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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Which of the following structures is involved in forming a cleavage furrow?
A) sister chromatids
B) mitotic spindle
C) metaphase plate
D) contractile ring
Q:
Chromosomes are aligned at the equator of a cell during:
A) prophase.
B) metaphase.
C) anaphase.
D) telophase.
Q:
What would be the result of an error in anaphase that failed to separate a pair of sister chromatids?
A) The nuclear envelope would not be able to break down.
B) One cell would have an extra gene, and one cell would be missing one gene.
C) One cell would have an extra chromosome, and one cell would lack a chromosome.
D) Cytokinesis would not be able to take place, and the cells would not divide.
Q:
Microtubule-organizing centers will begin to migrate toward the cell poles during:
A) prophase.
B) metaphase.
C) anaphase.
D) telophase.
Q:
What event typically begins in anaphase and is completed soon after the end of telophase?
A) interphase
B) alignment of chromosomes at the cell equator
C) packing of DNA into well-defined chromosomes
D) cytokinesis
Q:
During metaphase, chromosomes that are attached to microtubules are observed to undergo a "back-and-forth" movement. What is happening during this movement?
A) The chromosomes are being replicated.
B) The centrosome is being replicated.
C) The chromosomes are being aligned at the equator of the cell.
D) The chromosomes are breaking up the nuclear membrane.
Q:
Some anticancer chemotherapy agents interfere with the proper functioning of microtubules. How do these anticancer chemotherapy agents work?
A) They inhibit the mitotic spindle and prevent cell division.
B) They inhibit the contractile ring and prevent cell division.
C) They inhibit telophase because microtubules are required to form nuclear envelopes.
D) Microtubules replicate DNA, so they inhibit chromosome duplication.
Q:
If a cell contains 20 chromosomes, how many chromatids will be present during prophase?
A) 30
B) 20
C) 5
D) 40
Q:
Which cell structure physically moves the cell's chromosomes?
A) the plasma membrane
B) the cell wall
C) the mitotic spindle
D) the contractile ring
Q:
What is being separated during anaphase of mitosis?
A) plasma membranes
B) sister chromatids
C) nuclear membranes
D) cytoplasm
Q:
The "gap" phases of the cell cycle are devoted to:
A) moving chromosomes to their correct positions.
B) normal cell operations, growth, and preparation for cell division.
C) DNA replication.
D) creating new nuclei.
Q:
A liver cell from a human male has:
A) 22 pairs of autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosome.
B) 22 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes.
C) 46 pairs of autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosome.
D) 23 pairs of autosomes and two X chromosomes.
Q:
Which cell cycle stage is not part of interphase?
A) G2
B) M
C) G1
D) S
Q:
Why do karyotypes always show chromosomes at the point when cell division is about to occur?A) This is the only cell cycle point in which the chromosomes are unduplicated.B) The chromosomes are easier to see when they are elongated and uncondensed.C) This is the time at which the chromosomes are being duplicated.D) The chromosomes are fully condensed as cell division approaches.
Q:
A karyotype:
A) shows chromosomes as they appear before replication.
B) can reveal the location of a gene.
C) can show the number of chromosomes in a cell.
D) can reveal the presence of cancerous genes.
Q:
Chromosome I from your mother and chromosome I from your father are said to be homologous. This is because the chromosomes:
A) appear the same size in a karyotype.
B) have different genes on them.
C) have the same genes on them.
D) determine the sex of the child.
Q:
Normal cell operations and growth occur during the "gap" period called:
A) G3.
B) M.
C) S.
D) G1.
Q:
During S phase, chromosomes are converted to what form?
A) karyotypes
B) sister chromatids
C) chromatin
D) centrosomes
Q:
What is the relationship between DNA and chromatin?
A) Chromatin is the collection of proteins encoded by DNA.
B) A chromatin is a DNA molecule that is separated during mitosis.
C) A chromatin is a unit of DNA whose sequence encodes a protein.
D) Chromatin is the combination of DNA packaged around proteins.
Q:
If a cell with two nuclei were discovered, which of the explanations below would be true?
A) Mitosis occurred without cytokinesis.
B) The cell remained in interphase continuously.
C) Meiosis and mitosis both occurred.
D) Cytokinesis occurred without mitosis.
Q:
What is the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
A) Chromosomes are proteins that carry genes made of DNA.
B) Genes are the proteins encoded by chromosomes.
C) Genes are the proteins around which DNA chromosomes are packaged.
D) A chromosome is a DNA molecule with many genes.
Q:
The replication of a DNA molecule results in:
A) two DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand.
B) two DNA molecules, one being made of the old strands and one being made of two new strands.
C) two DNA molecules, both of which are made of completely new strands.
D) four unwound DNA strands.
Q:
What is a function of cell division?
A) to turn skin cells into hair cells
B) to keep cell size small as multicellular organisms grow
C) to allow cell size to increase to its maximum
D) to allow mature leaves to increase in size
Q:
At what point in the cell cycle does DNA replication take place?
A) during mitosis
B) continually throughout the cell cycle
C) during cytokinesis
D) before mitosis
Q:
Choose the statement that is correct about the frequency of mitosis.
A) All cells divide throughout the existence of a multicellular eukaryote.
B) Some cells, such as leaf cells, cease to divide after mature size is reached.
C) Bone marrow cells are an example of cells that cease to divide after maturity.
D) Brain cells are easy to replace because they divide frequently after maturity.
Q:
During DNA replication, what acts as the template for synthesis of a new strand of DNA?
A) a single strand of DNA
B) a ribosome
C) a single strand of mRNA
D) a single strand of rRNA
Q:
What is the initial step in DNA replication?
A) breakdown of the nuclear envelope
B) formation of the mitotic spindle
C) formation of the cleavage furrow
D) unwinding of the DNA double helix
Q:
A gene is a hereditary unit that carries information for:
A) another gene.
B) a sequence of sugars.
C) a sequence of amino acids.
D) a sequence of nucleotides.
Q:
Which of the following is the proper sequence of events in gene expression?
A) protein → DNA → mRNA
B) mRNA → DNA → protein
C) DNA → protein → mRNA
D) DNA → mRNA → protein
Q:
What would be the consequence if one base were changed in the base sequence of a DNA molecule?
A) Messenger RNA would correct the mistake.
B) Genome copying would be impossible.
C) Protein synthesis would stop.
D) A defective protein could be produced.
Q:
The number of genes in the human genome is estimated to be:
A) 20,000 to 25,000.
B) 3 billion.
C) 3 to 6 million.
D) 1 million.
Q:
The information used to make proteins is encoded by the:
A) number of different chromosomes.
B) repeating sugar and phosphate molecules in DNA.
C) 20 different amino acids of proteins.
D) four bases A, T, G, or C.
Q:
What distinguishes one gene from another?
A) the length of the chromosome the gene is on
B) the order of bases in the gene
C) the position of the gene on a chromosome
D) the order of amino acids of which the genes are made
Q:
Which molecule is made in the nucleus but exits to function in the cytoplasm?
A) chromosome
B) protein
C) mRNA
D) gene
Q:
The order of bases in a gene is copied to make a/an:A) amino acid.B) gene.C) mRNA.D) ribosome.
Q:
The ordering of bases in a gene determines the order of:
A) amino acids in a protein.
B) mRNAs on a ribosome.
C) genes on a chromosome.
D) genes in a genome.
Q:
The complete collection of an organism's genetic information constitutes:
A) a chromosome.
B) proteins.
C) a gene.
D) a genome.
Q:
The study of physical inheritance among living things is:
A) proteomics.
B) genomics.
C) genetics.
D) reproduction.
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. In C4plants, bundle sheath cells are used to:A) fix CO2.B) store CO2.C) increase photorespirationD) transport excess sugars.
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.Which wavelength of light is most likely to be used by plants for photosynthesis?A) 1 nmB) 200 nmC) 450 nmD) 550 nmE) 900 nm
Q:
What is the advantage of being a C4or CAM plant? In what environments would these types of plants have a selective advantage, and why?
Q:
Up until the 1930s it was assumed that the carbohydrates plants produced resulted from the combination of carbon atoms with water, and the oxygen released came from the splitting of the carbon dioxide molecule. You are a scientist testing this hypothesis. You have available to you water labeled with radioactive oxygen atoms and carbon dioxide labeled with radioactive oxygen atoms. Design an experiment to determine whether the oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of carbon dioxide or the splitting of water.
Q:
It has been argued that, wherever in the universe we might find living things, we will find some of them to be colored. Do you agree? Explain.
Q:
You perform an experiment using an aquatic plant called elodea to determine which color of light is most effective at driving photosynthesis. You take three plants, immersed under water, and place plant A under blue light, plant B under red light, and plant C under green light. You notice bubbles coming off the leaves. More bubbles are coming from plants A and B, and few are coming from plant C. What is producing the bubbles? How do these results determine which color of light is most effective at driving photosynthesis?
Q:
Unlike animals, plants are able to obtain ATP through two processes. What are the two processes? Now consider deciduous trees, which drop their leaves in the fall. Do deciduous trees continue to use both these processes during the winter? If not, how do they stay alive during the winter until they grow new leaves in the spring?
Q:
Your friend lives in a basement apartment with no windows. She loves plants, but every time she tries to grow one it dies. What might you suggest your friend try, and why?
Q:
Your friend Bill says that all food on Earth ultimately comes from photosynthesis. Your friend Tom disagrees, saying that, "Cows and pigs don't photosynthesize, and they are food." Who do you think is correct, and why?
Q:
Describe how cellular respiration and photosynthesis are different.
Q:
Plants and animals are mutually dependent on each other. Explain the energy-producing metabolic processes used by plants and animals, and name the products that result. Describe how animals benefit from the products of plant metabolism and how plants benefit from the products of animal metabolism.
Q:
The enzyme ________ can bind both carbon dioxide and oxygen.
Q:
During the process of ________, carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule.
Q:
When sunlight hits chlorophyll, the electrons are excited out of the chlorophyll; the electrons go ________ an energy hill, and as they pass through the electron transport chain they go ________ an energy hill.
Q:
The two colors of light that drive most photosynthesis are ________ and ________.
Q:
Photosynthetic organisms provide two products that animals could not live without: ________ and ________.
Q:
Match the following.A) mesophyllB) granaC) stomataD) stromaE) thylakoidsThese allow carbon dioxide to enter the leaf and oxygen to exit
Q:
Match the following.A) mesophyllB) granaC) stomataD) stromaE) thylakoidsThe Calvin cycle takes place in this space
Q:
Match the following.A) mesophyllB) granaC) stomataD) stromaE) thylakoidsStacks of membrane inside the chloroplast
Q:
Match the following.A) mesophyllB) granaC) stomataD) stromaE) thylakoidsThe light reactions occur here
Q:
Match the following.A) mesophyllB) granaC) stomataD) stromaE) thylakoidsThe leaf tissue where most photosynthesis occurs
Q:
If something is oxidized, it loses electrons.
Q:
Photosynthesis forms ATP using oxidation-reduction reactions similar to those seen in the electron transport chain of respiration.
Q:
Most plant leaves appear green because they absorb green light.
Q:
Plants perform only photosynthesis, not cellular respiration.
Q:
Oxygen is required to carry out photosynthesis.
Q:
Only plants can carry out photosynthesis.
Q:
Which type of photosynthesis do most plants use?
A) C4
B) C3
C) CAM
D) photorespiration
Q:
Which of the following is a CAM plant?
A) lilac
B) cactus
C) sugarcane
D) pine tree
E) corn
Q:
Which of the following is a C4plant?
A) cactus
B) lilac
C) corn
D) pine trees
E) orchids
Q:
Which of the following types of plants would most likely be found in the Mojave Desert?
A) CAM
B) C3
C) C4
D) CAM, C3, and C4would all be equally likely in this environment.
Q:
What advantage is it for some plants to use C4and CAM photosynthesis?
A) They can conserve water and reduce photorespiration under hot, dry conditions
B) They can conserve water and produce four-carbon sugars instead of glucose
C) They can absorb carbon dioxide more efficiently when atmospheric CO2levels are low.
D) They can use the Calvin cycle at night when conditions are cooler and more humid.
Q:
A C4plant is different from a C3plant because a C4plant:
A) can leave its stomata open longer without ill effect.
B) stores CO2in four-carbon molecules before the CO2enters the Calvin cycle.
C) does not have bundle-sheath cells.
D) performs photorespiration.
Q:
During photorespiration, rubisco binds with ________ , and during photosynthesis, rubisco binds with ________.
A) oxygen; a six-carbon sugar
B) oxygen; a five-carbon sugar
C) CO2; oxygen
D) a five-carbon sugar; oxygen
E) oxygen; CO2and a five-carbon sugar
Q:
Photorespiration occurs most on:
A) hot, dry days.
B) hot, humid days.
C) cool, cloudy days.
D) cold, dry days.
E) cloudy, rainy days.
Q:
Photorespiration results in:
A) no change in the sugar being produced during photosynthesis.
B) more sugar being produced during photosynthesis.
C) less sugar being produced during photosynthesis.
D) sometimes more and sometimes less sugar being produced during photosynthesis.
Q:
Photorespiration is when:
A) plants use sugars by respiration.
B) plants produce sugars during photosynthesis.
C) the enzyme rubisco binds O2during the Calvin cycle.
D) the enzyme rubisco binds CO2during the Calvin cycle.
Q:
During the Calvin cycle, plants:
A) fix CO2into sugar.
B) create ATP.
C) oxidize H2O to oxygen.
D) convert solar energy to chemical energy.
Q:
Sugars are created during:
A) aerobic respiration.
B) the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
C) the light reactions of photosynthesis.
D) anaerobic respiration.
Q:
The sugar that first bonds with carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle is:
A) 3-PGA.
B) G3P.
C) RuBP.
D) rubisco.
Q:
How many carbon dioxide molecules are required to make one molecule of glucose?
A) two
B) three
C) six
D) eight
Q:
For every six carbon dioxide molecules fixed by the Calvin cycle, how many molecules of G3P exit the cycle?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) six