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Q:
In the classic argument of "nature vs. nurture", nature would most correspond with:
a. genes.
b. environment.
c. divine intervention.
d. environment and genes.
e. genes, environment, and genes.
Q:
The role of environmental factors on gene expression is illustrated by
a. the varying plant height of genetically identical yarrow plants when grown at different elevations.
b. the flower color of hydrangeas grown in soils of differing pH.
c. the depression response that some persons make to very stressful situations.
d. the fur pattern of Himalayan rabbits.
e. all of these.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a known effect in the expression of Marfan syndrome?
a. lanky, loose jointed skeleton
b. weakened blood vessels
c. calcium deposits in aorta
d. excessive absorption of oxygen causing the blood cells to swell
e. skin becomes inelastic
Q:
Which of the following is FALSE about Marfan syndrome?
a. It results from an autosomal dominant mutation.
b. The affected gene produces a defective form of the protein fibrillin.
c. Connective tissues are weakened.
d. It affects one in ten thousand men and women.
e. None of these is false.
Q:
Pleiotropic genes
a. act on secondary sexual characteristics.
b. influence more than one aspect of phenotype.
c. are additive.
d. produce lethal effects when homozygous.
e. are none of these.
Q:
Multiple effects of a single gene is
a. expressivity.
b. penetrance.
c. codominance.
d. pleiotropy.
e. multiple alleles.
Q:
A species is found to exist in one of three colors. Assuming an epistatic interaction, now many genes would be involved?
a. 0.
b. 1.
c. 2.
d. 3.
e. 6.
Q:
A gene that produces multiple effects is called
a. a multiple allele.
b. an autosome.
c. an epistatic gene.
d. a pleiotropic gene.
e. an incompletely dominant gene.
Q:
The F2 phenotypic ratio of 9:3:4 is a result of a cross involving
a. two genes expressing complete dominance.
b. a gene expressing dominance and another gene expressing codominance.
c. two genes expressing codominance.
d. epistasis, in which one gene modifies the expression of the other gene.
e. multiple alleles.
Q:
Genes at one locus that affect the expression of genes at a different locus are said to be
a. epistatic.
b. linked.
c. codominant.
d. penetrant.
e. alleles.
Q:
The illustration above shows the F2 phenotypes from a monohybrid cross in snapdragons. What type of inheritance produces such an outcome?
a. complete dominance
b. incomplete dominance
c. multiple alleles
d. continuous variation
e. epistasis
Q:
The ABO blood types are controlled by
a. pleiotropy.
b. multiple alleles.
c. incomplete dominance.
d. codominance.
e. multiple alleles and codominance.
Q:
In ____, a pair of nonidentical alleles affecting two phenotypes for a given trait are both expressed at the same time in heterozygotes.
a. pleiotropy
b. polygenic inheritance
c. complete dominance
d. codominance
e. a multiple allele system
Q:
Mendel's dihybrid crosses, but not his monohybrid crosses, show that
a. some genes are linked together.
b. the two alleles controlling a trait are divided equally among the gametes.
c. alleles for different traits are inherited independently.
d. one of the pair of alleles is dominant to the other.
e. the crossing of two different homozygous forms will not produce any offspring in the first generation that will look like either of the parents.
Q:
Which offspring in the illustration above are homozygous recessive for both traits?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. none of these
Q:
An individual with a genetic makeup ofaa BB is called
a. true-breeding.
b. recessive.
c. hybrid.
d. dihybrid.
e. heterozygous.
Q:
For Mendel's explanation of inheritance to be correct,
a. the genes for the traits he studied have to be located on the same chromosome.
b. the combination of gametes at fertilization has to be due to chance.
c. genes cannot be transmitted independently of each other.
d. only diploid organisms demonstrate inheritance patterns.
e. none of these apply.
Q:
Using the illustration above and the assumption that half of a plant's sperm and eggs are aand half are A, one can predict that the chance of sperm ameeting egg Aat fertilization isa. 1/2 x 1/2.b. 25 percent.c. one out of four.d. 1/2.e. all of these EXCEPT 1/2.
Q:
According to Mendel, what kinds of genes "disappear" inF1 pea plants?
a. sex-linked
b. dominant
c. recessive
d. codominant
e. lethal
Q:
The most accurate description of an organism with genotype AaBbis
a. homozygous dominant.
b. heterozygous.
c. heterozygous dominant.
d. homozygous recessive.
e. heterozygous recessive.
Q:
In humans, the locus of the human growth hormone gene is on chromosome:
a. 15.
b. 17.
c. 19.
d. 20.
e. X.
Q:
Various forms of a single gene at a given locus is called
a. kinetochores.
b. alleles.
c. autosomes.
d. loci.
e. chromatids.
Q:
A gene locus is
a. a recessive gene.
b. an unmatched allele.
c. a sex chromosome.
d. the location of an allele on a chromosome.
e. a dominant gene.
Q:
The pea plant was an excellent choice for Mendel's experiments because
a. true-breeding varieties were available.
b. the plant can self-fertilize.
c. it can be cross-fertilized.
d. true-breeding varieties were available, and it can be cross-fertilized.
e. true-breeding varieties were available, the plant can self-fertilize, and it can be cross-fertilized.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of cystic fibrosis?
a. It produces sticky mucus.
b. It leads to increased bacterial lung infections.
c. The amino acid affected is phenylalanine.
d. It causes insufficient water to leave the cells.
e. All of these are true.
Q:
Where would the CFTR gene not be heavily expressed?
a. Lungs.
b. Reproductive system.
c. Intestines.
d. Brain.
e. Skin.
Q:
The CFTR protein product is responsible for:
a. pumping chloride ions out of the cell.
b. pumping water out of the cell.
c. pumping chloride ions into the cell.
d. fighting off bacterial infections.
e. regulating gene expression.
Q:
Consider the work Mendel did with his pea plants. Why is the study of human genetics much more difficult?
Q:
Classically, nature and nurture have been considered as two very separate factors impacting phenotype. Considering what we have learned of methylation, is this always the case?
Q:
Explain what genetic "trick" could have confounded Mendel is his recognition of segregation?
Q:
Provide evidence for and against the now disproven concept of blended inheritance?
Q:
__________ assorts gene pairs of homologous chromosomes independently of gene pairs on all other chromosomes.
Q:
Mendel's monohybrid experiment results led to his law of __________.
Q:
__________ refers to an individual's observable traits.
Q:
A __________ is a hybrid, with two nonidentical alleles (Aa).
Q:
A homozygous recessive where "A" represents the trait has two recessive alleles symbolized by __________.
Q:
An individual that has two dominant alleles for a trait (AA) is __________.
Q:
The offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait are __________.
Q:
Different molecular forms of the same gene are __________.
Q:
Heritable units of information about traits are called __________.
Q:
Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
e. 24
Animal species X is tetraploid (4n = 12). Following gene duplication and translocation, a given gene is found on each chromosome. How many alleles for this gene can be present in an individual of this species?
Q:
Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
e. 24
Plant species X is diploid (2n = 24) and has a quantitative trait, the expression of which is controlled by gene loci on each of its chromosomes. What is the maximum number of alleles for this trait that any one individual of species X could have?
Q:
Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
e. 24
In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is a double homozygous recessive (aa bb), how many unique phenotypes potentially will be present in their offspring?
Q:
Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
e. 24
In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is homozygous recessive for one gene and heterozygous for the other (aa Bb), how many unique phenotypes potentially will be present in their offspring?
Q:
Answer the following questions using the group of answers below.
a. 4
b. 6
c. 8
d. 12
e. 24
In a dihybrid cross between a parent that is a double heterozygote (Aa Bb) and a parent that is homozygous dominant for one gene and heterozygous for the other (AA Bb), how many unique genotypes potentially will be present in their offspring?
Q:
If you were following the inheritance patterns of two different sets of multiple alleles located on different chromosomes, how many different possible gametes could be produced if locus 1 had five possible alleles and locus 2 had six alleles?
Q:
In tomatoes, red (R) is dominant to yellow (r), tall (D) is dominant to dwarf (d), and smooth (H) is dominant to peach or hairy (h).
(a) How many different genotypes are there in relationship to these three characteristics?
(b) How many different phenotypes are there in relationship to these three characteristics?
(c) How many different homozygous pure-breeding forms can be produced?
Q:
In the garden pea, Mendel found that tall (D) green pods (G) and inflated pods (C) were dominant to their alleles, dwarf (d) yellow pods (g) and constricted pods (c). Given the following genotypes, determine the chances of producing the offspring shown.(a) DD Gg Cc x Dd Gg cc -> DD gg Cc(b) DD Gg Cc x Dd Gg Cc -> tall green pod, constricted pod(c) Dd Gg Cc x Dd GG cc -> tall green pod, inflated pod(d) Dd Gg Cc x Dd Gg Cc -> D__ G__ cc(e) Dd Gg Cc x Dd gg CC -> D__ G__ C__(f) Dd gg cc x DD Gg cc -> tall green pod, inflated pod(g) Dd Gg Cc x Dd Gg Cc -> Dd Gg Cc(h) Dd Gg Cc x Dd Gg Cc -> dd gg cc
Q:
There are nine coat colors known in foxes. If a red fox were crossed with a double-black fox, all the hybrids would be red above and black below in a pattern known as blended cross. If two blended crosses were mated, the F2 ratio would be as follows: 1 red, 2 smoky red, 2 cross red, 4 blended cross, 1 standard silver, 2 substandard silver, 1 Alaskan silver, 2 sub-Alaskan silver, and 1 double black.(a) Using the letters A/a and B/b to serve as the genes for these animals, develop a genotype for each variety listed.(b) Two crosses will produce all blended-cross offspring. One is used above (red fox x double black); what is the other?(c) List the genotype and phenotype of all the pure-breeding foxes.(d) Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of a cross between two substandard silvers.(e) Give the genotype and phenotype of the offspring produced in a cross of a sub-Alaskan silver and a cross red.
Q:
Pure-breeding yellow guinea pigs crossed with pure-breeding white ones produce only cream-colored offspring. This pattern indicates incomplete dominance. Rough hair is found to be dominant to smooth hair. Give the F1 and F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross of a smooth, white guinea pig with a homozygous, rough, yellow guinea pig.
Q:
In mice the allele for colored fur (C) is dominant to the allele for albinism (c). The allele for normal behavior (W) is dominant to that for waltzing movement (w). Give the probable genotypes of the parents if they produced the offspring listed after the following crosses:(a) colored normal x white waltzer produced 10 colored normal, 8 colored waltzers, 2 white waltzers, 11 white normal(b) colored normal x white normal produced 35 colored normal, 13 colored waltzers(c) colored normal x colored normal produced 37 colored normal, 14 colored waltzers, 9 white normal, and 5 white waltzers
Q:
In a certain breed of chicken, two genes control color. A dominant allele (I) inhibits the expression of any color gene (C). A second recessive gene (c) results in albinism when homozygous (cc). Give the F2 phenotypic ratio of a colored chicken ii CC with a white II cc.
Q:
In a certain variety of plants, a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant produced an all-red flower F1. In the F2 there were 140 red, 50 cream, and 65 white.
(a) Offer an explanation for this F2 ratio.
(b) What ratio would be produced in a testcross of the F1 hybrid?
(c) What ratio would be produced if all the white F2 plants were crossed among themselves?
Q:
If crossing over occurred in mitosis, would it have an impact on the resulting cells?
Q:
Why does meiosis in females produce only one viable gamete while meiosis in males produces four?
Q:
A diploid organism has a chromosome with 10 genes. It has a different allele for each gene on its two chromosomes. How many possible outcomes for chromosome destined for a gamete after meiosis exist?
Q:
Sexual reproduction has many benefits from a genetic standpoint. Can you think of any downside to sexual reproduction?
Q:
At __________, the fusion of two gametes produces a __________.
Q:
With sexual reproduction, two genes for the same trait that are slightly different are called __________.
Q:
__________ are regions in an organism's DNA that encode information about heritable traits.
Q:
With __________, offspring inherit the same number and kinds of genes from one parent.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
New genetic combinations upon which natural selection can act are present after this stage.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
During this phase homologues separate.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
Following this phase each individual cell is haploid.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
During this stage the sister chromatids begin to separate.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
By the end of this phase the number of homologous chromosomes is reduced in half.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
Recombination via crossing over occurs during this stage.
Q:
Some of the stages of meiosis are listed below. For the following statements, select the best choice of these stages.
a. prophase I
b. metaphase II
c. anaphase I
d. anaphase II
e. telophase I
Pairing of homologues occurs during this stage.
Q:
How many ova (eggs) would eventually result from 20 primary oocytes?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
Q:
How many ova (eggs) would eventually result from 20 secondary oocytes?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
Q:
How many sperm would eventually be produced from 20 primary spermatocytes?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
Q:
How many sperm would eventually be produced from 20 spermatids?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 60
e. 80
Q:
In comparing mitosis and meiosis, which of the following statements is true?
a. Meiosis I is more like mitosis than is meiosis II.
b. Both processes result in four cells.
c. Pairing of homologues occurs in both.
d. Chromatids are present only in mitosis.
e. Meiosis II resembles mitosis.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT produce variation?
a. crossing over
b. random alignment of chromosomes during meiosis
c. asexual reproduction
d. genetic recombination of alleles
e. sexual reproduction
Q:
Fertilization of plant gametes produces a
a. zygote.
b. gametophyte.
c. spore.
d. meiospore.
e. multicellular haploid plant.
Q:
A pine tree is called a sporophyte because it
a. develops from a germinated spore.
b. produces spores by meiosis.
c. is haploid.
d. undergoes fertilization.
e. reproduces by both sexual and asexual means.
Q:
In plants, which of the following cells is(are) diploid?
a. egg
b. sperm
c. spore
d. leaf cell
e. spore and leaf cell
Q:
In this generalized illustration of gametogenesis, the four cells in the right column should be labeled
a. sperm.
b. eggs.
c. ovum and three polar bodies.
d. secondary spermatocytes.
e. diploid.
Q:
Sperm are formed from the direct maturation of
a. sperm mother cells.
b. spermatids.
c. spermatogonial cells.
d. primary spermatocytes.
e. secondary spermatocytes.
Q:
Polar bodies
a. are dumping places for excess genetic material.
b. have no known biological function.
c. are produced by meiosis.
d. will serve as the gametes if something happens to the egg.
e. all of these are true EXCEPT "will serve as the gametes if something happens to the egg."