Biology & Life Science

Q: Immune therapy research with potential to work in alleviating both organ rejection and autoimmune disease involves: A) antibodies. B) regulatory T cells. C) vaccines. D) cytotoxic T cell action.

Q: Why may a transplanted organ be rejected by the immune system? A) The organ contains different blood antigens. B) The immune system produces a severe allergic response. C) The organ contains different T cells. D) The organ contains different B cells. E) The organ has non-self surface recognition molecules.

Q: What do many of the different kinds of allergies have in common? A) They cause histamine release. B) They result in high blood pressure. C) They contribute to autoimmune disorders. D) All allergens are living things.

Q: Which of the following would best be defined in part as an immune system overreaction? A) autoimmune disease B) chronic disease C) allergies D) cell-mediated response E) cytotoxic T cell action

Q: Which of the following is an autoimmune disease that affects women in far greater numbers than men? A) type 1 diabetes B) AIDS C) allergies D) lupus

Q: Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? A) AIDS B) type 1 diabetes C) allergies D) anaphylactic shock

Q: What does it mean when we say a vaccine is based on an "attenuated" virus? A) The vaccine is a live virus that has been heat-killed. B) The vaccine is a live virus that has been chemically damaged. C) The vaccine is a similar species to the virus that isn't harmful (e.g., cowpox for smallpox). D) The vaccine isn't the virus at all, just similar-shaped chemicals. E) The vaccine is based on a virus that has been rendered harmless by lab-induced mutation.

Q: AIDS has become a more manageable illness in developed countries in recent years due to: A) vaccines. B) changes in the viral genome. C) medications that keep HIV from copying itself. D) general resistance in the human population. E) declining disease rates in most areas of the world.

Q: The virus HIV, which causes AIDS, infects: A) mast cells. B) B cells. C) T cells. D) phagocytes.

Q: Attaching an antibody to an antigen so that the antigen cannot attach to anything else is referred to as: A) coagulation. B) agglutination. C) antigen presentation. D) neutralization.

Q: Clumping of antibodies and antigens is referred to as: A) coagulation. B) agglutination. C) antigen presentation. D) neutralization.

Q: Once you have had a primary exposure to a specific antigen and encounter this antigen again, you will mount a rapid immune response due to: A) memory cells. B) antigen-presenting cells. C) antibodies. D) cytotoxic T cells.

Q: Which of the following is not true of antibodies? A) There are many different kinds of antibodies. B) Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells. C) Vaccines can stimulate production of antibodies. D) T cells produce antibodies. E) Antibodies bind to antigens.

Q: A plasma cell is a cell that has differentiated from a: A) B cell. B) mast cell. C) T cell. D) dendritic cell.

Q: Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T cells? A) Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates B cells. B) Regulatory T cells are a kind of helper T cell that stimulates cytotoxic T cells. C) Regulatory T cells help limit the immune system response. D) Regulatory T cells stabilize and support memory cells. E) Regulatory T cells stimulate natural killer cells to attack tumors.

Q: Place the following in proper sequence regarding activation of the cell-mediated response: (1) dendritic cell migrates to lymph node, (2) T cells divide rapidly, (3) dendritic cell ingests pathogen, (4) CD4 and CD8 cells dock with dendritic cell, (5) dendritic cell presents antigen on its surface. A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B) 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 C) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 D) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 E) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Q: Cells that help initiate the adaptive immune response by placing microbial antigens on their surfaces are generally referred to as: A) helper T cells. B) antigen-presenting cells. C) B cells. D) mast cells. E) regulatory T cells.

Q: Cells in the body that have been infected by a virus or bacteria are specifically killed by: A) cytotoxic B cells. B) mast cells. C) dendritic cells. D) regulatory T cells. E) cytotoxic T cells.

Q: What is the explanation for why B cells come in so many different types that can produce so many different antibodies? A) The genome of B cells is much larger than other body cells. B) B cells can recombine their genes with T cells. C) B cells can recombine their genes with the pathogen. D) B cells have gene fragments that can shuffle or recombine. E) B cells can regulate shape to match the antigen.

Q: Why does producing a large "clone" of activated T cells also provide long-term immunity? A) More cells are produced than necessary. B) Some of the T cells can become B cells. C) Some of the T cells become memory cells. D) Leftover antibodies last a long time. E) The cloned cells are stronger than the original cells.

Q: CD4 and CD8 T cells are likely to become active when they: A) interact with B-cells. B) travel through the spleen. C) travel through lymph nodes. D) are attracted by the inflammatory response. E) dock with a dendritic cell with a matching antigen.

Q: Infected body cells can self-identify for destruction by the immune system by: A) placing fragments of the infectious agent on their surfaces. B) reshaping their membranes into a pattern that B cells recognize. C) secreting hormones that stimulate macrophages. D) releasing histamine. E) becoming dendritic cells.

Q: Which statement about the B cells' abilities to produce antibodies is most accurate? A) B cells wait to encounter an antigen and then copy it. B) There are no B cells until an antigen is encountered. C) There may be 100 million different B-cells, each producing a different antibody. D) Most B cells are capable of producing any kind of antibody. E) B cells don't produce antibodies until they develop in the thymus.

Q: Lymphatic tissue closely associated with the bloodstream as well as lymphatic circulation is found in the: A) tonsils. B) spleen. C) thymus. D) bone marrow. E) intestine.

Q: The lymphocyte group that includes antibody-producing cells would be the: A) macrophages. B) mast cells. C) dendritic cells. D) T-cells. E) B-cells.

Q: The lymphocyte group that includes both CD4 receptor "helper" and CD8 receptor "killer" cells would be the: A) macrophages. B) mast cells. C) dendritic cells. D) T-cells. E) B-cells.

Q: Lymphocytes that become part of antibody-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the: A) bone marrow. B) thymus. C) intestine. D) lymph nodes. E) spleen.

Q: Lymphocytes that become part of cell-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the: A) bone marrow. B) thymus. C) intestine. D) lymph nodes. E) spleen.

Q: Lymphocytes and other white blood cells are produced in the: A) thymus gland. B) lymph nodes. C) bone marrow. D) heart.

Q: Which of the following best describes the place adaptive immunity occupies in the animal kingdom? A) All animals except sponges have adaptive immunity. B) Only vertebrates, echinoderms, and mollusks have adaptive immunity. C) Only vertebrates have adaptive immunity. D) Only mammals have adaptive immunity. E) Only humans have adaptive immunity.

Q: Which part of the innate response can sometimes kill bacteria outright but mainly speeds up metabolism, improving the immune response? A) histamine B) macrophage attack C) protective immunity D) fever E) fibrin

Q: Which part of the innate response cuts holes in the cell membranes of pathogens? A) complement proteins B) histamines C) antibodies D) cytokines E) fibrin

Q: Histamine causes which of the following? A) TLR production B) increased permeability and dilation of blood vessels C) antibody production D) complement protein production E) the anti-inflammatory response

Q: Signaling proteins that alert the immune system an infection is present and that sometimes directly fight pathogens are the: A) complement proteins. B) antibodies. C) cytokines. D) histamines. E) antihistamines.

Q: In which type of response are Toll-Like Receptors (TLR's) important to pathogens? A) protective immunity B) adaptive immunity C) barrier to infection D) innate response E) complement response

Q: The response that targets specific (and only specific) pathogens is the: A) phagocytosis response. B) barrier to infection. C) inflammatory response. D) innate response. E) adaptive immune response.

Q: Which cells in the immune system produce memory cells? A) mast cells B) lymphocytes C) eosinophils D) dendritic cells

Q: Which of the following cells release histamine? A) mast cells B) lymphocytes C) eosinophils D) dendritic cells

Q: Which of the following would be best categorized as a phagocyte? A) mast cell B) lymphocyte C) eosinophil D) dendritic cell

Q: Which part of the immune system does not target specific microbial invaders? A) antibodies B) specific defense C) antigens D) innate response

Q: Helpful bacteria that produce lactic acid would be a defense found in which part of the body? A) female reproductive tract B) stomach C) skin D) urinary tract E) respiratory tract

Q: The skin serves as which type of defense against pathogens? A) adaptive immunity B) protective immunity C) barrier to infection D) innate response E) complement

Q: Any substance that can cause an immune response is a/an: A) nonspecific defense. B) microbe. C) interferon. D) antigen. E) antibody.

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s). The endocrine gland indicated by a "2" corresponds to the:A) pineal.B) thyroid.C) adrenal cortex.D) thymus.E) pancreas.

Q: Refer to the figure below, and then answer the following question(s). The endocrine gland indicated by a "1" corresponds to the:A) pineal.B) thyroid.C) adrenal cortex.D) thymus.E) pancreas.

Q: As you may have heard before, stress can kill you! Explain the connection between the deleterious effects of stress and the endocrine system.

Q: Long ago, the pituitary gland was nicknamed the "master gland" of the endocrine system. Based on what you have learned from this section, provide an argument for why this nickname is undeserved or at least less deserved.

Q: What would be the logical consequences of hormones traveling via the circulatory system as compared to the action-potential-based stimuli of the nervous system? Are these consequences necessarily a disadvantage?

Q: Which hormones stimulate the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium?

Q: Which endocrine gland is associated with proper development of certain white blood cells?

Q: The hormone that stimulates mammary gland development and milk production is ________.

Q: What gland and hormone control the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex?

Q: A diabetic friend of yours passes out shortly after taking her insulin injection. She regains consciousness and asks you to give her one of the glucose tablets she carries in her purse. Another friend steps in and says, "Wait! You shouldn't give sugar to a diabetic!" Recalling what you learned about the endocrine system, you give your diabetic friend the glucose tablet she asked for. Why did you trust the request of your diabetic friend for the glucose tablet and not the other friend who thought he was being helpful (but wasn't)?

Q: A friend tells you that his Aunt Jane is being treated for a brain disorder that is causing her to produce too much of the glucocorticoid hormones. Your friend looked up the hormone and (correctly) found it to be produced by the adrenal glands. He says he doesn't understand why a brain disorder should have anything to do with the adrenal glands. What do you tell your friend to help him understand the connection between the two?

Q: Human growth hormone is composed of 191 amino acids. This would place it in which class of hormone?

Q: Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Q: Match the following.A) increases heart rate and blood pressureB) stimulates contraction of the uterusC) increases blood calcium levelsD) stimulates estrogen production and egg development in femalesE) increases metabolic rateT3 and T4

Q: Match the following.A) posterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) adrenal cortexD) pancreasE) anterior pituitaryOxytocin

Q: Match the following.A) posterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) adrenal cortexD) pancreasE) anterior pituitaryInsulin

Q: Match the following.A) posterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) adrenal cortexD) pancreasE) anterior pituitaryProlactin

Q: Match the following.A) posterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) adrenal cortexD) pancreasE) anterior pituitaryGlucocorticoids

Q: Match the following.A) posterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) adrenal cortexD) pancreasE) anterior pituitaryCalcitonin

Q: Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.A) steroid hormoneB) amino-acid-based hormoneC) peptide hormoneReceptors inside cell

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