Q&A Hero

Q: A pellicle is NOT a. thin. b. inside the plasma membrane. c. made of elastic proteins. d. intended to protect the cell. e. involved in retaining the shape of the cell..

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of euglenoids? a. Many move by pseudopods. b. Many contain chloroplasts. c. Many absorb nutrients from their environment in a heterotrophic manner. d. Their cell body is surrounded by a pellicle. e. They use a contractile vacuole to maintain water balance.

Q: To which of the following groups does the organism in the above figure belong? a. diplomonads, parabasalids, trypanosomes, and euglenoids b. ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans c. water molds, diatoms, and brown algae d. chlorophyte and charophyte algae e. amoebas and slime molds

Q: Which is NOT a shared characteristic of parabasalids and diplomonads? a. heterotrophy b. flagella c. oxygen-poor or anaerobic habitats d. abundant mitochondria e. presence of a pellicle

Q: Which of these groups is least closely related to the other four? a. ciliates b. finoflagellates c. diplomonads d. apicomplexans e. all of the above are equally closely related

Q: Which group is most closely related to fungi? a. radiolarians b. stramenopiles c. alveolates d. choanoflagellates e. oomycotes

Q: Today the term "algae" is used primarily for organisms in the group(s) a. bacteria. b. protista. c. plantae. d. bacteria and protista only. e. bacteria, protista, and plantae.

Q: Protists are a. autotrophic. b. heterotrophic. c. unicellular. d. multicellular. e. all of these.

Q: Which statement is NOT true about malaria? a. The disease is caused by an evolving organism. b. It is transmitted from person to person by the bite of a mosquito. c. Its mortality rate is linked to the allele for Sickle Cell Anemia. d. Its greatest mortality rate is in Africa. e. The number of cases reported in North America is rising.

Q: The apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium infects cells of which of the following? a. blood b. liver c. brain d. both blood and liver e. blood, liver, and brain

Q: Why are endospores so dangerous to food production?

Q: How do archaea differ from bacteria?

Q: How does the lysogenic cycle differ from the lytic cycle?

Q: Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

Q: Archaeans include three main groups:__________ (methane producers), __________ (salt lovers), and __________ (heat lovers).

Q: The 3 types of horizontal gene flow that occur in bacteria are __________, __________, and __________.

Q: The __________ is a circular molecule of DNA that resides in a region of cytoplasm called the __________.

Q: __________ or __________ extend from many prokaryotic cells and serve in attachment and motility.

Q: Bacteriophages may reproduce using a __________ pathway in which viral DNA becomes part of the host chromosome.

Q: Bacteriophages may multiply by a __________ pathway in which the new viral particles are made quickly and released by lysis.

Q: Some viruses cause disease; they act as __________ in humans.

Q: A __________ is a virus that infects only bacteria.

Q: A virus infects a host cell and takes over the host's mechanisms of replication and __________ synthesis.

Q: A __________ is a noncellular infectious particle with a protein coat enclosing DNA or RNA.

Q: Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below: a. halophiles b. cyanobacteria c. thermophiles d. proteobacteria e. methanogens These are the most diverse monophyletic group of bacteria.

Q: Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below: a. halophiles b. cyanobacteria c. thermophiles d. proteobacteria e. methanogens These can form heterocysts, valuable in nitrogen fixation.

Q: Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below: a. halophiles b. cyanobacteria c. thermophiles d. proteobacteria e. methanogens These bacteria can live in water of very high salt concentration.

Q: Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below: a. halophiles b. cyanobacteria c. thermophiles d. proteobacteria e. methanogens These produce CH4.

Q: Answer the following questions using the five groups listed below: a. halophiles b. cyanobacteria c. thermophiles d. proteobacteria e. methanogens These bacteria live in temperatures that are not usually conducive to life.

Q: Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-sensitive pigment found in ____ archaeans and used to supply energy for ____ production. a. halophilic; ATP b. thermophilic; carbohydrate c. methanogenic; methane d. halophilic; carbohydrate e. thermophilic; ATP

Q: The methanogenic archaeans are ____ that pull electrons from ____. a. chemoautotrophs; oxygen b. chemoheterotrophs; carbon dioxide c. chemoautotrophs; water d. chemoheterotrophs; methane e. chemoautotrophs; hydrogen gas

Q: The methanogenic archaeans belong are ____. a. aerobes b. facultative anaerobes c. strict aerobes d. facultative anaerobes e. strict anaerobes

Q: In which of the following ways are archaeans similar to eukaryotic cells? a. size b. shape c. presence of histones d. DNA polymerases e. presence of operons

Q: Archaeans are similar to bacteria in all of the following ways EXCEPT a. size. b. shape. c. plasma membrane composition. d. absence of a nucleus. e. mode of cellular division.

Q: Which of the following is an intracellular parasite that causes sexually transmitted disease? a. Chlamydia b. Cyanobacteria c. Clostridium d. Chondromyces e. all of these

Q: A dangerous form of food poisoning is caused by a. Clostridium botulinum. b. Clostridium tetani. c. Bacillus anthracis. d. Heliobacter pylori. e. Thermus aquaticus.

Q: Endospores can resist a. boiling water. b. acids. c. irradiation. d. disinfectants. e. all of these.

Q: Most species of Gram-positive bacteria are a. photoautotrophic. b. photoheterotrophic. c. chemoautotrophic. d. chemoheterotrophic. e. photochemoautotrophic.

Q: Gram-positive bacteria have ____ and appear ____ under the microscope. a. thick walls; pink b. thick walls; purple c. thin walls; pink d. thin walls; purple e. none of these

Q: Gram staining divides bacteria into ____ groups based on differences in the composition of their ____. a. two; DNA b. four; capsules c. two; cell walls d. four; cell walls e. two; plasma membranes

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the proteobacteria? a. They are the most diverse group of bacteria. b. Some are photoautotrophs. c. Some are chemoautotrophs. d. Some are chemoheterotrophs. e. All of these are true.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true about cyanobacteria? a. Cyanobacteria have the same light-capturing chlorophylls as plants. b. Chloroplasts evolved from ancient cyanobacteria. c. Cyanobacteria can fix carbon. d. Cyanobacteria can fix nitrogen. e. Cyanobacteria put nearly all of the nitrogen into Earth's atmosphere.

Q: Plasmids a. are self-replicating circular molecules of DNA. b. may be transferred between bacteria. c. may pick up genes from other prokaryotes. d. contains genes separate from the bacterial chromosome. e. fit all of these descriptions.

Q: In what way does prokaryotic fission resemble eukaryotic mitosis? a. mechanism of chromosome movement b. genetically equivalent daughter cells are produced c. chromosome attachment d. production of a cytoskeletal framework for separating chromosomes e. all of these

Q: All of the following are located on the exterior surface of a prokaryote EXCEPT a. flagellum b. pilus c. plasma membrane d. capsule e. none of these

Q: Pili may do all of the following EXCEPT a. help cells attach to surfaces. b. function in reproduction. c. extend from the cell surface. d. be transferred between cells. e. function in cell locomotion.

Q: Which of the following distinguishes bacterial flagella from those of eukaryotes? a. number per cell and structure b. structure and mechanism of movement c. function and mechanism of movement d. number per cell and mechanism of movement e. number per cell and function

Q: Peptidoglycan is a compound in a. bacterial flagella. b. bacterial cell walls. c. archaean cell walls. d. archaean flagella. e. all of these.

Q: Which of the following is a correct description of a prokaryote shape? a. A coccus is corkscrew shaped. b. An archaean is arch shaped. c. A bacillus is rod shaped. d. A spirillum is shperical. e. All of these are correct.

Q: Which of the following does NOT characterize most prokaryotes? a. no nucleus b. a single circular chromosome c. cell wall d. complex internal membranes e. great metabolic diversity

Q: Prokaryotes are the ancestors of a. protists. b. fungi. c. plants. d. animals. e. all of these.

Q: Of all organisms, prokaryotes are a. the smallest. b. the most abundant. c. the most metabolically diverse. d. the most widespread. e. all of these.

Q: Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use organic substances for carbon and photons for energy? a. photoautotrophs b. chemoautotrophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs e. none of these

Q: Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use CO2 and inorganic substances to produce energy? a. photoautotrophs b. chemoautotrophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs e. none of these

Q: Which of the following prokaryotic nutritional groups use CO2 and sunlight to produce energy? a. photoautotrophs b. chemoautotrophs c. photoheterotrophs d. chemoheterotrophs e. all of these

Q: Which of the following lack a nucleus and are structurally simple? a. eukaryotes b. prokaryotes c. fungi d. algae e. all of these

Q: Retroviruses are characterized by a. an RNA core. b. integrating DNA into the host's chromosome. c. the enzyme reverse transcriptase. d. having one strain that causes AIDS. e. all of these.

Q: Herpes and other enveloped viruses enter their host cells a. through pores. b. by dissolving the host plasma membrane. c. by fusion of the viral membrane with the cell's plasma membrane. d. by activating transport proteins in the host cell's plasma membrane. e. any of these.

Q: Which of the following is NOT true of type I Herpes simplex? a. It is a DNA virus. b. It has a latent phase in its replication cycle. c. It remains in nerve cells for a time. d. Sunburn or other stress can activate it. e. Once activated it causes a form of skin cancer.

Q: Which of the following is(are) NOT involved in the reproduction of all viruses? a. attachment and penetration b. replication and synthesis c. assembly d. latency e. release

Q: Which of the following is false? a. The outer coats of all viruses are alike. b. The virus contains either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both. c. Viruses infect organisms in all three domains of life. d. Most viruses have a protein coat or covering. e. Some viruses benefit us indirectly.

Q: An adenovirus a. is a naked virus. b. does not have a lipid envelope. c. has a spiked protein coat. d. infects animals. e. all of these.

Q: Which of the following is not a characteristic of viruses? a. Contains DNA or RNA genetic material. b. Contains cytoplasm and ribosomes. c. Has a protein coat. d. Can only replicate inside a living host cell. e. Is very small.

Q: Once inside the human body, HIV primarily infects a. liver tissue. b. kidney tissue. c. red blood cells. d. white blood cells. e. all of these.

Q: Sequencing of HIV-1 revealed that it is most closely related to which of the following? a. simian immunodeficiency virus b. feline immunodeficiency virus c. bovine immunodeficiency virus d. hepatitis B e. all of these

Q: AIDS is short for a. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. b. Accelerated Immune Death Syndrome. c. Accentuated Induced Deficiency Syndrome. d. Advantageous Immunity Deficiency Syndrome. e. none of these.

Q: Would the evidence suggest that mitochondria or chloroplasts were the first to go through endosymbiosis?

Q: What can RNA do that DNA cannot that makes RNA a good starting point for life?

Q: Are the three methods of producing the building blocks of life proposed in this chapter mutually exclusive?

Q: Provide evidence to both support and refute the current existence of life on Mars?

Q: __________ is a field of study concerned with the origins, evolution, and persistence of life on Earth as it relates to life in the universe.

Q: Membrane-like structures form when proteins or lipids are mixed with water. They serve as a model for __________, which may have preceded cells.

Q: Proteins that speed metabolic reactions might have first formed when reactants could have begun interacting inside tiny holes in rocks near deep-sea __________.

Q: Laboratory simulations provide indirect evidence that organic compounds such as __________ and __________ self-assemble spontaneously under conditions like those thought to have prevailed on the early Earth.

Q: According to the __________, the universe formed about 13 to 15 billion years ago and is still expanding.

Q: Choose the proper item below for the following statements. a. Thomas Brock b. Stanley Miller c. Kwang Jeon d. Lynn Margulis e. Oliver Hardy He/she conducted the first primitive atmosphere simulation experiment.

Q: Choose the proper item below for the following statements. a. Thomas Brock b. Stanley Miller c. Kwang Jeon d. Lynn Margulis e. Oliver Hardy He/she discovered an organism that contains a heat-resistant enzyme.

Q: Choose the proper item below for the following statements. a. Thomas Brock b. Stanley Miller c. Kwang Jeon d. Lynn Margulis e. Oliver Hardy He/she very early provided experimental evidence for endosymbiosis.

Q: Choose the proper item below for the following statements. a. Thomas Brock b. Stanley Miller c. Kwang Jeon d. Lynn Margulis e. Oliver Hardy He/she is a major proponent of endosymbiosis.

Q: glaucophyte Choose the most appropriate letter. a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells c. red alga resident of hot springs d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR f. offered support for endosymbiosis g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form). h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group