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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Carbon fixation is taking place when plants:
A) oxidize CO2.
B) incorporate CO2into sugars.
C) ingest CO2.
D) produce CO2.
E) convert CO2into ATP.
Q:
The Calvin cycle requires all of the following except:
A) O2.
B) ATP.
C) NADPH.
D) RuBP.
Q:
The Calvin cycle takes place in the:
A) thylakoids.
B) grana.
C) stroma.
D) cytoplasm.
Q:
The electron carrier in photosynthesis that will donate electrons to CO2so that it can be fixed into sugars is:
A) NADPH.
B) glucose.
C) NADH.
D) FADH.
E) CO2.
Q:
During photosynthesis, energy is released and used to create ATP when:
A) electrons are passed down the energy hill during the light reactions.
B) electrons jump from a reaction center to a primary electron acceptor.
C) CO2is fixed into sugars in the light reactions.
D) water is split, releasing oxygen.
E) electrons are passed from photosystem I to NADPH.
Q:
Where does the NADPH created during the light reactions accumulate?
A) in the stomata
B) in the thylakoid membrane
C) in the leaf's epidermis
D) in the thylakoid compartment
E) in the stroma
Q:
Plants make ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Why do plants also need to carry out the process of cellular respiration?
A) The ATP made during photosynthesis is different from the ATP made during cellular respiration.
B) The ATP made during photosynthesis is only enough to fuel the dark reactions. The plant has to carry out cellular respiration to make ATP for other metabolic activities.
C) Plants need to make ATP from cellular respiration only when the conditions for photosynthesis are bad.
D) Plants do not need to perform cellular respiration.
Q:
During the light reactions of photosynthesis:
A) H2O is oxidized to oxygen and hydrogen ions.
B) ATP is used to produce H2O.
C) ATP is used to produce NADPH.
D) CO2is fixed into glucose.
Q:
As a by-product of photosynthesis, what percentage of the Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?
A) 31 percent
B) 41 percent
C) 21 percent
D) 10 percent
E) 50 percent
Q:
Electrons from photosystem I are transferred down an electron transport chain to ________, which become reduced to ________.
A) NAD+; NADPH
B) NADPH; NADP+
C) NADP+; NADPH
D) ADP; ATP
Q:
The electrons excited by sunlight in photosystem I are replaced by ________, and the electrons excited by sunlight in photosystem II are replaced by ________.
A) electrons from water; electrons from photosystem I
B) electrons from water; electrons from carbon dioxide
C) electrons from water; electrons from water
D) electrons from carbon dioxide; electrons from water
E) electrons from photosystem II; electrons from water
Q:
The products of the light reactions that are then used by the Calvin cycle are:
A) ATP and NADPH.
B) ADP and NADP+.
C) ATP and O2.
D) O2and NADPH.
E) ATP and CO2.
Q:
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, which of these does not occur?
A) Water is used to regenerate the electrons in the chlorophyll that were excited by sunlight.
B) Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, which are transferred directly to ATP.
C) Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, allowing an electron acceptor up the energy hill to accept them.
D) Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll, which eventually wind up on NADPH.
Q:
Chloroplasts transform ________ energy into the ________ energy of ATP.
A) heat; light
B) light; heat
C) heat; chemical
D) light; chemical
E) chemical; heat
Q:
The splitting of water in photosynthesis provides:
A) CO2and electrons.
B) O2and electrons.
C) glucose and electrons.
D) hydrogen ions and light energy.
Q:
The oxygen produced during photosynthesis comes from:
A) water.
B) carbohydrates.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) the air plants take in.
Q:
Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration rely on electron carrier molecules to provide electrons to ultimately help produce ATP. In photosynthesis, the source of electrons is ________ and in cellular respiration the source of electrons is ________.
A) carbon dioxide; oxygen
B) glucose; oxygen
C) oxygen; carbon dioxide
D) water; glucose
Q:
The absorption of light energy by a photosystem:
A) transfers an electron from a reaction center to accessory pigment molecules.
B) causes electrons to be transferred from NADP+to a reaction center.
C) boosts electrons to a higher energy level.
D) causes electrons to lose energy until they reach the reaction center.
Q:
What is the primary purpose of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
A) to produce glucose
B) to create oxygen gas
C) to release electrons needed to convert solar energy to chemical energy
D) to remove carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere
Q:
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is false?
A) Sunlight excites electrons from chlorophyll, which are captured by ATP.
B) In the light reactions, electrons eventually wind up on NADPH.
C) Photosynthesis involves many redox reactions similar to the electron transport chain used during cellular respiration.
D) During the light reactions, ATP and NADPH are synthesized.
E) A waste product of the light reactions is O2.
Q:
The light reactions occur in the:
A) mitochondrial membrane.
B) thylakoid membrane.
C) stoma.
D) thylakoid compartment.
E) mitochondrial compartment.
Q:
The transfer of electrons from chlorophyll a molecules to the primary electron acceptor is an example of a/an:
A) redox reaction.
B) synthesis reaction.
C) light reaction.
D) absorption reaction.
Q:
Chlorophyll a and the accessory pigments of a photosystem act as an antenna by:
A) being the primary electron acceptor.
B) absorbing energy from sunlight and passing it on.
C) absorbing CO2and passing it on.
D) absorbing energy from NADPH and passing it on.
Q:
The purpose of chlorophyll is to:
A) absorb light.
B) let CO2enter the plant.
C) make ATP.
D) make NADPH.
Q:
What function does sunlight perform in photosynthesis?
A) Sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll to a higher energy level.
B) Sunlight fixes the CO2into glucose.
C) Sunlight converts electrons in chlorophyll to a lower energy state.
D) Sunlight converts electrons in water to a lower energy state.
E) Sunlight excites electrons in water to a higher energy level.
Q:
The site of photosynthesis in a cell is the:
A) mitochondrion.
B) central vacuole.
C) stomata.
D) chloroplast.
Q:
Chlorophyll is found in which part of the plant cell?
A) stroma
B) cytoplasm
C) thylakoid
D) plasma membrane
Q:
The stomata are located in the leaf's ________, and the chloroplasts are located in the leaf's ________.
A) epidermis; epidermis
B) mesophyll; epidermis
C) epidermis; mesophyll
D) epidermis; stomata
E) mesophyll; mesophyll
Q:
________ permit CO2to enter the leaf and O2to escape.
A) Mesophyll cells
B) Thylakoids
C) Stomata
D) Chloroplasts
Q:
Which of the following statements is true?
A) The shortest wavelength of light is the ultraviolet ray, which is the highest in energy.
B) The longest wavelength of light is the ultraviolet ray, which is the highest in energy.
C) The shortest wavelength of light is the visible light, which is the highest in energy.
D) The shortest wavelength of light is the infrared ray, which is the highest in energy.
E) The longest wavelength of light is the infrared ray, which is the highest in energy.
Q:
Photosynthesis is driven by the ________ light spectrum.
A) visible
B) infrared
C) ultraviolet
D) microwave
Q:
If you see a red leaf, what color(s) of light in the visible light spectrum is/are being reflected?
A) red
B) all colors except red
C) all colors
D) no colors
Q:
What two colors of light drive most of photosynthesis?
A) red and green
B) blue and green
C) red and blue
D) green and yellow
E) red and yellow
Q:
The ultimate source of energy for most life on Earth is:
A) heat from the Earth.
B) the metabolic processes found in all living things.
C) the sun.
D) oxygen.
Q:
Which of the following equations properly summarizes photosynthesis?
A) C6H12O6+ 6O2+ sunlight → 6CO2+ 6H2O
B) C6H12O6+ 6CO2+ sunlight → 6O2+ 6H2O
C) 6CO2+ 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6+ 6O2
D) 6CO2+ 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2+ sunlight
Q:
The breaking apart of water in photosynthesis is critical to us as animals because photosynthesis:
A) generates ATP.
B) regenerates RuBP.
C) creates a food source.
D) consumes carbon dioxide.
E) produces oxygen.
Q:
The products of photosynthesis are:
A) O2and sugar.
B) H2O and sugar.
C) CO2and sugar
D) O2and CO2
Q:
Which of the following is true of plants?
A) Plants can create their own sugars using photosynthesis.
B) Plants can create their own sugars using fermentation.
C) Plants can create their own sugars using aerobic cellular respiration.
D) Plants can create their own sugars using anaerobic cellular respiration.
Q:
What product that is required by plants do animalsas well as plantsproduce during cellular respiration?
A) CO2
B) glucose
C) oxygen
D) ADP
Q:
What product(s) do plants produce during photosynthesis that is/are used by humans and other animals?
A) glucose
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose and oxygen
Q:
In the cycling of energy and carbon through living things, plants and some other organisms use CO2to make carbon-containing molecules, while other organisms break down those molecules and release CO2. During this process, CO2is produced during ________ and used during ________.
A) cellular respiration; photosynthesis
B) cellular respiration; photosynthesis and cellular respiration
C) photosynthesis; cellular respiration
D) photosynthesis; photosynthesis
E) cellular respiration; cellular respiration
Q:
Which of the following molecules is produced in the intermediate step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
A) ATP
B) oxaloacetate
C) pyruvic acid
D) acetyl CoA
E) citric acid
Q:
The enzymes used by the Krebs cycle are located:
A) in the cytosol.
B) in the inner compartment of the mitochondrion.
C) attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) between the inner membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane.
Q:
How many NADH are produced in the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule used?
A) one
B) three
C) six
D) eight
Q:
Which of the following are electron carriers produced by the Krebs cycle?
A) ATP and FADH2
B) ATP and CO2
C) NADH and ATP
D) NADH and FADH2
Q:
The end products that come out of the Krebs cycle include all of the following except:
A) NADH.
B) pyruvic acid.
C) FADH2.
D) CO2.
E) ATP.
Q:
When acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle, the first molecule produced is:
A) citric acid.
B) α-ketoglutaric acid.
C) succinic acid.
D) malic acid.
E) oxaloacetatic acid.
Q:
How many NADH molecules are created during one turn of the Krebs cycle? (Assume the Krebs cycle begins with one acetyl CoA molecule.)
A) four
B) six
C) one
D) three
E) eight
Q:
How many turns of the Krebs cycle are needed to completely break down one molecule of glucose?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Q:
All of the following occur as glucose moves through glycolysis and the Krebs cycle except:
A) NAD+is converted to NADH.
B) CO2is released.
C) actely CoA is removed to form pyruvate.
D) acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle.
Q:
During the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA covalently binds to oxaloacetate to form citrate, a ________ -carbon molecule.
A) six
B) three
C) five
D) two
E) four
Q:
The Krebs cycle extracts most of the energy in a glucose molecule and stores it in:
A) pyruvic acid.
B) ATP.
C) CO2.
D) NADH.
E) O2.
Q:
Glycolysis occurs in the cell's:
A) cytosol.
B) mitochondria.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) plasma membrane.
E) nucleus.
Q:
Glycolysis produces how many molecules of NADH?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Q:
The three main products of glycolysis are:
A) ATP, NAD+, and CO2.
B) ATP, pyruvic acid, and CO2.
C) ATP, NADH, and CO2.
D) ATP. NADH, and pyruvic acid.
E) NAD+, pyruvic acid, and CO2.
Q:
How many pyruvic acid molecules are generated during the oxidation of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration?
A) three
B) two
C) zero
D) one
E) four
Q:
There is an energy investment step needed to get glycolysis started, requiring the use of ________ ATPs.
A) zero
B) four
C) two
D) three
E) one
Q:
During glycolysis, a glucose molecule will be split into two, three-carbon ________ molecules.
A) acetyl CoA
B) pyruvic acid
C) ATP
D) oxaloacetatic acid
Q:
The term aerobic means:
A) ATP-dependent.
B) carbon dioxide-dependent.
C) oxygen-dependent.
D) oxygen-independent.
Q:
The chemical equation that summarizes the process of cellular respiration is:
A) C6H12O6+ 6CO2+ 36ADP + 36P → 6O2+ 6H2O + 36ATP
B) 6O2+ 6H2O + 36 ATP → C6H12O6+ O2+ 36ADP + 36P
C) C6H12O6+ 6O2+ 36ATP → 6O2+ 6H2O + 36 ADP + 36P
D) C6H12O6+ 6O2+ 36ADP + 36P → 6O2+ 6H2O + 36ATP
Q:
Why do biologists believe glycolysis evolved before the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain?
A) Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria, which all organisms have.
B) Glycolysis requires oxygen, which was one of the first elements on Earth.
C) All organisms use glycolysis; not all use the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.
D) Glycolysis is the most efficient at producing energy.
Q:
The majority of ATP in aerobic respiration is produced by:
A) the Krebs cycle.
B) glycolysis.
C) the electron transport chain.
Q:
When NADH donates its electrons to the electron transport chain, which of the following is true?
A) NADH is reduced to NAD+.
B) NADH is oxidized to NADH2.
C) NADH is reduced to NADH2.
D) NADH is oxidized to NAD+.
Q:
In which of the following reactions is reduction taking place?
A) NAD+→ NADH
B) FADH → FAD+
C) NADH → NAD+
Q:
Oxidation involves the ________ , and reduction involves the
A) gain of oxygen; loss of oxygen
B) loss of oxygen; gain of oxygen
C) loss of electrons; gain of electrons
D) gain of electrons; loss of electrons
Q:
During cellular respiration, what molecule collects the majority of the electrons from the food that we eat?
A) CO2
B) FAD+
C) NAD+
D) glucose
E) ATP
Q:
Which of the following is an example of a molecule being oxidized?
A) oxygen being converted into H2O
B) pyruvate being converted into lactic acid
C) FAD being converted into FADH2
D) NADH being converted into NAD+
Q:
Energy is required to link a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. Where does the energy come from?
A) vitamins
B) enzymes
C) food we eat
D) breathing
Q:
Cells capture the energy from food and store it in the form of:
A) glucose.
B) ATP.
C) oxygen.
D) heat.
E) carbon dioxide.
Q:
What does oxygen allow humans to do?
A) breathe
B) produce food
C) digest food
D) produce ATP from food
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows.As electrons move through the electron transport chain, which of the following occurs?A) Electrons are pumped from the inner compartment of the mitochondrion to the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.B) Hydrogen ions move down their concentration gradient from the inner compartment of the mitochondrion to the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.C) Energy from ATP is used to pump hydrogen ions across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.D) ATP is synthesized from ADP and P as hydrogen ions flow down the electron transport chain.E) Hydrogen ions are pumped from the inner compartment of the mitochondrion to the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. Which stage or stages of aerobic respiration require both NAD+and ADP as reactants?A) glycolysisB) the Krebs cycleC) the electron transport chainD) the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chainE) glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Q:
Mitochondria can be isolated from cells and their production of ATP measured. You want to identify the mechanism of ATP production, so you isolate mitochondria, remove the outer membrane, and place them in a high pH solution. What will happen to the ATP production if you start to lower the pH by adding hydrogen ions to the solution?
Q:
Human babies and animals adapted to the cold are able to maintain their body temperatures because of the presence of brown fat. The mitochondria in brown fat have a protein in them called thermogenin, which allows the flow of hydrogen ions back through the inner mitochondrial membrane (bypassing the ATP synthase). Based on this and your understanding of cellular respiration, propose a mechanism by which brown fat helps keep babies and other animals warm.
Q:
One of the most common misconceptions about cellular respiration is that we inhale oxygen and that this oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, which we exhale. Explain what happens to the oxygen we inhale during cellular respiration. Then explain where the carbon dioxide we exhale comes from in cellular respiration.
Q:
Cyanide is a deadly poison that reacts with hemoglobin in our blood and prevents it from binding oxygen. Cyanide also binds to a molecule in the electron transport chain and blocks the flow of electrons down the chain. Explain why both these mechanisms will stop ATP synthesis.
Q:
As you know, all living things require a source of nutrients. Using animals as an example, explain what these nutrients are used for once they leave the digestive tract.
Q:
When fats are metabolized by aerobic respiration, they are first split into ________ and ________ molecules.
Q:
The electron transport chain occurs in the ________ of the mitochondria.
Q:
During aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is ________.