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Biology & Life Science
Q:
The term "niche" is usually limited to a description of the physical surroundings in which a species is normally found.
Q:
Biodiversity is essential for all communities to survive.
Q:
Genetic diversity may be one of the characteristics of a biologically diverse community.
Q:
To be a keystone species, an organism must be the most numerous species in an environment.
Q:
Because their absence may have negative repercussions for population control and resource use for the whole community, lions on the African savanna are identified as a keystone species.
Q:
Ecological dominants are always the most abundant members of a community.
Q:
Communities with the most biodiversity are found in areas with low geographic diversity.
Q:
A community is a more inclusive category than a population.
Q:
Ecological dominants are typically the top predators in a community.
Q:
The process in succession in which the actions of early-arriving species enable the success of later-arriving species is:
A) coevolution.
B) mutualism.
C) facilitation.
D) mimicry.
Q:
After succession, a stable group of species that persists over long periods is referred to as a:
A) coevolution group.
B) climax community.
C) population.
D) competitive population.
Q:
What do we call the first species that invade a new island that has risen from the ocean?
A) pioneer species
B) climax communities
C) commensals
D) invaders
Q:
Which of the following happens when a new island arises from the ocean and life begins to colonize the island?
A) competitive exclusion
B) coevolution
C) primary succession
D) secondary succession
Q:
Many farms in New England were abandoned in the 1800s as settlers reached the more fertile grasslands of the Midwest. These farms had been planted in different crops, but within five to ten years the farms appeared to have similar herbaceous and small tree species on them. This is an example of:
A) convergent evolution.
B) primary succession.
C) coevolution.
D) secondary succession.
Q:
A landslide in the Oregon Cascades causes all the soil in a 30-meter by 300-meter section of a mountain to fall away, taking the trees and their roots and all other vegetation with it. Within three years, however, lichens and some small herbaceous plants can be seen on the surface of the remaining rock. This is an example of:
A) secondary succession.
B) primary succession.
C) a climax community.
D) facilitation.
Q:
Generally speaking, the term for the process by which two species drive each other's evolution is:
A) succession.
B) coevolution.
C) competition.
D) mutualism.
Q:
Many bromeliads are epiphytes on the bark of tropical trees. They do not tap into the vascular system of the trees, but they collect the nutrient-rich water that drips through the canopy of the trees. This is an example of:
A) predation.
B) succession.
C) mutualism.
D) commensalism.
Q:
Many plant species produce flowers of a certain color and shape to attract honeybees. These plants produce nectar, and the bees transport pollen from one plant to another while searching for nectar. This is an example of:
A) succession.
B) predation.
C) commensalism.
D) mutualism.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of coevolution?
A) the reliance of flowers and bees on each other
B) the visual acuity of eagles and hawks
C) the development of a watertight seed
D) the ability of plants to use sunlight to make their own fuel
Q:
An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is not affected is classified as:
A) commensalism.
B) mutualism.
C) coevolution.
D) competition.
Q:
Two moths with similar markings each produce a chemical that makes their bird predators sick to their stomach if eaten. Which principle of ecology does this demonstrate?
A) commensalism
B) mutualism
C) Mllerian mimicry
D) Batesian mimicry
Q:
The Venus flytrap, a carnivorous plant, might be considered a:
A) parasite.
B) predator.
C) mutualistic plant.
D) pioneer.
Q:
You are doing field work on a small, uninhabited island. You are supplementing your food supply with fish that live in some of the ponds on the island. You catch a brightly colored fish with red and black stripes, filet it, pan fry it, and spit out your first bite because it tastes like it had been soaked in urine. Back at camp, your guide from a nearby island is pan frying fish with red and black stripes he caught in an adjacent pond. When you tell him not to eat those, he smiles and says these are the best-tasting fish in the whole island chain! You look closer and see the pattern of the red and black stripes is just a little different from the fish you caught.What principle of ecology have you just experienced firsthand?
A) commensalism
B) mutualism
C) Mllerian mimicry
D) Batesian mimicry
Q:
When faced with a threat, gopher snakes and bull snakes, who have markings similar to rattlesnakes, will "rattle" their tails in brush to sound like a rattlesnake. In this case, the gopher and bull snakes are mimics, and the rattlesnake is the:
A) predator.
B) prey.
C) model.
D) commensal.
Q:
For a parasite living in human skin, the person is the:
A) prey.
B) victim.
C) mimic.
D) host.
Q:
A harmless moth that resembles a poisonous wasp is an example of:
A) mutualism.
B) commensalism.
C) Batesian mimicry.
D) Mllerian mimicry.
Q:
The population of a carnivore has doubled this year. Predict what will likely happen to the population of its prey over the next 12 months.
A) It will also increase.
B) It is likely to decrease.
C) It will remain stable, like all predatorprey relationships.
D) It will be erratic but increase slightly.
Q:
If we find an orange plant that lacks chlorophyll living on a green plant, it is likely that the orange plant is a:
A) parasite.
B) commensal.
C) predator.
D) host.
Q:
If two species of woodpeckers eat two different kinds of beetle larvae on pine trees in a forest, we would identify that as:
A) mutualism.
B) resource partitioning.
C) competitive exclusion.
D) commensalism.
Q:
When placed in the same habitat, Paramecium aurelia will replace Paramecium caudatum. This is an example of:
A) mutualism.
B) commensalism.
C) parasitism.
D) competitive exclusion.
Q:
You are doing biology field work studying two species of lizards on a small volcanic island. Although quite hostile to each other when they accidentally meet, the two species usually remain in separate parts of the island. Species A seems to live and hunt insects only in the lower grassland part of the island. Species B seems to live and hunt only in the upper rocky areas. Species A has a short tongue but has longer legs and is a faster runner. Species B is short, squat, runs slower, but has a long tongue. You observe Species A chasing down some pretty large, fast-moving insects, while Species B meanders from rock to rock, using its long tongue to get insects hiding between rocks and in cracks. What principle of ecology do your two lizard species demonstrate?
A) competitive exclusion
B) resource partitioning
C) coexistence
D) convergent evolution
Q:
A red-shouldered hawk chases a falcon away from a dead squirrel. This is an example of:
A) interspecific competition.
B) coexistence.
C) mutualism.
D) commensalism.
Q:
In interspecific competition, the competitors are generally competing for:
A) mates.
B) coexistence.
C) social status.
D) resources.
Q:
Barnacles are filter-feeding molluscs that live by filtering plankton from seawater. This is a description of the barnacles':
A) community.
B) habitat.
C) niche.
D) ecosystem.
Q:
Barnacles live on exposed rocks washed over by waves at the shore. This is a description of the barnacles':
A) community.
B) habitat.
C) niche.
D) ecosystem.
Q:
The "occupation" of a species in an area is identified as its:
A) habitat.
B) community.
C) niche.
D) population.
Q:
The "address" where a species lives within a certain area is identified as its:
A) ecosystem.
B) habitat.
C) community.
D) population.
Q:
A botanist has found that the giant saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea, lives in the Sonoran Desert below the freeze line and in some very dry regions (such as Yuma) to the eastern edge of Arizona. She has described the ________ of saguaro.
A) resource spectrum
B) vital resource
C) resource band
D) habitat
Q:
Choose the characteristic associated with a top predator who is also a keystone species.
A) the largest animal in the community
B) the fastest animal in the community
C) a species that can easily cause extinction of the community
D) a species whose loss may alter diversity within the community
Q:
The coral organisms on a coral reef cannot be replaced by any other organism. For that reason, we identify those species as:
A) ecological dominants.
B) keystone species.
C) mutualistic species.
D) symbiotic species.
Q:
On a hike along the desert slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California, you notice that there is an abundance of pinyon pine and juniper trees. We would identify these two plants as:
A) competitors.
B) mutualistic species.
C) ecological dominants.
D) symbiotic species.
Q:
Biodiversity includes the:
A) genetic diversity within only the keystone species.
B) distribution of species in only one population.
C) diversity of species in a given area.
D) number of individuals in a population.
Q:
An accidental spill of a pesticide locally wiped out the most abundant species of butterfly in coastal California. Most of the bird species in the area had fed on this butterfly, but they switched prey to moths, and thus the birds showed only a small decrease in population size. The butterflies were a/an:
A) keystone species, and thus they were driven to extinction very easily.
B) endangered species.
C) ecological dominant, but they were not a keystone species.
D) pioneer species.
Q:
Keystone species are:
A) always at the top of the food chain.
B) always the most numerous.
C) never at the top of the food chain.
D) might be of any number, anywhere on the food chain.
Q:
A small number of species that are abundant in a given community are called:
A) community species.
B) ecological dominants.
C) dominant species.
D) keystone species.
Q:
In a typical ecosystem, a species whose removal would have a bigger impact than any other would be a/an:
A) community species.
B) ecological dominants.
C) dominant species.
D) keystone species.
Q:
Studying the changes in densities of pocket gophers when large herbivores such as elk are excluded from mountain forests would be an example of studying ecology at which level?
A) community
B) ecosystem
C) biosphere
D) population
Q:
Studying the egg production rates of a certain species of frog in a particular pond would be an example of studying ecology at which level?
A) ecosystem
B) population
C) biosphere
D) community
Q:
Which of the following might an ecologist study?
A) general nature of digestive enzymes of deer
B) genetics of mosquitoes
C) effects of increasing carbon dioxide on forest growth
D) function of the immune system in human populations
Q:
Which of the following might cause an exponential increase in deer populations across the United States?
A) reduction in parasites that are found in emaciated deer
B) reduction in the population of wolves and bobcats
C) increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
D) improvement in forest soil
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. Which graph, A, B, or C, represents a population likely to exhibit the greatest population rate increase over the next few decades?
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.What does the graph of Daphnia population growth suggest about this species?A) The slow start suggests long generation time and a K-selected species.B) The J-curve suggests short generation time and an r-selected species.C) The straight line suggests a changing carrying capacity.D) The high numbers suggest arithmetic increase.
Q:
Evaluate why intrinsic rate of increase alone is not necessarily an indication of how quickly a population will grow over a given period of time compared to that of another population or species.
Q:
Compare the trends seen in the characteristics of r-selected and K-selected species, also noting exceptions learned in your study of population ecology.
Q:
What factors may affect the carrying capacity for a species in an environment? Is the carrying capacity usually a fixed number, and why or why not?
Q:
What is the total fertility rate number associated with zero population growth, and why?
Q:
Species with populations that are likely to rise and fall rapidly in reaction to variations in the environment are referred to as ________ species.
Q:
Species with individuals that die equally or linearly at all different ages throughout their life span are known as ________-loss species.
Q:
Why are K-selected species also known as equilibrium species?
Q:
An "S" shaped curve would be indicative of ________ growth.
Q:
Environmental pressures on a population, such as temperature and pH, are density ________ factors.
Q:
What would be the "r" value or intrinsic rate of growth of a population that had 50 births and 40 deaths per year out of 1000?
Q:
Species that are introduced to new habitats, such as islands, often exhibit very high growth rates, but then growth rates level off. Explain this phenomenon, and describe the different patterns of growth.
Q:
A friend tells you that vintners use yeast that produce alcohol to turn grape juice into wine. He also observes that wine must still have living yeast in it because vintners don't pasteurize wine to kill the yeast. To make wine himself, he explains, he added wine to grape juice with the expectation that the yeast would turn the juice into wine. It didn't work, and your friend wonders why not. In terms of population ecology, what can you explain to your friend about the death of his yeast?
Q:
What is the relationship between a community and an ecosystem?
Q:
Define the term biosphere.
Q:
Match the following.A) straight line graph of growthB) J-curve graph of growthC) carrying capacityD) birth rate minus death rateE) S-curve graph of growthMaximum sustainable population density
Q:
Match the following.A) straight line graph of growthB) J-curve graph of growthC) carrying capacityD) birth rate minus death rateE) S-curve graph of growthIntrinsic rate of increase
Q:
Match the following.A) straight line graph of growthB) J-curve graph of growthC) carrying capacityD) birth rate minus death rateE) S-curve graph of growthArithmetic growth
Q:
Match the following.A) straight line graph of growthB) J-curve graph of growthC) carrying capacityD) birth rate minus death rateE) S-curve graph of growthLogistic growth
Q:
Match the following.A) straight line graph of growthB) J-curve graph of growthC) carrying capacityD) birth rate minus death rateE) S-curve graph of growthExponential growth
Q:
Per capita use of resources and CO2emissions may be just as important as population size when considering stress to the global environment.
Q:
The total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children born to each woman in a population.
Q:
Except for the period during which the bubonic plague occurred, the human population demonstrated logistic growth from the Middle Ages until about 50 years ago.
Q:
Total human fertility rates have dropped globally in the past 50 years.
Q:
Life tables are used to predict how many individuals will be born in any specific year.
Q:
Equilibrium species are usually limited by density dependent factors.
Q:
K-selected species are also called equilibrium species.
Q:
Elephants are good examples of r-selected species.
Q:
Most K-selected species have short generation times.