Q&A Hero

Q: Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.A) steroid hormoneB) amino-acid-based hormoneC) peptide hormoneAdrenaline

Q: Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.A) steroid hormoneB) amino-acid-based hormoneC) peptide hormoneGrowth hormone

Q: Match the following. Answers may be used more than once.A) steroid hormoneB) amino-acid-based hormoneC) peptide hormoneEstrogen

Q: Cortisol is part of the body's stress response.

Q: Insulin stimulates liver cells to store glucose in the form of glycogen.

Q: Alpha cells of the pancreas make insulin.

Q: Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates thyroid gland follicles to produce T4.

Q: Most of the hormones of the anterior pituitary control other endocrine glands.

Q: Hypothalamic neurons directly control the anterior pituitary with neural stimuli at a synapse.

Q: The hypothalamus makes the hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary.

Q: The endocrine system helps maintain homeostasis through positive feedback.

Q: Small amounts of testosterone are made in the ovaries and adrenal glands of females.

Q: Most peptide hormones enter the target cell through large channels.

Q: The adrenal glands are located close to the heart.

Q: Some hormones may take up to several hours to work.

Q: Which hormone controls water retention by the kidneys and is also known as antidiuretic hormone? A) T4 B) parathyroid hormone C) luteinizing hormone D) vasopressin E) oxytocin

Q: Which hormone causes glucose to be produced from the breakdown of protein and fat? A) insulin B) glucagon C) cortisol D) growth hormone E) oxytocin

Q: Which organ that is a target of insulin plays the most significant role in regulating sugar levels in circulation? A) adrenal glands B) kidneys C) stomach D) pituitary E) liver

Q: When blood sugar levels are running low, the body would produce more: A) insulin than glucagon. B) glucagon than insulin. C) glycogen than insulin. D) insulin than cortisol. E) insulin than adrenaline.

Q: Insulin and glucagon are produced by a: A) small proportion of the cells in the pituitary. B) large proportion of the cells in the adrenal glands. C) small proportion of the cells in the pancreas. D) large proportion of the cells in the pancreas.

Q: Through nervous stimulation, the hypothalamus controls the release of which hormone? A) adrenaline B) growth hormone C) thyroid-stimulating hormone D) glucagon E) follicle-stimulating hormone

Q: Release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary is inhibited when: A) the metabolic rate of cells decreases. B) T3and T4levels are low. C) T3and T4levels are high. D) blood sugar levels are low. E) blood sugar levels are high.

Q: "Releasing hormones" and "inhibiting hormones" produced by the hypothalamus target the: A) posterior pituitary. B) anterior pituitary. C) adrenal glands. D) ovaries and testes. E) digestive organs.

Q: Hormones that are released by the posterior pituitary were made in the: A) hypothalamus. B) anterior pituitary. C) brain stem. D) adrenal glands. E) thalamus.

Q: The structure that is at the center of control for endocrine activity, particularly as it relates to homeostasis, is the: A) posterior pituitary gland. B) brain stem. C) thyroid gland. D) hypothalamus. E) cerebral cortex.

Q: In order to maintain homeostasis, parathyroid hormone would stimulate what response to low blood calcium levels? A) stimulate the hunger drive B) stimulate the thirst drive C) reduce urine production at the kidneys D) prompt bones to store calcium E) prompt bones to release stored calcium

Q: Release of most hormones is controlled by: A) the cerebrum. B) positive feedback. C) negative feedback. D) internal enzyme levels. E) DNA.

Q: Which of the following is a peptide hormone? A) melatonin B) progesterone C) adrenaline D) glucagon E) estrogen

Q: Which of the following is a steroid hormone? A) glucagon B) T4 from the thyroid C) adrenaline D) melatonin E) estrogen

Q: Steroid hormones generally work by: A) attaching to membrane receptors and triggering chemical reactions. B) passing into the cell and attaching to receptors inside. C) triggering an action potential in the cell. D) triggering an influx of potassium ions. E) stimulating endocytosis of hormones and receptors.

Q: Peptide hormones generally work by: A) attaching to membrane receptors and triggering chemical reactions. B) passing into the cell and attaching to receptors inside. C) triggering an action potential in the cell. D) triggering an influx of potassium ions. E) stimulating endocytosis of hormones and receptors.

Q: Hormones made from variations on the cholesterol molecule are: A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) protein hormones. D) glycolipid hormones. E) glycoprotein hormones.

Q: Hormones made from chains of amino acids are: A) peptide hormones. B) steroid hormones. C) protein hormones. D) glycolipid hormones. E) glycoprotein hormones.

Q: A bunch of hormone molecules travel by one cell and have no effect but quickly stimulate the next cell. What did the second cell have that the first did not? A) greater need for the hormone B) a homeostatic response C) receptors for the hormone D) dendrites E) larger size

Q: A consequence of the way hormones, as compared to neurotransmitters, get to their target cells is that hormones: A) must be larger molecules. B) must be proteins. C) can be lipids. D) would be slower to act. E) cannot maintain homeostasis.

Q: Hormones differ from other chemical messengers such as neurotransmitters in that hormones: A) are all in the lipid chemical family. B) travel through the bloodstream. C) cross a synapse. D) always suppress rather than stimulate a response. E) are released through ducts.

Q: Neurons are not true cells because they aren't spherical in shape.

Q: Voluntary movement of the legs is controlled by the somatic nervous system.

Q: Any nerve that carries messages from the brain and spinal cord is an afferent division of the PNS.

Q: The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS).

Q: When light enters the eye, it is bent, or refracted, first by the: A) retina. B) cornea. C) lens. D) vitreous body.

Q: Which part of the human eye detects colored light? A) enzymes in ganglion cells B) rhodopsin molecules C) aqueous humor D) cones E) cornea

Q: The iris of the human eye is composed partly of: A) nervous tissue. B) empty space. C) rods. D) connective tissue. E) smooth muscle.

Q: How do hair cells of the cochlea translate vibration into nervous impulses? A) Bending cilia lead to ion flow and neurotransmitter release. B) Pulling hairs trigger an action potential. C) Vibrating hairs open voltage sensitive channels. D) Moving cilia break molecules at their bases.

Q: The value of the three small bones of the middle ear is that they: A) translate vibration into nerve impulses. B) translate solid vibration into internal liquid vibration. C) amplify vibrations by concentrating them into a smaller area. D) connect the eardrum to the nerves of hearing.

Q: The cochlea is part of the: A) inner ear. B) outer ear. C) brain. D) eye.

Q: A person is blindfolded and then given a piece of apple to eat while the scent of pineapple is wafted around his or her nose. The person would most likely guess that he or she is eating a/an: A) apple. B) pineapple. C) new type of fruit. D) 50-50 mixture of apple and pineapple.

Q: The basic taste sensations are different in that each sensation works through: A) a different chemical reaction route in a taste cell. B) a similar chemical reaction route in a taste cell. C) different ciliated receptor varieties, just like smell receptors. D) different taste nerves.

Q: Which statement about the sense of smell in humans is most accurate? A) Smell is about equally as strong as taste. B) One hundred different receptor varieties allow us to discern about 100 scents. C) Combinations of over 300 receptors allow us to discern thousands of scents. D) Ciliated cells rapidly move scent molecules to the brain for rapid analysis.

Q: Our "oldest" sense, which works in a very similar way in insects, is the sense of: A) vision. B) hearing. C) smell. D) touch.

Q: The Pacinian corpuscle is important to: A) sight. B) hearing. C) the sense of touch. D) information about the position of the joints.

Q: Which of the following best describes sensory receptors? A) Sensory receptors interpret sensation. B) Sensory receptors translate action potentials into stimuli. C) Sensory receptors translate stimulation into action potentials. D) Sensory receptors work through efferent pathways.

Q: Proprioceptors provide us with: A) sight. B) hearing. C) the sense of touch. D) information about the position of the joints.

Q: The term "brain dead" may refer to the fact that all brain centers have ceased to function except the: A) cerebrum. B) cerebellum. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

Q: Which part of your brain processes the information in this question and, you hope, retrieves the information necessary to answer it? A) cerebellum B) cerebral cortex C) pons D) hypothalamus E) midbrain

Q: Most sensory information is routed through which structure before arriving in the cerebrum? A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) hypothalamus E) thalamus

Q: Which of the following best describes the structural aspect of the cerebral cortex? A) a thin band of gray matter making the outer layer of the cerebrum B) a thick band of white matter making the outer layer of the cerebrum C) a core of fast, myelinated axons in the interior of the brain D) a cap of white matter over the spinal cord, made mostly of the thalamus

Q: You are giving first aid to a semiconscious person who (before your arrival) told a bystander something about taking a drug overdose. The person has dilated pupils and a dry mouth. You recall reading that many drugs "mimic" the effects of nervous system functions, and you quickly size up which part of the nervous system is being mimicked here. The bystander is calling 911. In order to save time and best advise the emergency dispatcher about the treatment EMTs should be prepared to begin when they arrive, you tell the bystander to tell the 911 operator that the drug taken probably mimics which nervous system division? A) somatic B) parasympathetic C) sympathetic D) sfferent

Q: Which of the following would be a function of the sympathetic division? A) stimulate the stomach B) constrict the pupils C) stimulate the gallbladder D) accelerate heart rate

Q: Routine activities and energy conservation are controlled by the: A) peripheral nervous system. B) parasympathetic division. C) sympathetic division. D) thalamus.

Q: Any collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a: A) ganglion. B) afferent nerve. C) efferent nerve. D) dendrite.

Q: In a reflex such as the "knee jerk" or patellar reflex, the efferent signal travels through the: A) spinal cord. B) motor neuron. C) sensory neuron. D) interneuron.

Q: Axons of motor neurons first leave the spinal cord through the: A) spinal nerve. B) ventral roots. C) dorsal roots. D) dorsal root ganglion.

Q: Spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord are named for: A) their basic function. B) the organ they supply. C) the portion of the vertebral column around them. D) strictly the number sequence 130.

Q: A drug that causes potassium to leak out of the neuron would: A) make it harder to trigger action potentials in the neuron. B) cause the inside of the neuron to become more positive. C) cause the outside of the neuron to become more negative. D) make it easier to trigger action potentials in the neuron.

Q: Which statement best describes how one neuron stimulates another? A) Sodium ions jump across to the next neuron's membrane. B) The neurons are physically connected, so the action potential continues movement. C) Calcium ions diffuse across the synapse. D) Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synapse.

Q: Inrushing sodium ions trigger the opening of nearby channels and movement of sodium inward at that neighboring section of the membrane. What is occurring? A) normal resting potential B) an action potential C) neurotransmitter release D) protein movement

Q: A section of a neuron's membrane becomes temporarily positive on the inside when: A) ion channels open and sodium ions rush in. B) ion channels open and potassium ions rush in. C) negatively charged proteins exit the cell. D) neurotransmitters enter the cell.

Q: Part of the reason for the charge difference inside and outside a neuron's membrane is: A) excess potassium outside the membrane. B) excess sodium inside the membrane. C) negatively charged proteins inside the membrane. D) positively charged proteins inside the membrane. E) positively charged proteins outside the membrane.

Q: When a neuron is at its "resting potential," which of the following is true about the concentration of sodium ions? A) Sodium ions have a greater concentration inside the neuron's cell membrane. B) Sodium ions have a greater concentration outside the neuron's cell membrane. C) The sodium concentration is the same outside and inside the neuron's cell membrane.

Q: Nerves would be best described as: A) collections of motor neuron dendrites and cell bodies. B) collections of sensory neuron dendrites and cell bodies. C) bundles of dendrites in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). D) bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Q: White matter areas of the nervous system mostly contain: A) neuron cell bodies. B) myelinated axons. C) cerebrospinal fluid. D) ganglia.

Q: An organ or group of cells that responds to a motor neuron is a/an: A) effector. B) receptor. C) glial cell. D) sensory organ.

Q: Which of the following does the central nervous system use for the action of pulling your hand away from a hot object? A) receptors B) sensory neurons C) motor neurons D) glial cells

Q: Which of the following would send a signal to the central nervous system that you had touched a hot object? A) motor neuron B) sensory neuron C) interneuron D) glial cell

Q: Cells in the central nervous system that are important for functions such as memory are the: A) interneurons. B) sensory neurons. C) motor neurons. D) glial cells.

Q: The portion of the nervous system that most directly controls skeletal muscles is the: A) somatic. B) autonomic. C) sympathetic. D) parasympathetic. E) afferent.

Q: The autonomic nervous system is a part of the: A) central nervous system. B) somatic nervous system. C) peripheral nervous system. D) appendicular nervous system.

Q: The parts of the central nervous system are the: A) afferent and efferent. B) nerves and receptors. C) brain and spinal cord. D) autonomic and somatic.

Q: The cells of the nervous system that transmit nervous system messages are the: A) glial cells. B) dendrites. C) synapses. D) neurons.