Q&A Hero

Q: Blood in the pulmonary arteries is moving toward the heart.

Q: Veins are smaller blood vessels than capillaries.

Q: Arteries always carry blood that is oxygen rich.

Q: Ions in plasma are also known as electrolytes.

Q: Because they are cell fragments, not cells, platelets are a component of plasma, not a formed element.

Q: Water and plasma proteins make up about 99 percent of blood plasma.

Q: The blood consists entirely of blood cells and water.

Q: Most of the oxygen in human blood is: A) carried in the plasma membrane of red blood cells. B) carried on albumin. C) carried in hemoglobin. D) dissolved in the plasma.

Q: During gas exchange, oxygen and carbon dioxide always move: A) down their concentration gradients. B) into the alveoli. C) out of the blood. D) into the blood.

Q: When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity ________, and you ________. A) gets larger; exhale B) gets larger; inhale C) gets smaller; inhale D) gets smaller; exhale

Q: The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called: A) cellular respiration. B) ventilation. C) external respiration. D) internal respiration.

Q: The combination of large numbers and small size collectively gives alveoli what characteristic that is essential to their function? A) low air resistance B) easy inflatability C) low surface area D) high surface area

Q: The tiny air sacs of the lungs are called: A) bronchi. B) trachea. C) alveoli. D) bronchioles.

Q: Which is the best description of the function of the respiratory system? A) delivers carbon dioxide to the blood B) fills the lungs with air C) facilitates gas exchange between the environment and body cells D) delivers oxygen to the blood

Q: What force is most important in returning blood back to the heart in the veins? A) contraction of the skeletal muscles in the body B) contraction of the ventricles on the heart C) gravity D) osmotic pressure of proteins in the blood

Q: Some of the fluid that leaks out of the capillaries is pulled back nearer to the end of the capillary bed by: A) higher blood pressure in the capillaries. B) suction from valves. C) higher osmotic pressure in the capillaries. D) low interstitial fluid pressure.

Q: Which of the following usually drain blood from a capillary bed? A) arteries B) venules C) veins D) arterioles

Q: What relationship between LDLs and HDLs is the healthiest? A) high levels of both HDLs and LDLs B) high levels of LDLs and low levels of HDLs C) low levels of LDLs and high levels of HDLs D) low levels of both HDLs and LDLs

Q: In an area that has been "set up" for a heart attack by plaque formation, what is the most direct final trigger likely to be? A) a sudden rise in HDL levels B) a sudden drop in LDL levels C) thinning of the blood D) blood clot formation in the swollen area E) eating a fatty meal

Q: Which of the following will raise HDL and lower LDL levels? A) exercise B) replacing unsaturated fat in the diet with saturated fat C) drinking more milk D) stopping the use of anti-inflammatory medications

Q: Which factor contributes to plaque formation in coronary arteries? A) inflammation of the lining where LDLs have attached B) inflammation of the lining where HDLs have attached C) protein deposits in the interior D) fat cells clogging the interior

Q: The coronary arteries that bring blood to the heart branch off from the: A) aorta. B) vena cava. C) pulmonary artery. D) pulmonary vein.

Q: Why is the left side of the heart stronger than the right side of the heart? A) The left side pumps blood to the right side of the body, which has more muscle mass. B) The left side receives more oxygen from the lungs. C) The right side pumps only to the lungs, and the left side pumps blood around the whole body. D) The right side pumps blood only to the brain, and the left side pumps blood around the whole body.

Q: Which chamber of the heart is connected to the aorta? A) right ventricle B) left ventricle C) right atrium D) left atrium

Q: When a doctor uses a stethoscope to listen to your heart and hears the lub-dub sound, she is actually listening to the: A) valves in the heart closing. B) blood surging through the arteries. C) contraction of the cardiac muscle in the ventricles. D) electrical signals that control heartbeat.

Q: Nerve-like muscle cells that function as the heart's pacemaker are found in the: A) left ventricle. B) right ventricle. C) coronary arteries. D) atrioventricular valves. E) sinoatrial node.

Q: Which vein in the body carries oxygenated blood? A) coronary vein B) superior vena cava C) inferior vena cava D) pulmonary vein E) Veins never carry oxygenated blood.

Q: Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the lungs? A) left ventricle B) right ventricle C) left atrium D) right atrium

Q: A heart murmur would be associated with the malfunction of which structure? A) aorta B) pacemaker C) heart muscle D) atrioventricular valves E) heart epithelial tissue

Q: Which structure contains deoxygenated blood? A) left atrium B) left ventricle C) aorta D) pulmonary vein E) pulmonary artery

Q: Blood flow from the heart, to the lungs, and back to the heart is known as the: A) pericardial circulation. B) pulmonary circulation. C) coronary circulation. D) systemic circulation.

Q: What happens when the diameter of an artery decreases? A) Its semilunar valves open. B) Its epithelial cells stretch. C) The heart rate decreases. D) The blood pressure decreases. E) The blood pressure increases.

Q: The outer layer of an artery or vein is composed of: A) epithelium. B) smooth muscle. C) connective tissue. D) cartilage.

Q: People with high blood pressure often take medication to lower blood pressure. Some of these medications might do this by: A) increasing the blood volume. B) relaxing the smooth muscles in the arteries. C) opening the valves in the veins. D) increasing the number of platelets in the blood.

Q: Veins always carry blood: A) toward the heart. B) toward the capillaries. C) away from the lungs. D) away from the heart.

Q: Which vessels are structurally suited for the central purpose of allowing substances to pass in and out of them through their entire lengths? A) arterioles B) veins C) arteries D) capillaries E) semilunar valves

Q: Which of the following best describes fibrinogen? A) Fibrinogen is the connective tissue in the wall of an artery. B) Fibrinogen is the protein portion of the hemoglobin molecule. C) Fibrinogen is a transport lipoprotein that carries cholesterol. D) Fibrinogen is a lipid found in platelets. E) Fibrinogen is a plasma protein involved in clotting.

Q: Which of the following is true of the relationship of red blood cells to the other formed elements? A) Red blood cells make up about half of the formed elements. B) Red blood cells make up over 99 percent of the formed elements. C) Red blood cells are the only formed element not made in bone marrow. D) Red blood cells are the most important formed element involved in blood clotting. E) Red blood cells are the only formed element without a plasma membrane.

Q: Which of the following best describes High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs)? A) HDLs are transport proteins that carry lipids from tissues to the liver. B) HDLs are transport proteins that carry lipids from the liver to tissues. C) HDLs are large versions of the cholesterol molecule. D) HDLs are critical components to the oxygen-carrying ability of red blood cells.

Q: Why do new red blood cells survive for only a few months? A) The heart pumps red blood cells so often that their membranes deteriorate. B) The oxygen that red blood cells carry damages their organelles. C) Red blood cells do not have most organelles or a nucleus. D) The hemoglobin that red blood cells carry is toxic.

Q: If someone has an iron deficiency in the diet, which part of the blood would this mainly impact? A) plasma proteins B) red blood cells C) platelets D) white blood cells

Q: Erythrocyte is another term for: A) plasma protein. B) white blood cell. C) platelet. D) red blood cell.

Q: Formed elements in the blood consist of all the parts below except: A) plasma proteins. B) white blood cells. C) platelets. D) red blood cells.

Q: Which blood component is made of fragments of cells rather than a complete cell? A) red blood cells B) platelets C) white blood cells D) plasma

Q: Many people regularly donate plasma. Which of the following substances is not given when the plasma is donated? A) electrolytes B) antibodies C) water D) red blood cells

Q: If a person is unable to clot blood properly, which of the following might be lacking? A) platelets B) red blood cells C) white blood cells D) ions

Q: Which of the following may be found in blood plasma? A) water, proteins, nutrients, and ions B) water, proteins, and ions C) water and proteins D) water

Q: The formed elements account for about what percentage of the total volume of blood? A) 100 percent B) 45 percent C) 75 percent D) 10 percent

Q: What is the relationship of bone marrow to the cardiovascular system? A) Bone marrow produces red blood cells. B) Bone marrow helps keep the blood moving through the body. C) Bone marrow produces chemicals that help carry carbon dioxide in the blood. D) Bone marrow breaks down old blood cells.

Q: The human cardiovascular system is comparable in some ways to a car's: A) engine. B) electrical system. C) cooling system. D) transmission system.

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s). Which drawing, A, B, or C, depicts a formed element important in clotting?

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s). Which drawing, A, B, or C, depicts a formed element involved in gas exchange?

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).Which drawing, A, B, or C, depicts a formed element involved in the body's immune response?

Q: Discuss the effects of holding one's breath for more than a minute.

Q: Prepare an argument for why the following statement is incorrect: The formed elements are the only important part of blood, and plasma is just the water they're carried in.

Q: Particularly with regard to gas exchange, why do we have respiratory and cardiovascular systems, but flatworms, which are only a few cells thick, don't?

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity. The cells indicated by a "2" are:A) bacterial cells.B) cytotoxic T cells.C) helper T cells.D) memory cells.E) plasma cells.

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s).The figure above shows antibody-mediated immunity. The cells indicated by a "1" are:A) bacterial cells.B) cytotoxic T cells.C) helper T cells.D) memory cells.E) plasma cells.

Q: Even though they are different species, cowpox exposure can render immunity to smallpox. Compare the connections between this fact and the causes of autoimmune disorders.

Q: Compare and contrast the benefits of histamine and histamine-producing cells with their potential risks to the health of the human body.

Q: Explain the ways in which the two arms of the adaptive immune response are very effective yet different in their responses to pathogens. Be sure to compare and contrast their respective strengths and weaknesses.

Q: Between the hint in the name and what you learned in this section, speculate as to what an EpiPen contains.

Q: What happened to the young lady?

Q: Cowpox inoculation worked as a somewhat effective vaccine against smallpox because its viral particles were similar enough in ________ to smallpox viral particles.

Q: Antibodies are a part of our ________ immune response.

Q: The inflammatory response is caused by the chemical ________.

Q: What is a phagocyte?

Q: Inflammation is a type of ________ immune response.

Q: Match the following.A) limit the immune responseB) facilitates adaptive responseC) B cell that makes antibodiesD) antigen-presenting cellE) directly kills cellsDendritic cell

Q: Match the following.A) limit the immune responseB) facilitates adaptive responseC) B cell that makes antibodiesD) antigen-presenting cellE) directly kills cellsCytotoxic T cell

Q: Match the following.A) limit the immune responseB) facilitates adaptive responseC) B cell that makes antibodiesD) antigen-presenting cellE) directly kills cellsRegulatory T cell

Q: Match the following.A) limit the immune responseB) facilitates adaptive responseC) B cell that makes antibodiesD) antigen-presenting cellE) directly kills cellsPlasma cell

Q: Match the following.A) limit the immune responseB) facilitates adaptive responseC) B cell that makes antibodiesD) antigen-presenting cellE) directly kills cellsHelper T cell

Q: Therapy involving Toll-Like Receptors may be useful in treating some autoimmune disorders and cancers.

Q: AIDS is an autoimmune disease.

Q: Smallpox vaccines used today are heat-killed cowpox viruses.

Q: Antibodies may help phagocytes grab and ingest bacteria.

Q: B cell receptors are specific to only one antigen.

Q: B cells are the main cells of the cell-mediated pathway.

Q: Antibodies are produced by plasma cells and regulatory T cells.