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Q:
Glycolysis
Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
a. produces NADH and CO2; pyruvate oxidized
b. produces ATP, NADH, and CO2
c. splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
d. regenerates NAD+ as pyruvate is converted to ethanol or lactate
e. uses a membrane-bound system that sets up production of ATP
Q:
After meals
a. the pancreas secretes glucagon.
b. liver cells take up glucose and produce glycogen.
c. the brain continues to receive adequate glucose.
d. fatty-acid conversions supply about half of the ATP needed by muscle and liver cells.
e. all of these occur.
Q:
Which statement is true?
a. High concentrations of ATP inhibit the formation of more ATP.
b. The ATP concentration in cells actually decreases at first when cells need large supplies of energy.
c. The activity of many different enzymes influences the supply of ATP in cells.
d. Cells constantly adjust their metabolic reactions to provide energy whenever it is needed.
e. All of these are true.
Q:
Intermediates in the breakdown of ____ can be diverted into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. all of these
e. carbohydrates and lipids only
Q:
If you were searching for anaerobic bacteria, you would NOT look for them in
a. the guts of farm animals.
b. swamps.
c. shallow, running water.
d. sediments of lakes and oceans.
e. canned goods.
Q:
In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, which of the following is(are) produced?
a. acetaldehyde
b. carbon dioxide
c. NADH
d. acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide only
e. acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH
Q:
Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce ____ which causes the dough to rise.
a. alcohol
b. ATP
c. butyric acid
d. carbon dioxide
e. none of these
Q:
If fermentation pathways follow glycolysis,
a. CO2 will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate.
b. the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
c. ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
d. oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
e. none of these will occur.
Q:
Because of its location in the electron transfer chain, delivery of electrons to each NADH results in ____ ATPs.
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 32
e. 0
Q:
The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to
a. oxygen.
b. acetyl CoA.
c. FADH.
d. CO2..
e. NADPH.
Q:
The electron transfer chain is located
a. on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
b. on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts.
c. in the fluid part of the chloroplast.
d. throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
e. on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes.
Q:
Where is hydrogen actively pumped in the mitochondria?
a. To the inner membrane.
b. To the outer membrane.
c. To the intermembrane space.
d. To the matrix.
e. To the cytoplasm.
Q:
When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in
a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. the Krebs cycle.
d. substrate-level phosphorylation.
e. electron transfer phosphorylation.
Q:
The yield from each pyruvate in the second stage of aerobic respiration includes
a. 4 NADH.
b. 1 FADH2.
c. 1 ATP.
d. 3 CO2.
e. all of these.
Q:
The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle before the entry of the next acetyl-CoA is
a. pyruvate.
b. acetyl-CoA.
c. fructose bisphosphate.
d. oxaloacetate.
e. citrate.
Q:
What is lost when acetyl-CoA enters into the Krebs cycle?
a. pyruvate.
b. coenzyme A.
c. fructose bisphosphate.
d. oxaloacetate.
e. citrate.
Q:
During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH2 produced?
a. glycolysis
b. ethanol production
c. acetyl-CoA formation
d. the Krebs cycle
e. glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
Q:
During the Krebs cycle,
a. substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.
b. oxaloacetate is regenerated.
c. electrons and H+ are transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD.
d. molecules of carbon dioxide are formed.
e. all of these occur.
Q:
Which of the following yields carbon dioxide during the breakdown of glucose in aerobic respiration?
a. phosphoglycerate
b. pyruvate
c. oxaloacetate
d. PGAL
e. fructose bisphosphate
Q:
Pyruvate is the end product of
a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
e. the citric acid cycle.
Q:
Which of the following molecules does NOT have a total of three carbon atoms?
a. PEP
b. PGAL
c. fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
d. pyruvate
e. phosphoglycerate (PGA)
Q:
Substrate-level phosphorylation
a. occurs during glycolysis.
b. requires the presence of oxygen.
c. is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose.
d. is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration.
e. all of these are true.
Q:
How many ATP molecules (total) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 36
e. 38
Q:
Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers phosphate groups from
a. substrate.
b. coenzyme.
c. the electron transfer chain.
d. ATP.
e. the Krebs cycle.
Q:
In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named
a. PGAL.
b. pyruvate.
c. acetyl-CoA.
d. lactate.
e. acetaldehyde.
Q:
Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of NAD+ and
a. NADP.
b. pyruvate.
c. glucose.
d. NADH.
e. H2O.
Q:
For glycolysis to begin,
a. glucose must enter the mitochondria.
b. there must be an input of energy from ATP.
c. oxygen must be available.
d. some hydrogen acceptors must be available.
e. none of these needs to occur.
Q:
How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. 6
Q:
Glycolysis-Glucose Breakdown Starts Which of the following is indicated by the arrow as the location of glycolysis?
a. cytoplasm
b. Golgi body
c. nucleoid
d. mitochondrion
e. rough endoplasmic reticulum
Q:
The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is
I. glycolysis
II. electron transport chain
III. Krebs cycle
a. I >>> II >>> III.
b. II >>> I >>> III.
c. III >>> I >>> II.
d. II >>> III >>> I.
e. I >>> III >>> II.
Q:
Which of the following has the greatest total energy?
a. cAMP
b. ADP
c. ATP
d. glucose
e. NADPH
Q:
Which of the following requires oxygen to function?
a. aerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactate fermentation
e. all require oxygen
Q:
For animals, the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration is
a. NADP+.
b. sulfur.
c. oxygen.
d. magnesium.
e. phosphorus.
Q:
Aerobic respiration
a. evolved and enabled living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.
b. occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis.
c. utilizes fat as its primary energy source.
d. occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body.
e. is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP.
Q:
When molecules are broken apart in respiration,
a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
c. the energy released is channeled into molecules of ATP.
d. ATP is converted into ADP.
e. ADP is released as a waste product.
Q:
During the third stage of aerobic respiration, electrons and hydrogen ions released by the reactions of the first two stages are picked up by
a. photosynthetic enzymes and ATP.
b. CO2 and H2O
c. iron and glucose.
d. NAD+ and FAD.
e. none of these.
Q:
How many net ATP are generated in aerobic respiration?
a. 2
b. 8
c. 10
d. 32
e. 36
Q:
The symptoms and signs of Friedreich's ataxia include all of the following EXCEPT
a. loss of coordination.
b. iron buildup in mitochondria.
c. serious heart problems.
d. liver failure.
e. weak muscles.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the electromagnetic spectrum is true?
a. Infrared energy is sufficient to produce ionization.
b. Infrared radiation has more energy than red radiation.
c. Visible light has more energy than ultraviolet radiation.
d. Chlorophyll absorbs some visible wavelengths, but not all.
e. Chloroplasts absorb all wavelengths of visible light equally.
Q:
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
a. Photons are packages of solar energy.
b. Each photon consists of a fixed amount of energy.
c. The least energetic photons travel in longer wavelengths.
d. Photons with different energy levels are perceived as exhibiting different colors.
e. Photons of visible light have wavelengths shorter than 350 nanometers.
Q:
Plants are considered to be:
a. heterotrophs.
b. chemotrophs.
c. carbotrophs.
d. autotrophs.
e. a combination of all of these.
Q:
Ethanol can be easily produced from:
a. photosynthetic pigments.
b. crystalline cellulose.
c. root systems of plants.
d. plant sugars.
e. all of these.
Q:
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE concerning photosynthetic plants?
a. They get carbon from the environment.
b. They obtain energy from the environment.
c. They make their own food.
d. They provide food for others.
e. They do not need gases to make food.
Q:
Both C4 and CAM plants have modified carbon fixation - how do they each do carbon fixation and what is the benefit of each of these types of carbon fixation?
Q:
Consider the Calvin-Benson cycle and the noncyclic photosynthetic pathway. Why is the cyclic pathway so important?
Q:
The splitting of water produces three products. Name and discuss the role of each.
Q:
A trip to space finds a planet rich with green light. Scientists hope to introduce photosynthetic organsims to this planet. What sort of organism should they choose?
Q:
Any light-driven reaction that attaches phosphate to a molecule is called __________.
Q:
The five reactions listed below occur during the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation. Use them to respond to the following statements.
a. reduction of NADP+
b. phosphorylation of ADP
c. photolysis of water
d. oxidation of chlorophyll
e. reduction of chlorophyll
Oxygen is produced by this process.
Q:
The five reactions listed below occur during the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation. Use them to respond to the following statements.
a. reduction of NADP+
b. phosphorylation of ADP
c. photolysis of water
d. oxidation of chlorophyll
e. reduction of chlorophyll
High-energy phosphate bonds are formed during this process.
Q:
The five reactions listed below occur during the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation. Use them to respond to the following statements.
a. reduction of NADP+
b. phosphorylation of ADP
c. photolysis of water
d. oxidation of chlorophyll
e. reduction of chlorophyll
The final step that occurs during noncyclic ATP formation is this.
Q:
The five reactions listed below occur during the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation. Use them to respond to the following statements.
a. reduction of NADP+
b. phosphorylation of ADP
c. photolysis of water
d. oxidation of chlorophyll
e. reduction of chlorophyll
When light energy is absorbed by a leaf, the first result will be this.
Q:
The five reactions listed below occur during the noncyclic pathway of ATP formation. Use them to respond to the following statements.
a. reduction of NADP+
b. phosphorylation of ADP
c. photolysis of water
d. oxidation of chlorophyll
e. reduction of chlorophyll
This process releases electrons to fill "holes" in chlorophyll in noncyclic ATP formation.
Q:
The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.
a. light-dependent reactions
b. chemosynthetic reactions
c. carbon dioxide fixation
d. Calvin-Benson cycle
e. C4 pathway
PGAL molecules are formed from the reaction of PGA molecules with ATP and NADPH in this pathway.
Q:
The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.
a. light-dependent reactions
b. chemosynthetic reactions
c. carbon dioxide fixation
d. Calvin-Benson cycle
e. C4 pathway
This is a carbon-fixing system that precedes the Calvin-Benson cycle in some plants.
Q:
The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.
a. light-dependent reactions
b. chemosynthetic reactions
c. carbon dioxide fixation
d. Calvin-Benson cycle
e. C4 pathway
This yields NADPH as well as ATP.
Q:
The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.
a. light-dependent reactions
b. chemosynthetic reactions
c. carbon dioxide fixation
d. Calvin-Benson cycle
e. C4 pathway
In this process carbon dioxide is incorporated first into an unstable intermediate compound and then into phosphoglycerate.
Q:
The processes listed below represent major chemical pathways in photosynthesis. Respond to the following statements with reference to these five processes.
a. light-dependent reactions
b. chemosynthetic reactions
c. carbon dioxide fixation
d. Calvin-Benson cycle
e. C4 pathway
This leads to the formation of a glucose-6-phosphate from two molecules of phosphoglyceraldehyde.
Q:
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
The formation of glucose
Q:
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
The PGA to PGAL conversion
Q:
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
Carbon dioxide fixation
Q:
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
Noncyclic pathway of ATP formation
Q:
Choose the one most appropriate description.
a. uses ribulose bisphosphate; produces PGA
b. uses ATP and NADPH
c. uses two PGAL
d. produces ATP and NADPH
e. uses an electron transfer chain to produce ATP
Cyclic pathway of ATP formation
Q:
The CAM pathway
a. involves only the Calvin-Benson cycle
b. involves only the C4 cycle
c. is used by plants in humid regions
d. is also known as photorespiration
e. needs day and night for completion
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE concerning the C4 pathway?
a. It produces large amounts of carbohydrates.
b. It feeds into the C3 pathway.
c. It is the mechanism of photorespiration.
d. It involves the activity of rubisco.
e. All of these are true.
Q:
With regard to photosynthesis, photorespiration
a. is more efficient in producing carbohydrates.
b. predominates in C3 plants in cool weather when water is plentiful.
c. predominates in C4 plants on hot days.
d. produces the same amount of PGA.
e. does none of these.
Q:
Which of the following has the most energy?
a. phosphoglycerate (PGA)
b. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
d. glucose
e. rubisco
Q:
All, EXCEPT which of the following, are present in both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions?
a. ATP
b. NADPH
c. ADP
d. rubisco
e. NADP+
Q:
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
a. fix carbon dioxide.
b. release oxygen.
c. cannot occur in light.
d. generate ATP.
e. do all of these.
Q:
Which of the following chemicals has five carbon atoms?
a. phosphoglycerate (PGA)
b. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
d. glucose
e. none of these
Q:
The first stable compound produced from CO2 in the light-independent reaction is
a. phosphoglycerate (PGA).
b. ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).
d. O2.
e. NADP+.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT produced in the synthesis (light-independent) reactions?
a. NADPH
b. phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
d. glucose
e. ribulose bisphosphate
Q:
Which of the following is formed last in the transfer of solar energy?
a. H+
b. excited electrons
c. ATP
d. O2
e. NADPH
Q:
The proteins associated with the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis are located
a. on the outer membranes of the chloroplast.
b. in the stroma.
c. on the thylakoid membrane.
d. throughout the cytoplasm of plant cells.
e. in the thylakoid compartment.
Q:
All of the products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis listed below are used in the light-independent reactions EXCEPT for
a. O2.
b. electrons.
c. NADPH.
d. ATP.
e. hydrogen protons contributed by NADPH.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of photolysis?
a. It is a function of the cyclic pathway.
b. It involves photosystem II.
c. It occurs in the light-dependent reactions.
d. It is the source of oxygen in photosynthesis.
e. It directly replaces electrons lost by p680.
Q:
Plant cells release hydrogen ions and oxygen from H2O molecules in
a. photosystem I.
b. photosystem II.
c. cyclic photophosphorylation.
d. the light independent reaction.
e. carbon fixation
Q:
The electrons for photosynthesis come from:
a. ATP.
b. glucose.
c. NADP+.
d. chlorophyll a.
e. H2O.
Q:
A high concentration of H+ in the thylakoid compartment provides potential energy for the ____ by____.
a. breakdown of water; oxidation
b. production of ATP; ATP synthesis
c. reduction of NADP+; an electron transfer chain
d. production of sugars; the light-independent reactions
e. production of O2; photolysis
Q:
Which of the following statements describes an electron transfer chain?
a. It generates energy from carbohydrates.
b. Cells use it to dispose of excess electrons.
c. It utilizes ATP to synthesize nutrients.
d. It transfers energy, stepwise, from one compound to another.
e. It requires activation by oxygen.