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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Bangiomorpha pubescens
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
cyanobacteria
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
stromatolites
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
proto-cells
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
nanobes
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
Amoeba proteus
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
Cyanidium caldarium
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
Thermus aquaticus
Choose the most appropriate letter.
a. contain DNA, but may be too small to be alive
b. simple transitional forms between early organic compounds and the first living cells
c. red alga resident of hot springs
d. first organisms with the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis
e. source of the heat-resistant enzyme used in PCR
f. offered support for endosymbiosis
g. dome-shaped fossil remains of photoautotrophic bacteria (some nonfossil structures also form).
h. protist with photosynthetic organelles that resemble cyanobacteria
i. earliest known organism that can be assigned to a modern group
Q:
The archea include which of the following?
a. extreme thermophiles
b. alga
c. protista
d. animals
e. all of these
Q:
The endomembrane system did not start developing until the atmosphere was
a. high oxygen, high carbon dioxide.
b. high hydrogen, low oxygen.
c. changing from low oxygen to high oxygen.
d. firmly in the age of aerobes.
e. all of these.
Q:
During the first major divergence of life the atmosphere was
a. high oxygen, high carbon dioxide.
b. high hydrogen, low oxygen.
c. changing from anaerobic to aerobic.
d. firmly in the age of aerobes.
e. all of these.
Q:
Aerobic respiration evolved in
a. some bacteria.
b. some archea.
c. animals.
d. mitochondria.
e. in some bacteria and some archea.
Q:
The first major divergence of life gave rise to all of the following except
a. bacteria.
b. archea.
c. ancestors of the eukaryotes.
d. endomembrane systems.
e. The first major divergence of life gave rise to all of these.
Q:
Chloroplasts are thought to have originated as endosymbiotic associations when aerobic bacteria engulfed photosynthetic cells. This relationship was favored by the production of ____ by the endosymbiont.
a. glucose
b. hydrogen ions
c. ATP
d. oxygen
e. water
Q:
The mitochondrion
a. has its own DNA.
b. DNA has few noncoding regions between genes.
c. resembles bacteria in size.
d. resembles bacteria in structure.
e. is all of these.
Q:
Which of the following is the strongest evidence for the idea that present-day eukaryotic aerobes are the descendants of the successful symbiotic association of anaerobes and aerobes?
a. Mitochondria can produce ATP.
b. A mitochondrion can survive indefinitely when removed from a eukaryotic cell.
c. A mitochondrion has its own set of DNA molecules.
d. Fossilized mitochondria are older than the oldest fossilized eukaryotes.
e. All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.
Q:
Chloroplasts
a. resemble photosynthetic bacteria.
b. utilize the same pigments regardless of what organism they are in.
c. apparently evolved from mitochondria.
d. utilize DNA derived from the nucleus.
e. are all of these.
Q:
The endosymbiont hypothesis is supported by the work of ____ on bacteria-infected Amoeba proteus.
a. Stanley Miller
b. Kwang Jeon
c. Thomas Brock
d. Lynn Margulis
e. Australian researchers
Q:
According to the endosymbiont hypothesis, eukaryotic cells evolved after and as a consequence of
a. the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.
b. anaerobic respiration.
c. cell division.
d. mutual dependency.
e. chemosynthesis.
Q:
Which of the following is the probable basis for the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts?
a. Cells eat each other.
b. Light is an energy source.
c. ATP can carry energy.
d. Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis.
e. Energy can be transformed from one form to another.
Q:
The area in the figure marked "A" is likely to become
a. vacuoles.
b. Golgi bodies.
c. mitochondria.
d. chloroplasts in some cells.
e. endoplasmic reticulum.
Q:
The figure represents the development of ____ in eukaryotic cells.
a. the nuclear envelope
b. mitochondria
c. chloroplasts
d. Golgi bodies
e. chromosomes
Q:
The extensive infolding of eukaryotic membranes form structures that allow for
a. the concentration of nutrients.
b. greater surface area for metabolism.
c. the transport of proteins.
d. the protection of metabolic machinery.
e. all of these.
Q:
The figure above represents
a. the algae that were to give rise to plants.
b. protists.
c. fungi.
d. soil bacterium with primitive membrane folds.
e. all of these.
Q:
The earliest known organism capable of sexual reproduction is a type of
a. virus.
b. bacterium.
c. alga.
d. animal-like protist.
e. fungus.
Q:
The earliest type of eukaryotic organism currently known is a type of
a. virus.
b. bacterium.
c. alga.
d. animal-like protist.
e. fungus.
Q:
The first eukaryotic fossils are dated to about
a. 3.8 billion years ago.
b. 2.1 billion years ago.
c. 1.5 billion years ago.
d. 750 million years ago.
e. 201 million years ago.
Q:
The accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere
a. was a result of the accumulation of a by-product of a type of photosynthesis.
b. prevented the further spontaneous generation of life.
c. provided the opportunity to extract more energy through aerobic respiration.
d. did not occur immediately after the earth was formed.
e. did all of these.
Q:
The by-product of the metabolism of cyanobacteria that had the most effect on the further evolution of life is
a. oxygen gas.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. water.
d. nitrogen gas.
e. hydrogen gas.
Q:
Aerobic respiration became established as a result of the evolution of
a. the first proto-cells.
b. the first true cells.
c. metabolism.
d. the cyclic pathway of photosynthesis.
e. the noncyclic pathway of photosynthesis.
Q:
The first cells were
a. autotrophic.
b. parasitic.
c. anaerobic.
d. aerobic.
e. all of these.
Q:
Fossils indicate that the first cells were similar to existing
a. viruses.
b. fungi.
c. prokaryotes.
d. eukaryotes.
e. algae.
Q:
Which step in the evolution of life is the most complex and probably occurred last?
a. formation of DNA
b. formation of protein-RNA systems
c. formation of membrane-bound proto-cells
d. spontaneous formation of organic compounds under abiotic conditions
e. formation of ATP
Q:
DNA replaced RNA as the main information molecule probably because
a. DNA contains thymine and RNA does not.
b. DNA is double stranded and breaks less easily.
c. DNA can store more protein-building instructions in less space.
d. RNA is highly unstable.
e. two of these are correct.
Q:
Proto-cells are considered to have
a. been simple membrane-bound sacs.
b. been able to capture energy.
c. been able to engage in metabolism.
d. been able to reproduce.
e. all of these.
Q:
Chemical evolution started on Earth
a. after the appearance of prokaryotic cells.
b. long before any cells emerged.
c. after the appearance of eukaryotic cells.
d. after the appearance of eukaryotic cells but before the appearance of multicellular organisms.
e. after the appearance of multicellular organisms.
Q:
An hypothesis currently getting a lot of attention concerning the origin of biological molecules is that they originated
a. in hot springs.
b. near volcanoes.
c. near hydrothermal oceanic vents.
d. in salt lakes.
e. in tidal pools.
Q:
The formation of amino acids under abiotic conditions was important because they serve as
a. a supply of structural units for proteins.
b. enzymes to catalyze reactions.
c. subunits in the formation of DNA.
d. subunits in the formation of RNA.
e. subunits for the formation of lipids.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating Miller's reaction chamber.
Miller's reaction chamber contained gases intended to simulate the atmosphere of the ancient Earth. Which of the following gases was NOT included?
a. carbon dioxide
b. methane
c. ammonia
d. water vapor
e. hydrogen gas
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating Miller's reaction chamber.
The area indicated by "A" in the figure represents
a. sunlight energy in the environment.
b. heat energy in the environment.
c. electrical energy in the environment.
d. ionizing radiation in the environment.
e. the explosion of the hydrogen gas to release energy for the reactions.
Q:
The following questions refer to the figure above illustrating Miller's reaction chamber.
This apparatus was used in the primitive Earth atmosphere simulation experiments performed by
a. Stanley Miller.
b. Thomas Brock.
c. Australian researchers.
d. Jeon Kwang.
e. Lynn Margulis.
Q:
Life probably would never have emerged on Earth if the ancient atmosphere had been the same as the present one in regard to
a. carbon dioxide.
b. hydrogen.
c. oxygen.
d. nitrogen.
e. carbon monoxide.
Q:
The earth's earliest atmosphere was likely composed mostly of gaseous
a. hydrogen.
b. nitrogen.
c. water vapor.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. mixtures of these.
Q:
The "big bang" refers to
a. an event marking the beginning of the universe.
b. the extinction of the dinosaurs.
c. the inevitable end of the universe.
d. the collision of the first galaxies forming the universe as it is today.
e. the inevitable death of large stars.
Q:
The ozone layer is valuable because it blocks:
a. heat.
b. UV radiation.
c. radio waves.
d. asteroids.
e. all of these.
Q:
Of the following extremes, at which has life NOT been found?
a. low pH.
b. high temperature.
c. high pressure.
d. high salinity.
e. it has been found at all of these.
Q:
A fairly conserved gene is compared between a human, a chimpanzee, a bear and a banana. How would you expect their DNA sequences to relate?
Q:
Why is morphological convergence not a good explanation for vertebrate forelimbs?
Q:
Why is the clade in which derived traits evolve the minimum number of times favored?
Q:
Neutral mutations tend to accumulate in DNA at a predictable rate; like the ticks of a __________, they can help researchers estimate how long ago two lineages diverged.
Q:
Mutations in genes that affect __________ may cause morphological shifts in a lineage.
Q:
__________ are body parts that look alike in different lineages but did not evolve in a common ancestor.
Q:
__________ is a set of methods that allow us to reconstruct phylogeny.
Q:
__________ is the science of naming and classifying species.
Q:
Similar body parts that reflect shared ancestry are called __________.
Q:
Phylogeny research may include:
a. genetic analysis.
b. anatomical analysis.
c. behavioral analysis.
d. physiological analysis.
e. all of these.
Q:
Phylogeny can be used for:
a. medical applications.
b. cladistics.
c. wildlife management.
d. all of these.
e. none of these
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of the H5N1 virus?
a. It is symptomless in pigs.
b. It has a high mortality rate in humans.
c. It cannot infect birds.
d. It moves poorly from human to human.
e. It can move between pigs.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true of the poouli?
a. It is a honeycreeper.
b. It is endangered.
c. It is an outlying member of its group.
d. It is morphologically distinct from others in its group.
e. All of these are true.
Q:
The influenza virus can infect:
a. humans
b. pigs
c. birds
d. humans and pigs
e. humans, pigs and birds
Q:
The skull of the chimpanzee and human are most closely related
a. as 48-hour embryos.
b. as adults.
c. as adolescents.
d. as infants.
e. never; they are not structurally close.
Q:
The master gene Hox helps to sculpt the body plan of embryos by
a. inhibiting the Dlx gene to prevent extra limbs.
b. timing the activation of Dlx genes.
c. causing cell death in any cell not expressing the Hox gene.
d. converting sugar into energy to allow the process to go to completion.
e. inducing mutations in plants.
Q:
The study of comparative embryology reveals the conservative nature of the genes responsible for
a. food procurement.
b. reproductive behavior.
c. embryonic development.
d. embryonic size.
e. embryonic intelligence.
Q:
The Dlx gene encodes a transcription factor that signals clusters of embryonic cells to ____ and give rise to an appendage.
a. fold into the cardiac muscle
b. protrude from the body
c. form reproductive structures
d. induce apoptosis in cells lining the appendages
e. develop into the immune system
Q:
Body appendages as diverse as crab legs, beetle legs, sea star arms, butterfly wings, fish fins, and mouse feet start out as
a. clusters of cells in the limb buds.
b. cerebral cells.
c. cardiac cells.
d. offshoots of the sperm cell.
e. offshoots of the egg.
Q:
A mutation in the Apetala1 gene, in Brassica oleracea plants (wild cabbage), results in mutated flowers that
a. have multiple female parts.
b. have multiple male parts.
c. have leaves instead of petals.
d. have enormous size.
e. burrow into the ground like peanuts.
Q:
All of the following statements about master genes are true EXCEPT:
a. They orchestrate layers of development.
b. They are highly conserved over evolutionary time.
c. Mutations within these are frequently devastating.
d. They are highly variable in their sequences between species.
e. Mutations usually result in changes in body plan.
Q:
Which of the following gene mutations is least likely to impact the protein?
a. A conservative substitution.
b. A non-conservative substitution.
c. An amino acid deletion.
d. An amino acid insertion.
e. All would be the same.
Q:
Which of the following is not true of mitochondria?
a. They have DNA.
b. Their DNA can experience mutations.
c. In animals the mitochondria come from the mother.
d. They undergo genetic recombination during fertilization.
e. All these are true
Q:
A gene accumulates one mutation every 100 years. If one species splits into 2 now, how many differences will exist in that gene between the two in 500 years?
a. 2
b. 5
c. 10 d.
100 e.
500
Q:
Some genes encoding proteins that are essential to the survival of the organism are called highly conserved sequences. Which of the following is an example of one of these proteins?
a. cytochrome b
b. muscle structural proteins
c. carbohydrate hydrolyzing genes
d. skin pigmentation
e. keratin
Q:
Which of the following are true statements regarding the use of DNA in evolutionary comparisons?
a. Lineages have a mixture of ancestral and novel DNA sequences.
b. Mutations inevitably change DNA sequences over time.
c. Mutations occur randomly.
d. Most mutations are neutral.
e. All of these are true.
Q:
Similar body parts are not always homologous. They may have evolved independently in separate lineages as adaptations to the same
a. reproductive isolation of these groups.
b. environmental pressures.
c. reduced genetic variability in these groups.
d. identical genes in all three groups.
e. factor as all of these.
Q:
Which of the following serve as examples of morphological convergence?
a. sharks, penguins, and porpoises
b. panthers and tigers
c. apes and monkeys
d. sharks, skates, and rays
e. mice, rats, and gerbils
Q:
The convergence in external morphology of sharks, penguins, and porpoises is attributed to
a. reduced genetic variability in these groups.
b. selection pressures that are common to these groups.
c. reproductive isolation of these groups.
d. identical genes in all three groups.
e. use and disuse of the limbs.
Q:
Vertebrate forelimbs do not show homology for the following:
a. bone structure.
b. blood vessel pattern.
c. nerve pattern.
d. muscle pattern.
e. homology exists for all of these.
Q:
For the clade of winged organisms, which of the following would be considered the out group?
a. Insect
b. Bat
c. Eagle
d. Penguin
e. Honeycreeper
Q:
The bones in the forelimbs of a mammal
a. can often be traced to a common ancestor.
b. offer no evidence to support the theory of evolution.
c. perform the same function no matter which species they are in.
d. may exhibit either analogy or homology but not both when compared to the forelimb of another animal.
e. show convergence with some invertebrate structures.
Q:
Which of the following are considered more primitive based upon the structure of their limbs?
a. bats
b. reptiles
c. porpoises
d. penguins
e. birds
Q:
The five-toed limb of stem reptiles became modified into a limb ____ in vertebrates that followed.
a. suitable for high-speed running
b. suitable for digging
c. suitable for swimming
d. with four fingers and an opposable thumb
e. with all of these