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Biology & Life Science
Q:
What accounts for the fact that cells in different tissues and organisms have different functions and respond differently to their environments?
A) The cells use the same genes to make different proteins.
B) The cells have different genes.
C) The cells are expressing (using) different genes.
D) The cells use different genetic codes.
E) The cells DNA is different.
Q:
Dietary factors are now being studied for how they regulate gene activity and how this contributes to disease. For example, how does a diet high in unsaturated fatty acids help maintain a healthy blood lipid profile? Within hours of feeding animals with diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), there is an increase in the activity of genes responsible for making enzymes that break down fats and a reduction of the activity of genes responsible for making enzymes that make fats. This has the effect of changing fat metabolism, which leads to a lowering of blood lipid levels. The control of what type of DNA sequence would PUFAs most likely be affecting?
A) intron sequences
B) exon sequences
C) enhancer sequences
D) micro-RNA sequences
Q:
Alternative splicing is:
A) removing introns and retaining exons.
B) removing exons and retaining introns.
C) when a single primary transcript is edited in different ways to yield multiple mRNAs.
D) converting an exon into an intron.
Q:
The full complement of DNA found in a cell of your body constitutes your:
A) coding sequences.
B) non-coding sequences.
C) genome.
D) genetic code.
Q:
The genomes of human beings and chimpanzees are nearly identical, so why are humans and chimps so different?
A) The genes of chimps make different proteins.
B) Out of 907 genes in the liver of both humans and chimps, only half are active in chimps.
C) The micro RNAs destroy mRNAs in chimps.
D) The micro RNAs destroy DNAs in chimps.
E) The regulatory sequences are different in the two species.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true about micro-RNAs?
A) Alternative splicing converts them into mRNAs.
B) They bring amino acids to the ribosome.
C) They regulate the amount of protein in a cell by interfering with mRNAs.
D) They are too small to be of any use to the cell.
Q:
Hoxc8 is nearly identical in all animals, but Hoxc8 enhancer differs in:
A) the sequence of amino acids.
B) the RNA base sequence.
C) the DNA base sequence.
D) DNA-binding proteins.
E) the DNA base sequence and its DNA-binding proteins.
Q:
Hoxc8 genes are responsible for the development of:
A) abdominal structure in vertebrates.
B) thoracic structures in vertebrates.
C) cranial structures.
D) limbs in vertebrates.
E) the whole vertebrate body.
Q:
In order for a gene to be transcribed, a multipart protein complex must bind to the ________ to help RNA polymerase align with it.
A) enhancer
B) promoter
C) intron
D) exon
Q:
Which of the following is the best description of a gene?
A) a protein whose amino acid sequence is encoded in a segment of DNA
B) a collection of millions or billions of base pairs of DNA, encoding many proteins
C) a segment of DNA that is transcribed into an mRNA, a tRNA, or an rRNA
D) a segment of mRNA that is translated into a protein
E) A section of the nucleus where transcription takes place.
Q:
Which segment of an mRNA transcript is removed before it is translated?
A) exons.
B) operators.
C) introns.
D) Alu sequences.
E) stop codons.
Q:
Introns in genes are:
A) redundant codons.
B) base sequences not required to make the protein.
C) regions where the RNA polymerase binds.
D) regulatory regions of the genome.
E) coding portions of the genome.
Q:
The process of translation is completed when:
A) a stop codon moves into the A site.
B) the cell runs out of amino acids.
C) the cell runs out of ribonucleotides.
D) the translation machinery reaches the end of the DNA molecule.
E) the stop codon is severed at the P site.
Q:
The set of nucleotides on a tRNA that base-pairs with nucleotides on an mRNA is the:
A) anticodon.
B) codon.
C) template.
D) primary transcript.
E) P site.
Q:
Transfer RNA (tRNA) differs from other types of RNA because it:
A) transfers genetic instructions from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.
B) carries the codons for amino acid sequence of a particular protein.
C) carries an amino acid at one end of the molecule and binds with the mRNA with the anticodon at the other end.
D) is made up of amino acids instead of nucleotides.
Q:
Which component of transcription or translation has the anticodon?
A) mRNA
B) RNA polymerase
C) tRNA
D) rRNA
E) ribosome
Q:
If a codon has the sequence CAG, tRNA with which anticodon will bind to it?
A) CTG
B) UGA
C) GTC
D) CAG
E) GUC
Q:
In the sequence of events during translation, what is the next step after an amino acid on the tRNA in the P site is linked to an amino acid on the tRNA in the A site?
A) The tRNA is released from the A site.
B) The small ribosomal subunit attaches to the mRNA.
C) A tRNA binds to the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins the ribosome.
D) The tRNA in the A site moves to the E site.
E) The ribosome shifts down the mRNA by one codon.
Q:
In the sequence of events during translation, what is the next step after an mRNA binds to the ribosome's small subunit?
A) A tRNA enters the A site of the ribosome.
B) An amino acid from a tRNA in the P site attaches to an amino acid on the tRNA in the A site.
C) A tRNA binds to the start codon, and the large ribosomal subunit joins the ribosome.
D) A tRNA is released from the E site.
E) The ribosome shifts down the mRNA by one codon.
Q:
How many codons can act as termination codons?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Q:
tRNAs will move from the A site to the P site to the E site during protein synthesis. These sites are found in:
A) mRNA.
B) tRNA.
C) the large ribosomal subunit.
D) the small ribosomal subunit.
E) the nucleus.
Q:
The process in which polypeptide synthesis requires information in the form of a nucleotide sequence to be changed into amino acid sequence information is known as:
A) the genetic code.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) genetic regulation.
Q:
The first amino acid of a new polypeptide chain is:
A) serine.
B) cysteine.
C) variable.
D) phenylalanine.
E) methionine.
Q:
Translation of mRNA into protein always starts at:
A) a termination codon.
B) the E site.
C) an AUG codon.
D) the A site.
E) the first anticodon on the mRNA.
Q:
Which of the following brings amino acids to the ribosomes?
A) exons
B) messenger RNA
C) transfer RNA
D) introns
E) ribosomal RNA
Q:
If we create the figure: DNA → RNA → Polypeptide [Protein], what do the arrows indicate?
A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) replication and transcription
E) transcription and translation
Q:
What are the products of translation?
A) polypeptide chains/proteins
B) DNA
C) nucleotides
D) ribosomes
E) RNA
Q:
A three-nucleotide sequence on an mRNA that codes for an amino acid is referred to as a/an:
A) anticodon.
B) primary transcript.
C) tRNA.
D) template.
E) codon.
Q:
What does the RNA polymerase enzyme complex do?
A) It unwinds the DNA.
B) It brings complimentary RNA nucleotides to DNA.
C) It synthesizes RNA molecule.
D) It splices introns out of mRNA.
E) It unwinds the DNA, brings complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA, and synthesizes an RNA molecule.
Q:
If a codon is three nucleotides and there are four different nucleotides, how many different codons can be made?
A) 3
B) 12
C) 28
D) 64
E) 120
Q:
The genetic code:
A) tells us how RNA is assembled on a DNA template.
B) is a list of all the possible proteins that can be made.
C) describes the mechanics of translation.
D) shows the connection between nucleotide triplets and the amino acids they code for.
E) shows the connection between nucleotide triplets in DNA and their corresponding codons in RNA.
Q:
Insulin is a protein that is made up of 51 amino acids. It would have been translated from an mRNA transcript that had at least:
A) 153 nucleotides.
B) 1153 nucleotides.
C) 1530 nucleotides.
D) 300 nucleotides.
Q:
Which of the following is not an RNA transcript?
A) AUGCGU
B) ATGCGT
C) UACGCA
D) UAGCGU
E) GCGUUU
Q:
If a DNA sequence reads TTGCGATCG, what mRNA will it encode?
A) TTGCGUTCG
B) AACGCTAGC
C) AACGCUAGC
D) TTGCGATCG
E) UUCGCTUGC
Q:
If a base sequence in DNA reads GCA, what will be the corresponding codon in the mRNA?
A) CGT
B) GCT
C) GCU
D) CGU
E) ACG
Q:
How many bases does it take to code for a single amino acid?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
E) six
Q:
What is a codon?
A) three genes in a bacterium that are all regulated together
B) a segment of a chromosome that encodes an RNA
C) three amino acids in a row in a protein
D) a three-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
E) a sequence in DNA that is the binding site for RNA polymerase
Q:
Which process or processes occur in the nucleus?
A) DNA replication and transcription
B) DNA replication
C) transcription and translation of RNA
D) transcription
E) DNA replication, transcription, and translation
Q:
Which molecule is the product of transcription?
A) nucleotides
B) DNA
C) proteins
D) amino acids
E) RNA
Q:
The enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA is:
A) DNA polymerase.
B) RNA polymerase.
C) helicase.
D) DNA transcription factor.
Q:
The form of RNA that carries the information from DNA to the site of protein assembly is called:
A) messenger RNA.
B) small nuclear RNA.
C) ribosomal RNA.
D) transfer RNA.
E) primary mRNA script.
Q:
If a DNA segment has the sequence GCTAA, what RNA sequence will be made from it?
A) GCTAA
B) CGATT
C) UGATT
D) CGUTT
E) CGAUU
Q:
Wherever there is an adenine on a DNA strand, during transcription it will be base-paired with a ________ on an RNA strand.
A) thymine
B) adenine
C) guanine
D) cytosine
E) uracil
Q:
Which of the following is a component of an RNA nucleotide?
A) uracil
B) deoxyribose sugar
C) thymine
D) glycine
Q:
What is the sugar found in an RNA nucleotide?
A) uracil
B) deoxyribose
C) ribose
D) glucose
E) thymine
Q:
The process that converts the information in DNA into RNA is:
A) translation.
B) replication.
C) transcription.
D) duplication.
E) meiosis.
Q:
Transcription:
A) occurs on the ribosome.
B) is the final process in the assembly of a protein.
C) is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.
D) is catalyzed by DNA polymerase.
E) occurs in the cytoplasm.
Q:
When an mRNA moves into the cell's cytoplasm, it first becomes associated with a:
A) protein.
B) tRNA.
C) ribosome.
D) transcription factor.
Q:
Proteins differ from one another because:
A) the bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein.
B) the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein.
C) the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule.
D) the tRNA attached to the protein differs from protein to protein.
E) of the length of the mRNA.
Q:
How many different types of amino acids are found in proteins?
A) 100
B) 200
C) 1,000
D) 20
E) 4
Q:
A mutation involving a single base pair in the genome is called a ________.
Q:
________ is the enzyme involved in joining nucleotides as they are paired up.
Q:
The bases of each strand of a double helix are paired with bases on the other strand, so each strand of DNA is said to be ________ to the other.
Q:
In a normal DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with ________, and cytosine always pairs with ________.
Q:
Match the following.A) nucleotidesB) basesC) sugar-phosphate chainD) thymineE) cytosineThese can be in any order along the "handrails" of the DNA double helix.
Q:
These are linked together to form DNA.
Q:
Match the following.A) nucleotidesB) basesC) sugar-phosphate chainD) thymineE) cytosineThis forms the "handrails" of the double helix.
Q:
Match the following.A) nucleotidesB) basesC) sugar-phosphate chainD) thymineE) cytosineGuanine always base-pairs with this.
Q:
Match the following.A) nucleotidesB) basesC) sugar-phosphate chainD) thymineE) cytosineAdenine always base-pairs with this.
Q:
Most point mutations have immediate, drastic effects on an organism.
Q:
Errors never occur in DNA replication because the DNA polymerases edit out mistakes.
Q:
DNA polymerase cannot copy point mutations, so they are not passed on from parent cells to daughter cells in cell division.
Q:
The structure of DNA allows repair of simple damage.
Q:
The structure of DNA allows the molecule to replicate itself.
Q:
Base-pairing rules apply from one DNA strand to its partner, but not along the sugar-phosphate "handrails" of a DNA strand.
Q:
The structure of DNA allows the molecule to store information.
Q:
Watson and Crick's experiments involved isolating DNA, generating X-ray diffraction images of the DNA, and building a model of its structure.
Q:
The structure of a molecule can be revealed by bombarding it with X rays.
Q:
Which of the following would be considered an environmental mutagen?
A) free radicals
B) ultraviolet light
C) spontaneous events
D) the collision of water molecules with DNA
E) DNA replication errors
Q:
Any agent that can change the base sequence of DNA is known as a:
A) trinucleotide repeat.
B) free radical.
C) cancer.
D) mutagen.
E) spontaneous event.
Q:
A trinucleotide repeat refers to:
A) a nucleotide that is made of three subunits: a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
B) a sequence of three nucleotides that repeats and can be involved in genetic diseases.
C) the same nucleotide repeating three times in a row.
D) a nucleotide that contains three bases.
Q:
What is one mechanism by which a mutation can cause melanoma?
A) by causing the accumulation of Huntington protein in melanocytes, which keeps them moving through the cell cycle
B) by causing the accumulation of altered BRAF protein in germ-line cells
C) by the production of an altered BRAF protein that keeps melanocytes moving through the cell cycle
D) by preventing the BRAF protein from being able to repair damaged DNA
Q:
What is the relationship between mutations and cancer?
A) Cells do not require mutations to become cancerous but acquire them as they divide.
B) Cells lose the ability to mutate their DNA and evolve once they become cancerous.
C) Some mutations cause cells to lose control over cell division, resulting in cancer.
D) Any point mutation will cause a cell to start proliferating without control, resulting in cancer.
E) Only a mutation can stop a cell once it becomes cancerous.
Q:
What is the difference between whole-chromosome aberrations and point mutations?
A) Point mutations are not permanent changes in the DNA; aberrations are permanent.
B) Aberrations are not permanent changes in the DNA; point mutations are permanent.
C) Point mutations are the loss of parts of chromosomes; aberrations are the loss of whole chromosomes.
D) Point mutations affect a single base pair in the genome; aberrations affect a large section.
Q:
What happens if an incorrect nucleotide is not removed and replaced by the cell's DNA-correcting machinery?
A) A point mutation has occurred.
B) The result is a chromosomal aberration.
C) The effect will be lethal, and the cell will die.
D) The cell will become cancerous.
E) The entire chromosome must be destroyed.
Q:
What is the cause of Huntington disease?
A) a somatic cell mutation that causes cells to proliferate without control
B) a mutation that results in defective DNA polymerase
C) loss of the chromosome with the gene for a blood protein
D) a mutation in which there are repeating groups of three nucleotides
E) a mutation that results in defective amino acid synthesis
Q:
What is the benefit of mutations?
A) They eliminate unneeded regions of chromosomes.
B) They increase the shuffling of existing genetic information.
C) They create cancerous cells, which grow faster than others.
D) They add new genetic information upon which evolution can act.
Q:
Which process changes, adds, or removes information from the genome?
A) mutation
B) DNA replication
C) genetic recombination
D) crossing over
E) cancer
Q:
How do most mutations affect an organism?
A) Most mutations either are harmful, or they have no effect.
B) Most mutations will kill the organism.
C) Most mutations create cancerous cells.
D) Most mutations are beneficial and create a more adapted organism.
Q:
Which type of mutation will have the most impact from an evolutionary point of view?
A) a mutation in a somatic cell
B) a mutation in a liver cell
C) a mutation in a germ-line cell
D) a mutation in a brain cell