore complexes e. cells that are produced in the bone marrow, are never changed by the thymus, and manufacture antibodies f. able to destroy cells but not dependent on recognition of antigen-MHC complexes g. a class of proteins that help cells of the immune system communicate h. "big eaters" that alert other lymphocytes to the invasion of specific antigens i. immature cells that may or may not be committed to develop into one of several mature cell types j. a group of cells that are all produced asexually from one original parent cell k. surface patterns of nonself molecules or particles l. proteins released by cytotoxic T cells to destroy target cell membranes m. preparation injected into the body to elicit a primary immune response n. one of this group has been identified as the causative agent of AIDS

Q: Approximately ____ million people are now infected with HIV. a. 1 b. 6 c. 12 d. 20 e. 30

Q: In AIDS, the body's reduced capacity for adaptive immunity is due directly to the destruction of ____ cells. a. NK b. B c. helper T d. T e. dendritic

Q: Which of the following statements is false? a. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. b. The AIDS virus is a retrovirus. c. The AIDS virus attacks macrophages, dendritic cells, and helper T cells. d. HIV has several target cells e. IgA antibodies can keep HIV levels low for decades.

Q: Which of the following is true of AIDS? a. It is equivalent to HIV. b. It is highly contagious. c. There is no cure for those afflicted. d. It is caused by a bacterium. e. It can be prevented by vaccination.

Q: All of the following are autoimmune diseases EXCEPT a. Graves' disease. b. multiple sclerosis. c. rheumatoid arthritis. d. AIDS. e. lupus.

Q: The immune system's attack on the body's own cells a. is an autoimmune response. b. results in anaphylactic shock. c. is a type of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. d. is due to the inactivation of helper T cells. e. is due to an error in the production of MHC markers.

Q: Antihistamines dampen the effect of allergic reactions by a. blocking the production of histamines. b. blocking the release of histamines. c. blocking the effect of histamines. d. enzymatically destroying the histamines. e. none of these.

Q: Which antibody is most commonly associated with an allergic reaction? a. IgG b. IgA c. IgD d. IgM e. IgE

Q: Most organ transplants fail because a. of poor vascular connection between host and donor tissue. b. the migrating leukocytes attack the tissue adjacent to the transplant. c. of the activity of cytotoxic T cells. d. introduced tissues produce antibodies that cause a massive reaction. e. of all of these.

Q: The cell-mediated response involves all of the following EXCEPT a. dendritic cells with antigen-MHC complexes. b. production of helper T cells. c. production of cytokines. d. production of cytotoxic cells. e. production of antibodies.

Q: Which of the following is(are) false regarding B cells with antigen-MHC complexes? a. They are stimulated by helper T cells to secrete cytokines. b. Helper T cells signal them to divide and differentiate. c. On signals from the helper T cells, they produce clones with identical receptors. d. Once activated by signals from helper T cells, they produce IgG, IgA, or IgE immunoglobulins instead of membrane-bound IgM. e. All of these are true.

Q: What are responsible for the rapid mobilization of the immune response after a subsequent attack by a pathogen? a. naive B cells b. naive T cells c. NK cells d. memory cells e. macrophages

Q: Use the figure above to answer the following questions. The letter "F" from the above figure represents a. complement. b. MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell. c. lysosome fusing with a phagosome. d. plasma membranes fusing. e. MHC recycling.

Q: Use the figure above to answer the following questions. The letter "B" from the above figure represents a. complement. b. MHC markers with antigen expressed to the surface of a cell. c. lysosome with MHC molecule. d. plasma membranes fusing. e. MHC recycling.

Q: Which of the following is NOT involved in self versus nonself recognition? a. complement b. MHC markers c. TCRs d. plasma membranes e. all of these are involved.

Q: The source of diversity for B and T cell receptors is a. mitosis. b. meiosis. c. transcript processing. d. random recombination of genes. e. gene transcription.

Q: Antibodies are classified as a. nucleoproteins. b. immunoglobulins. c. polysaccharides. d. steroids. e. lipids.

Q: Antibodies are a. proteins. b. steroids. c. polysaccharides. d. lipoproteins. e. any of these.

Q: The following questions refer to the figure above of antibody structure. The variable region of a light chain is indicated by a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D. e. E.

Q: The following questions refer to the figure above of antibody structure. Antigens bind at a. A. b. B. c. C. d. D. e. E.

Q: Histamine a. causes blood vessels to contract. b. causes capillaries to lose their permeability. c. causes an outward flow of fluids from the capillaries. d. reduces tissue swelling. e. enhances the function of cytokines.

Q: Which of the following is(are) characteristic of acute inflammation? a. warmth b. swelling c. redness d. pain e. all of these

Q: Which system involves plasma proteins activated when an organism's pattern receptors become bound to anything? a. cytokine b. complement c. suppressor d. enhancer e. coagulation

Q: The above figure represents a. membrane attack complex; pores in bacterial cell b. macrophage attack complex; fluids released from pores c. pores for mucus secretion ciliated lung tissue d. macrophages; muscle tissue e. none of these

Q: The elimination of resident bacterial populations is a. beneficial to animals. b. beneficial to opportunistic pathogens. c. difficult because they are resistant to antibiotics. d. unlikely because of their large numbers. e. all of these.

Q: The letter "A" in the above figure represents a. keratin-filled, dead epithelial cells. b. replicating epithelium. c. mucus produced by underlying ciliated cells. d. white blood cells attacking a bacterial cell. e. all of these.

Q: Normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body a. are naturally resistant to antibiotics. b. are able to out-compete some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body's initial defense mechanisms. c. can be transformed into pathogenic forms if a person's resistance to disease is low. d. are unable to survive the human body's defense mechanisms. e. are able to out-compete some invading pathogens and thus are part of the body's innate immunity.

Q: The most abundant of the circulating white blood cells are the a. neutrophils. b. macrophages. c. mast cells. d. eosinophils. e. lymphocytes.

Q: Memory cell production is associated with a. the body's first line of defense. b. the body's second line of defense. c. the body's third line of defense. d. complement production. e. acute inflammation.

Q: The first response in adaptive immunity is a. the production of white blood cells. b. the production of complement. c. the production of interferon. d. inflammation. e. wound healing.

Q: Chart the path of blood through the heart, including the valves passed.

Q: Consider both Rh and A,B,O factors in blood typing. Which blood type would be the true universal recipient?

Q: An individual has an issue with their red blood cells. Are they most likely to have an issue with their immunity, oxygen transport, or hemostasis?

Q: Do arteries always carry highly oxygenated blood?

Q: The __________ gland produces hormones and is the site where __________ (a kind of white blood cell) mature.

Q: The SA node, also known as the __________, spontaneously generates the action potentials that set the pace for cardiac contractions.

Q: Red blood cells, also known as __________, contain the hemoglobin that functions in rapid transport of oxygen and, to a lesser extent, carbon dioxide.

Q: __________ is mostly water in which diverse ions and molecules are dissolved.

Q: The __________ circuit carries blood from the heart to body tissues, and then returns it to the heart.

Q: __________ fills spaces between cells.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the four structures of the heart listed below. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle Blood is pumped to the majority of the body by this structure.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the four structures of the heart listed below. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle Oxygenated blood enters the heart via this structure.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the four structures of the heart listed below. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle Deoxygenated blood exits the heart from this structure.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the four structures of the heart listed below. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle Blood passes to the lungs from this structure.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the four structures of the heart listed below. a. right atrium b. left atrium c. left ventricle d. right ventricle Blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the heart via this structure.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the five components of mammalian blood listed below. a. red blood cells b. basophils c. platelets d. albumin Oxygen is transported throughout the body by this blood component.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the five components of mammalian blood listed below. a. red blood cells b. basophils c. platelets d. albumin This blood component plays a role in inflammation.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the five components of mammalian blood listed below. a. red blood cells b. basophils c. platelets d. albumin This blood component helps to maintain the proper osmotic concentration of the blood.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the five components of mammalian blood listed below. a. red blood cells b. basophils c. platelets d. albumin This blood component contains hemoglobin.

Q: Respond to the following statements in reference to the five components of mammalian blood listed below. a. red blood cells b. basophils c. platelets d. albumin This blood component plays a central role in clotting blood following a wound.

Q: The lymphoid organs include all EXCEPT thea. spleen.b. stomach.c. thymus.d. tonsils and adenoids.e. appendix.

Q: The major lymph vessel that collects excess fluid from most of the body is the a. thoracic duct. b. hepatic portal vessel. c. subclavian vessel. d. right lymphatic duct. e. lymphocyte duct.

Q: The most dangerous type of arrhythmia is a. tachycardia. b. ventricular fibrillation. c. brachycardia. d. atrial fibrillation. e. an electrocardiogram.

Q: Which of these statements about hypertension is false? a. Blood pressure remains above 140/90 even at rest. b. Poor diet and lack of regular exercise puts one at increased risk. c. It may contribute to atherosclerosis. d. Most Americans with the disorder seek treatment. e. It tends to run in families.

Q: Chronically high blood pressure is called a. ventricular fibrillation. b. hypertension. c. leukemia. d. sickle-cell anemia. e. a stroke.

Q: The anatomical structure identified with the letters "B" and "E" in the figure above is a. the arterial wall. b. the lumen. c. atherosclerotic plaque. d. the capillary wall. e. none of these.

Q: The anatomical structure identified with the letter "C" in the figure above is a. the arterial wall. b. the lumen. c. atherosclerotic plaque. d. the capillary wall. e. none of these.

Q: The greatest volume of blood is found in the a. aorta and arteries. b. capillaries. c. veins. d. lungs. e. heart.

Q: The anatomical structure shown above is of a. venous valves. b. pulmonary veins. c. the inferior valve. d. the right myocardial sac. e. the heart apex.

Q: Capillary exchange a. is the movement of materials through capillaries. b. is the movement of components of the interstitial fluid into a capillary bed. c. occurs at the beginning of the capillary bed. d. occurs at the end of the capillary bed. e. is the movement of components of the interstitial fluid into a capillary bed, and it occurs at the end of the capillary bed.

Q: Proximity of capillaries to tissue cells is crucial because a. bulk flow operates to move protein-free plasma through clefts between endothelial cells. b. red cells have to squeeze single file through capillaries. c. some proteins exit capillaries by endocytosis and exocytosis. d. this is where nutrient and waste exchange occur. e. all of these are true.

Q: Blood velocity is slowest in the a. arteries. b. arterioles. c. capillaries. d. venules. e. veins.

Q: The diastolic pressure for a normal young adult is a. 60 mm Hg. b. 80 mm Hg. c. 100 mm Hg. d. 120 mm Hg. e. 140 mm Hg.

Q: Resistance to blood flow depends mainly on a. the diastolic pressure. b. elastic tissue of the vessels. c. blood vessel diameter. d. valves in the vessels. e. ultrafiltration pressure in the capillaries.

Q: Blood in arteries a. always travels away from the heart. b. travels away from the heart only if it is oxygenated. c. always travels toward the heart. d. travels from the lungs. e. is always oxygenated.

Q: Blood usually continues on from capillaries to enter ____ in its travel through the human body. a. arterioles b. venules c. arteries d. veins e. other capillaries

Q: Cardiac muscle cells a. do not contract by a sliding filament mechanism. b. are similar to those of smooth muscle in being nonstriated. c. have fewer mitochondria than skeletal muscle cells do. d. possess numerous gap junctions on their sides, favoring rapid spread of excitation. e. have intercalated disks with tight junctions at their branching ends.