Q&A Hero

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationThe introduction of a single species into a new environment produces rapid evolution of many new species.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationA plant arises within a population that has a different number of chromosome sets than other members of its population. It can self-fertilize but cannot interbreed with any other members of its population.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationThe sperm of one bird species cannot reach or fertilize the egg of a related bird species.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationDifferences in anatomy, physiology, or behavior prevent interbreeding of closely related species.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationHorses and donkeys can interbreed, but the mules that result are sterile.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationOne species of plant has a long flower tube and can only be pollinated by bumblebees, whereas another similar species has short flower tubes and can only be pollinated by honeybees.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationA population evolves into separate species when separated by a geographic barrier.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationMembers of one species mate at dusk, while members of a closely related species mate at dawn.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationNatural factors prevent interbreeding between closely related species.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationCourtship and mating displays keep organisms breeding within their own species.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationGeographic separation prevents interbreeding.

Q: Match the following.A) intrinsic isolating mechanismsB) gametic isolationC) adaptive radiationD) hybrid infertilityE) sympatric speciationF) temporal isolationG) behavioral isolationH) extrinsic isolating mechanismsI) ecological isolationJ) reproductive isolating mechanismsK) allopatric speciationGene flow between species is restricted because their habitats are separate.

Q: It is desirable for a classification system to be based on the evolutionary history of the organisms being studied.

Q: Speciation can never occur unless populations become separated by a geographic barrier.

Q: Speciation can occur without dramatic anatomical or genetic change.

Q: What causes geographic isolation for one kind of organism may not be isolating for another kind of organism.

Q: Even through they are separate species, lions and tigers can interbreed.

Q: About 50,000 animal species are vertebrates, yet only some vertebrates then went on to evolve four limbs. This tetrapod feature is considered to be a/an ________ of vertebrates. A) ancestral character B) homologous character C) analogous character D) derived character

Q: Analogous features in different organisms have nothing to do with common descent. These are produced by: A) convergent evolution. B) divergent evolution. C) reproductive isolation. D) adaptive radiation.

Q: Which of the following pairs of traits represents analogous characteristics? A) trout fins and frog legs B) sparrow wings and penguin wings C) bat wings and whale fins D) bat wings and dragonfly wings

Q: Which pair of animals is probably most closely related evolutionarily? A) animals in the same class B) animals in the same phyla C) animals in the same family D) animals in the same genus

Q: It has been decided, by a group of scientific experts, that lack of internal temperature regulation, presence of waterproof skin made of scales, and a waterproof egg are the three main characteristics that should be used to classify organisms as reptiles. This decision is most consistent with: A) adaptive radiation. B) cladistic taxonomy. C) natural selection. D) classical taxonomy.

Q: In an organism's binomial scientific name, the first of the two names is the A) species. B) family. C) order. D) genus.

Q: Insect wings, bat wings, and the flaps of tissue between the limbs and body of "flying" squirrels are: A) homozygous. B) homologous. C) analogous. D) abrupt.

Q: A hypothesis about the evolutionary relatedness of a group of organisms is known as a: A) taxon. B) analogy. C) homology. D) phylogeny.

Q: Which field of biology is concerned with the diversity and relatedness of organisms? A) evolution B) morphology C) systematics D) phylogeny

Q: Which of these is a correct order of taxonomic categories from most inclusive to least inclusive? A) kingdom, domain, phylum, order, class, family, genus B) domain, phylum, kingdom, order, class, family, genus C) domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus D) domain, kingdom, class, phylum, order, family, genus

Q: Which of these taxonomic categories is more inclusive than family and less inclusive than class? A) genus B) order C) kingdom D) domain

Q: When a species invades a new habitat and evolves rapidly into several new species, what has occurred? A) divergent speciation B) polyploidy C) adaptive radiation D) phyletic speciation

Q: Since the Pleistocene ice age, deserts have been gradually forming in the southwestern United States. As the original lakes and rivers of this area shrank into isolated streams and springs, the fishes living in them developed a strong potential for: A) hybrid sterility. B) speciation. C) hybrid inviability. D) temporal isolation.

Q: Thinking of the examples in your book of adaptive radiation, in which of the following environments might you be most likely to find adaptive radiation? A) among houseflies living in a garbage dump B) in fruit flies that feed on different yeast strains specific to different species of cacti in the desert C) in earthworms feeding on detritus D) among insects that are generalist feeders

Q: When the London underground (subway) system was built in the nineteenth century, mosquitoes moved into the tunnels and became adapted to biting the customers and small animals that inhabit the subway system. Like people, mosquitoes can freely enter and leave through the tunnel entrances. Recently, DNA analysis and attempts to cross-breed above-ground mosquitoes with underground mosquitoes indicate that there are now two different species. The underground insects are visibly larger. Which term best describes what has happened? A) sympatric speciation B) behavioral incompatibility C) temporal isolation D) population bottleneck

Q: Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).Species of fruit fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis each feed on a particular kind of fruit. Rhagoletis pomonella feeds on the small red fruit of the hawthorn tree. In 1865, farmers in the Hudson River valley found that R. pomonella flies had begun attacking their apples and then spread to apple orchards in adjacent areas of Massachusetts and Connecticut. These now separate varieties of flies, the apple and haw flies, usually don't interbreed with each other because their periods of mating coincide with the different ripening times of apples and hawthorn fruit. Each variety is becoming specialized to feed and reproduce in its own particular microhabitat and may be transitioning to separate species.If the apple and haw flies no longer interbreed due to the different ripening times of apples and hawthorns, this would be an example of what kind of reproductive isolating mechanism?A) ecological isolationB) temporal isolationC) behavioral isolationD) mechanical isolationE) gametic isolation

Q: Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).Species of fruit fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis each feed on a particular kind of fruit. Rhagoletis pomonella feeds on the small red fruit of the hawthorn tree. In 1865, farmers in the Hudson River valley found that R. pomonella flies had begun attacking their apples and then spread to apple orchards in adjacent areas of Massachusetts and Connecticut. These now separate varieties of flies, the apple and haw flies, usually don't interbreed with each other because their periods of mating coincide with the different ripening times of apples and hawthorn fruit. Each variety is becoming specialized to feed and reproduce in its own particular microhabitat and may be transitioning to separate species.If the apple and haw flies become distinct enough to be separate species, their evolution is an example of:A) gametic isolation.B) behavioral isolation.C) sympatric speciation.D) allopatric speciation.

Q: Which of the following situations describes a scenario in which allopatric speciation might occur? A) A mutation makes certain frogs mate two days earlier in the season. B) A mutation changes the pollinator a plant can utilize. C) An earthquake separates a lizard population into two groups. D) A pair of birds colonizes an island with numerous empty niches.

Q: Eastern and western meadowlarks look almost identical and sometimes inhabit the same areas of prairies. They recognize members of their own species by distinctive songs and thus do not breed with each other. This is an example of: A) geographic isolation. B) ecological isolation. C) no isolation mechanism. D) behavioral isolation.

Q: In many species of fireflies, males flash to attract females. Each species has a different flashing pattern. This is an example of: A) behavioral isolation. B) allopatric speciation. C) geographic isolation. D) natural selection.

Q: There are currently many similar but different species on either side of the isthmus of Panama. They probably resulted from: A) large rapid changes in their gene frequencies. B) hybridization. C) sympatric speciation. D) allopatric speciation.

Q: In order for allopatric speciation to occur, first there must be a geographic separation of two populations of the same species. The second step requires: A) additional extrinsic isolating mechanisms to become involved. B) an increase in gene flow between the populations. C) physical and behavioral changes that keep them from interbreeding. D) physical and behavioral changes that permit occasional hybridization.

Q: Two species of pines, Pinus radiata and Pinus muricota, live together in California and are capable of forming hybrids under laboratory conditions. However, they do not interbreed because one releases pollen in February and the other in April. What is the genetic isolating mechanism involved? A) gametic B) ecological C) geographic D) temporal

Q: Two species of garter snakes live in the same geographic area. One mainly lives in water, and the other mainly on land, so they rarely encounter each other and do not interbreed. This is an example of what type of isolating mechanism? A) directional B) temporal C) mechanical D) ecological

Q: Blue-footed boobies of the Galapagos will mate only after a very specific courtship display on the part of the male. He high-steps to advertise his bright blue feet. What isolating mechanism discourages mating outside the species? A) temporal isolation B) ecological isolation C) gametic isolation D) behavioral isolation

Q: Horses and donkeys mate successfully to produce mules, which are always sterile. Which genetic isolating mechanism is involved here to prevent horses and donkeys from becoming a single species? A) hybrid infertility B) behavioral isolation C) mechanical isolation D) gametic isolation

Q: ________ isolating mechanisms are outside factors that prevent interbreeding. A) Intrinsic B) Extrinsic C) Behavioral D) Mechanical

Q: Species A is divided by a newly formed river to become two populations. These populations diverge to become two different species, B and C. If the river is dammed upstream, eliminating an isolating mechanism between B and C, what will happen? A) Gene flow will resume. B) Species B and C will be considered subspecies. C) Species B and C will remain genetically isolated. D) Species will unite to form a hybrid species, D.

Q: Which of the following would be an example of mechanical isolation? A) Mating and courtship displays are different. B) Sperm cannot survive in the female reproductive tract. C) Organisms breed at different times. D) Male and female genitalia are incompatible.

Q: Which reproductive isolating mechanism is mostly restricted to animals? A) ecological B) hybrid infertility C) temporal D) behavioral E) geographic

Q: Organisms come into sexual maturity at different times of the year. This is an example of: A) temporal isolation. B) hybrid inviability. C) hybrid infertility. D) hybrid vigor.

Q: Pollen of one plant species will not germinate on the flower of another species. This is an example of: A) temporal isolation. B) hybrid inviability. C) hybrid infertility. D) gametic isolation.

Q: In the absence of geographic barriers, ________ speciation may occur when reproductive isolating mechanisms develop between two populations. A) sympatric B) allopatric C) ecological D) extrinsic

Q: If hybrid organisms result from the mating of two different species, they may not live long. This is an example of: A) temporal isolation. B) hybrid inviability. C) hybrid infertility. D) hybrid vigor.

Q: Moss A produces gametes in May, and moss B produces gametes in June. This is an example of a/an ________ isolating mechanism. A) temporal B) behavioral C) post-mating D) geographic

Q: Where would a researcher most likely find examples of allopatric speciation? A) in the surface waters of Lake Michigan B) in a forest on the west side of Lake Michigan C) in a forest on the east side of Lake Michigan D) in forests on the east and west sides of Lake Michigan

Q: One method of protecting the genetic identity of a population is the inability of sperm to fertilize eggs of a different species. This isolating mechanism is called: A) behavioral isolation. B) gametic isolation. C) ecological isolation. D) temporal isolation.

Q: If a hybrid is unable to produce sperm because meiosis does not proceed correctly, gene flow between the populations is restricted by: A) ecological isolation. B) gametic isolation. C) temporal isolation. D) hybrid infertility.

Q: The many species of tree frogs that inhabit forests in the eastern United States maintain their genetic isolation from other species by several mechanisms, including "singing" slightly different songs. Which type of isolating mechanism does this represent? A) temporal isolation B) behavioral isolation C) ecological isolation D) mechanical isolation

Q: The Great Dane and Chihuahua are both domestic dogs, the same species. However, mating between them is limited by: A) behavioral isolation. B) heterozygote disadvantage. C) mechanical incompatibility. D) hybrid infertility.

Q: Which of these is not gametic isolation? A) Female stigma destroys germinating pollen grain. B) Lily sperm cannot fertilize tulip eggs. C) Pollen grain does not germinate on stigma (female structure). D) Male and female sex organs do not fit together.

Q: Two different species of pines release their pollen at different times. This is an example of: A) behavioral isolation. B) geographic isolation. C) mechanical isolation. D) temporal isolation.

Q: A population becomes isolated from other populations of the same species, and then genetic divergence occurs that prevents them from breeding with other populations. What has happened? A) speciation B) formation of genetic drifts C) directional selection D) mechanical incompatibility

Q: A population of mountain-dwelling salamanders migrates and splits into two populations separated by a valley they can not cross. The speciation process that may occur is: A) allopatric. B) temporal. C) behavioral. D) sympatric.

Q: Interbreeding two different species of lovebirds produces offspring unable to build a nest after they mature because they lack the innate knowledge needed to carry the nesting materials. The hybrid offspring do not reproduce, and this limits genetic mixing of the two species. This is an example of: A) sympatric speciation. B) gametic inviability. C) behavioral isolation. D) hybrid infertility.

Q: Which of these definitions of species most closely fits the biological species concept? A) For asexually reproducing organisms, members of the same species are based on DNA and RNA base sequence analysis. B) Members of the same species look almost exactly alike. C) Members of the same species are all morphologically similar. D) Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.

Q: The biological species concept cannot be applied to bacteria because: A) their DNA is too similar. B) their features are too small to be able to distinguish one kind from another. C) they do not reproduce sexually. D) they never exchange genes that would allow for speciation.

Q: The biological species concept is based on: A) differences among populations. B) geographic isolation. C) reproductive isolation. D) DNA sequences.

Q: The most immediate effect of sexual displays and contests in animals (such as bighorn sheep bashing their heads together) is: A) mutations. B) differential mating success. C) disruptive selection. D) stabilizing selection.

Q: Imagine a population of monkeys in South America whose habitat has been reduced to the point where only 25 monkeys survive. This is an example of: A) population bottleneck. B) founder effect. C) genetic drift. D) natural selection.

Q: Shrews have been documented to travel across frozen lakes and establish populations on previously uninhabited islands; thus, the shrews have a limited gene pool. If this limited gene pool has allele frequencies that are very different from the allele frequencies found in the original population, then this would be an example of: A) natural selection. B) population bottleneck. C) divergent evolution. D) founder effect.

Q: The only known population of a reptile species lives on an African mountain. The population is relatively large, but no close relatives of this species are known. Suppose you could stop all mutations within the population and all emigration out of this population. Which statement best describes the probable future of this population? A) The population will decline and become extinct after a few generations because of excessive inbreeding. B) Evolution will continue as natural selection acts on the genetic variability that exists in the population. C) Although the population will cease to change, it may survive for as long as the environment remains constant. D) Genetic drift will cause major evolutionary changes in the population.

Q: Which of the following is ultimately responsible for introducing new alleles into a population? A) mutation B) natural selection C) sexual selection D) genetic drift

Q: After several generations, 35 percent of the island population is found to have AB+ blood. This is much higher than the percentage of AB+ people in the populations from which the original settlers came. The high percentage of AB+ blood is probably due to:A) founder effect.B) selective mutation.C) disruptive selection.D) nonrandom mating.

Q: Refer to the scenario below, and then answer the following question(s).Two European men and two Polynesian women settled on a previously uninhabited tropical island. All four of the settlers have brown eyes, a dominant trait, but one of the Europeans is heterozygous and carries the recessive gene for blue eyes.No new settlers arrive, and nobody leaves the island. After a few generations, the percentage of blue-eyed individuals increases from the original zero to 25 percent. This is probably due to which of the following factors?A) genetic driftB) mutationC) gene flow

Q: As world travel becomes easier and human populations intermix, the occurrence of what phenomenon will probably decrease? A) mutation B) sexual selection C) immigration D) founder effect and genetic drift

Q: If within a large population no mutations occur, no migration occurs, all mating is random, and each individual has an equal chance of reproducing, which of the following will probably happen? A) No evolution will occur. B) A bottleneck will occur. C) A change in allele frequency will lead to rapid evolution. D) Extinction will occur.

Q: The formation of new species over many generations is an example of: A) microevolution. B) macroevolution. C) gene pools. D) allelic variants.

Q: What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? A) Microevolution is hypothetical because changes are too small to be observed, whereas macroevolution is detectable. B) Microevolution deals with microscopic organisms, whereas macroevolution deals with larger ones. C) Microevolution describes what happens in small populations, whereas macroevolution deals with large populations. D) Microevolution describes changes within a population over a short period of time, whereas macroevolution describes larger changes such as the formation of new species over longer periods of time.

Q: At its most basic level, evolution is a: A) change in the frequency of alleles in a population. B) change in the frequency of alleles in an individual. C) new species arising from an existing species. D) change in an individual's phenotype caused by mutations.

Q: If every sexually reproducing organism has only two alleles for each gene, how can there be a range of traits seen for a physical characteristic? A) One of the alleles in an organism is expressed at different levels, while the other is turned off. B) Sometimes one of the alleles works, and other times the other allele works. C) There can be more than two variations of a gene in a population. D) In a population there are only two variations of a gene, but they are blended differently during sexual reproduction.

Q: The genetic makeup of any organism is its ________, which determines the physical characteristics called its ________. A) genotype; alleles B) gene pool; alleles C) phenotype; genotype D) genotype; phenotype

Q: The gene pool for a particular gene would include: A) the sum of all the alleles for all the traits in the population. B) all the alleles for a given trait in a particular individual organism of the population. C) the sum of all the phenotypes in the population. D) all the alleles for a particular gene in all the individuals in the population.