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Q:
________ is the first product of the Krebs cycle.
Q:
The three-carbon ________ combines with coenzyme A to form ________.
Q:
________ means "sugar splitting."
Q:
The most important electron carrier in cellular respiration is ________.
Q:
A molecule that has gained electrons has been ________.
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidThe last step of the Krebs cycle produces this
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidCarries electrons away from the Krebs cycle
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidCombines with pyruvic acid in an intermediate step
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidThe first molecule produced during the Krebs cycle
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidCombines with oxaloacetic acid in the first step of the Krebs cycle
Q:
Match the following.A) acetyl CoAB) citric acidC) NADHD) coenzyme AE) oxaloacetic acidF) pyruvic acidA three-carbon molecule that gets shuttled into the mitochondria
Q:
Proteins are not oxidized by aerobic respiration.
Q:
The majority of ATP produced during aerobic respiration is produced during glycolysis.
Q:
The Krebs cycle must turn six times for each glucose molecule.
Q:
Organisms exist that can survive using only glycolysis.
Q:
Glycolysis probably evolved before the Krebs cycle.
Q:
In order for one molecule to be oxidized, another molecule must be reduced.
Q:
A molecule that has lost electrons has been reduced.
Q:
Adding phosphate to ADP to form ATP requires an input of energy.
Q:
Before proteins can be used for cellular respiration, they must be broken down into:
A) pyruvate.
B) fatty acids.
C) amino acids.
D) glucose.
Q:
Before starch can be used for cellular respiration, it must be broken down into:
A) pyruvate.
B) fatty acid.
C) oxaloacetatic acid.
D) amino acids.
E) glucose.
Q:
Which of the following types of foods can be oxidized by aerobic respiration?
A) only glucose
B) only fats
C) only proteins
D) only glucose and fats
E) glucose, fats, and proteins
Q:
In order for a fat to be used for energy, it must first be broken down into:
A) amino acids.
B) glucose.
C) fatty acids and sugars.
D) fatty acids and glycerol.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of aerobic respiration?
A) Fats proceed through aerobic respiration in exactly the same manner as glucose.
B) Proteins proceed through aerobic respiration in exactly the same manner as glucose.
C) Glucose will be completely broken down even if oxygen is not present.
D) Glucose, fats, and proteins can be oxidized by aerobic respiration
Q:
Electrons lose energy as they pass down the electron transport chain. What is this energy used for?
A) to power hydrogen ion pumps
B) to link oxygen to hydrogen ions
C) to power water pumps
D) to directly power ATP synthase
Q:
During cellular respiration:
A) glucose is reduced and oxygen is oxidized.
B) glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced.
C) oxygen oxidizes glucose directly.
D) both glucose and oxygen get reduced.
Q:
What role do hydrogen ions (H+) play in the electron transport chain?
A) They are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane against their concentration gradient (to where their concentration is high); as the H+ions flow back to where their concentration is low, they drive ATP synthase to form ATP.
B) They are pumped across the mitochondrial inner membrane against their concentration gradient (to where their concentration is low); as the H+ions flow back to where their concentration is high, they drive ATP synthase to form ATP.
C) They add phosphate groups on ADP to form ATP.
D) They transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.
Q:
What is the energy source used to drive ATP synthase to produce ATP?
A) glucose coming across the mitochondrial inner membrane
B) H+ions flowing across the mitochondrial inner membrane
C) acetyl CoA coming across the mitochondrial inner membrane
D) NADH coming across the mitochondrial inner membrane
E) electrons flowing through the electron transport chain
Q:
What is the final net number of ATP molecules that can be produced per glucose molecule by cellular respiration?
A) 36
B) 4
C) 8
D) 2
E) 38
Q:
During electron transport, how many ATP molecules are produced per NADH molecule and FADH2molecule?
A) three per NADH and three per FADH2
B) two per NADH and two per FADH2
C) three per NADH and two per FADH2
D) two per NADH and three per FADH2
Q:
Oxygen is reduced to water in the cell's:
A) nucleus.
B) mitochondria.
C) cytoplasm.
D) Golgi apparatus.
E) plasma membrane.
Q:
Which of the following statements concerning the electron transport chain is false?
A) The final electron acceptor is oxygen.
B) Each NADH yields three ATP molecules.
C) Each FADH2yields two ATP molecules.
D) The electron transport chain will work whether oxygen is present or not.
Q:
The electron transport chain is used during which of the following processes?
A) lactate fermentation
B) aerobic cellular respiration
C) glycolysis
D) alcoholic fermentation
Q:
The enzyme that creates ATP during electron transport is called:
A) ADP phosphotransferase.
B) ATP creatase.
C) ATP polymerase.
D) ATP synthase.
Q:
Glycolysis occurs in the ________, the Krebs cycle occurs in the ________, and the electron transport chain occurs in the ________ membrane.
A) mitochondria; mitochondria; mitochondrial
B) cytoplasm; mitochondria; mitochondrial
C) mitochondria; cytoplasm; plasma
D) cytoplasm; cytoplasm; plasma
E) cytoplasm; mitochondria; plasma
Q:
Certain drugs prevent the formation of a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. What is the most likely consequence?
A) Most ATP production will stop, and the cell will die.
B) ATP production will increase.
C) Glycolysis will stop.
D) Fermentation will stop.
Q:
Eukaryotic cells require oxygen to:
A) enter the Krebs cycle as an intermediate.
B) perform fermentation.
C) breathe.
D) serve as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
E) start glycolysis.
Q:
A total of four ATP molecules have to be used by aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells. Where are these four ATP molecules used?
A) One molecule is used to start glycolysis, and three are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
B) Three molecules are used to start glycolysis, and one is used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
C) Two molecules are used to start glycolysis, and two are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
D) All four molecules are used to start glycolysis.
E) All four molecules are used to move NADH made during glycolysis into the mitochondria.
Q:
The enzymes used by the electron transport chain are located:
A) in the cytosol.
B) in the outer membrane of the mitochondrion.
C) in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
D) between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion.
Q:
When glucose is the fuel source, what is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
B) electron transport, Krebs cycle, glycolysis
C) Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport
D) electron transport, glycolysis, Krebs cycle
E) Krebs cycle, electron transport, glycolysis
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. The figure above represents allosteric inhibition. Based on the figure, what could be done to allow the enzyme to function again?A) add more enzymeB) add more substrateC) remove some of the productD) remove some of the substrate
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. The figure above represents:A) a metabolic pathway.B) lowering activation energy.C) competitive inhibition.D) allosteric regulation.
Q:
Refer to the figure below, and then answer the question that follows. You have a job as an assistant in a morgue. You are startled (almost to death) when a corpse that recently came in suddenly sits up and remains very stiff. This muscle contraction and stiffness in a dead body is known as rigor mortis. Using your knowledge of the ADP/ATP cycle and its role in muscle contraction, explain why rigor mortis occurs.
Q:
Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis, which is a metabolic pathway involved in ATP production. It can be allosterically regulated by both ATP and ADP. Why is regulating the activity of this enzyme important? Predict what will happen to the rate of reaction when ATP levels in the cell are high, and predict what will happen when the levels of ADP in the cell are high.
Q:
Explain how vitamins play a role in cellular metabolism.
Q:
Individuals with the genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) lack a single enzyme called phenylalanine hydroxylase, which converts the amino acid phenylalanine to the amino acid tyrosine. If this conversion does not happen, phenylalanine builds up and becomes toxic to the central nervous system, causing serious problems for the individual. The management of this disease is to avoid phenylalanine by severely limiting the amount of protein in the diet. How would this help?
Q:
Explain why enzymes are involved in exergonic reactions, such as lactose breaking down into glucose and galactose, and whether these reactions can occur spontaneously.
Q:
Would ATP be the energy currency of the cell if the phosphate groups the cell contains were not charged? Why or why not?
Q:
Explain why it takes energy to create starch from glucose, but it does not take energy to create glucose from starch. In your explanation, describe the law of thermodynamics that explains this, and describe how.
Q:
A ripped piece of paper will never spontaneously repair itself. Explain the law of thermodynamics that explains why this is so.
Q:
You have been asked to explain to a high school class the second law of thermodynamics and how this law affects the students' lives. Using your own words, describe the second law of thermodynamics, and give an example (other than the examples described in the chapter).
Q:
You have been asked to explain to a high school class the first law of thermodynamics and how this law affects the students' lives. Using your own words, describe the first law of thermodynamics, and give an example (other than the examples described in the chapter).
Q:
It has been hypothesized that, if the sun disappeared, all life would end. Other than the obvious drop in temperature, why would humans probably die if the sun suddenly stopped shining?
Q:
The regulation of an enzyme's activity by means of a molecule binding to a site on the enzyme other than its active site is called ________.
Q:
Molecules that facilitate the work of enzymes by binding with them are ________.
Q:
A ________ is a set of enzymatically controlled steps that results in the completion of a product or process in an organism.
Q:
A reaction that requires the input of energy to move forward is ________.
Q:
The study of the thermodynamics of biology is known as ________.
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPThe energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPA source of chemical energy for metabolic processes
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPUsing the energy from the breakdown of molecules to fuel the construction of new molecules
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPThe building of larger molecules, requiring energy
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPThe breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones, with the release of energy
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPThe study of energy
Q:
Match the following.A) thermodynamicsB) coupled reactionC) endergonic reactionD) exergonic reactionE) bioenergeticsF) activation energyG) ATPLinks the study of energy to life
Q:
Allosteric regulation depends on inhibitors binding to the active site of enzymes.
Q:
Enzymes increase the activation energy needed for a particular reaction.
Q:
Enzymes themselves are altered in the process of catalyzing chemical transformations.
Q:
Given enough time, sucrose can spontaneously break down into fructose and glucose in a glass of water.
Q:
Only eukaryotic cells depend on ATP.
Q:
Cells can harvest the energy released during exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
Q:
Endergonic reactions release energy.
Q:
It is possible for a cell to harvest 100 percent of the energy from a chemical reaction to produce movement.
Q:
When a product binds to an allosteric enzyme to slow its reaction, it does which of the following?
A) binds to the active site, blocking the binding of substrate
B) binds to a site other than the active site, changing the shape of the active site and decreasing the binding of substrate
C) binds to the substrate, blocking its binding of the active site
D) binds to the product production site, stopping the production of product
Q:
In allosteric enzyme regulation, which of the following is false about the molecules that can inhibit enzyme activity?
A) They can cause the active site to have a poor shape for binding substrate.
B) They can increase substrate binding.
C) They cause a change in the enzyme's shape.
D) They can bind to a site other than the active site.
Q:
Why is allosteric regulation important to a cell?
A) It allows the cell to control how much of a metabolic product is produced.
B) It allows the cell to switch to other sources of energy besides ATP.
C) It reduces the cell's need for coenzymes.
D) It allows the cell to control how much activation energy is required for enzymatic reactions.
Q:
Which of the following is true of allosteric enzymes?
A) Their activity can be reduced when the product binds the enzyme.
B) Their activity can be reduced when the substrate binds the enzyme.
C) Their coenzyme is removed when the product binds the enzyme.
D) Their activity can be increased by competitive inhibitors.
Q:
What mechanism is used to finely tune enzyme activity according to the needs of the cell?
A) competitive inhibition
B) coupled reactions
C) enzyme specificity
D) allosteric regulation
Q:
People with high cholesterol levels often take drugs in an attempt to lower their cholesterol levels. One such drug is Lipitor. How does this drug work?
A) It enhances the activity of enzymes that help break down cholesterol in the body.
B) It prevents cholesterol from the diet from being absorbed in the small intestine.
C) It acts as a competitive inhibitor by binding to the active site of enzymes that normally produce cholesterol.
D) It increases the activation energy of enzymes needed to produce cholesterol.
Q:
Methyl alcohol, also known as wood alcohol, is a common solvent and paint remover. It is poisonous if accidentally swallowed. The enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase in the liver converts methyl alcohol into formaldehyde, which then gets converted into a toxic product. Grain alcohol, ethyl alcohol, is also acted upon by alcohol dehydrogenase. One antidote for methyl alcohol poisoning is to make a person drink a lot of ethyl alcohol. This blocks the active site of the enzyme so that it can't bind to and break down the methyl alcohol. In this capacity, the ethyl alcohol is acting as a/an:
A) allosteric regulator.
B) coenzyme.
C) competitive inhibtor.
D) precursor.