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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Which of the following drugs, chemotherapeutic agents against HIV, inhibits reverse transcriptase?
A) ampligen
B) azidothymidine
C) alpha interferon
D) soluble CD4
Q:
The CD4 molecule is
A) an HIV surface glycoprotein.
B) a cell-surface protein receptor for HIV.
C) found only on T-helper cells.
D) an HIV surface glycoprotein that is found only on T-helper cells.
Q:
Which of the following statements about chlamydial infections is TRUE?
A) Chlamydial diseases are not reportable diseases.
B) Chlamydial diseases are less prevalent than gonorrhea.
C) Chlamydial diseases can lead to acute complications.
D) All of the statements are true.
Q:
The Spanish flu of 1918 was caused by an ________ influenza virus.
A) H2N1
B) H5N1
C) H1N1
D) H2N2
Q:
Once a person has been infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the individual
A) acquires transient immunity, which prevents subsequent infection for about a year.
B) acquires no immunity, and thus could be reinfected immediately.
C) requires immunization by a vaccine.
D) requires immunization by an antiserum.
Q:
Which of the following is a cure for mumps?
A) a vaccine
B) an antibiotic
C) host antibodies
D) an antiviral
Q:
A frequent symptom of the common cold is
A) nasal discharge.
B) fever.
C) headache.
D) diarrhea.
Q:
Encapsulated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are particularly pathogenic, because they
A) produce exotoxin A.
B) produce exotoxin B.
C) are potentially very invasive.
D) produce M protein surface antigens.
Q:
Influenza A virus can be identified by which of the following surface glycoproteins?
A) HA
B) NA
C) both HA and NA
D) M protein
Q:
Rheumatic fever is
A) an autoimmune disease.
B) a poststaphylococcal disease.
C) triggered by cell-surface antigens on Staphylococcus aureus cells that are similar to heart valve and joint antigens.
D) caused by human papillomavirus.
Q:
Impetigo is due to an infection caused by
A) Staphylococcus aureus but not Streptococcus pyogenes.
B) Streptococcus pyogenes but not Staphylococcus aureus.
C) either Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
D) neither Staphylococcus aureus nor Streptococcus pyogenes.
Q:
The causative agent of streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as "strep throat," is
A) Streptococcus pyogenes.
B) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
C) Streptococcus mutans.
D) Streptococcus lactis.
Q:
Which of the following microbial groups is MOST resistant to desiccation due to their cell wall?
A) gram-positive
B) gram-negative
C) mycoplasmas
D) viruses
Q:
Many pathogenic organisms require living hosts as reservoirs to survive.
Q:
The incidence of HIV among hemophiliacs and transfusion recipients has remained constant since 1994.
Q:
A disease that is constantly present in low numbers is called an acute disease.
Q:
The term ________ is applied to strains and preparations of Bacillus anthracis that exhibit properties that enhance dissemination and use as biological weapons.
A) weaponized
B) virulized
C) category A
D) infectious
Q:
Diseases can be controlled through immunization even if the percentage of the population that is immunized is less than 100% because
A) vectors can be controlled through other means.
B) most diseases lack reservoirs.
C) of herd immunity.
D) vehicles can be sterilized.
Q:
In just over a decade of efforts, the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated smallpox by using worldwide
A) education campaigns.
B) destruction of infected domestic animals.
C) education campaigns and destruction of infected domestic animals.
D) vaccination programs.
Q:
The basic reproduction number of a pathogen
A) can vary during an epidemic based on infection control measures.
B) can be determined experimentally in the lab.
C) is usually high for pathogens that are transmitted through direct contact.
D) can be determined experimentally and is usually high for pathogens that are transmitted through direct contact.
Q:
Epidemiological studies of AIDS in Africa have confirmed that ________ transmission of the virus is the norm in that region.
A) fomite
B) indirect
C) heterosexual
D) homosexual
Q:
In 2003, the majority of AIDS deaths occurred in
A) South America.
B) North America.
C) Europe.
D) Sub-Saharan Africa.
Q:
Over time, the relationship between a pathogen and a nave susceptible population tends towards
A) the extinction of the host.
B) the extinction of the pathogen.
C) a balance between host and pathogen such that both are maintained.
D) the extinction of either the host or the pathogen.
Q:
Most cases of mosquito-transmitted diseases occur in
A) the summer and fall seasons.
B) tropical and sub-tropical regions.
C) rural areas.
D) tropical and sub-tropical regions or during the summer and fall seasons.
Q:
"Typhoid Mary" is an example of a ________, because she was infected by the causative agent for typhoid fever yet was asymptomatic.
A) fomite
B) carrier
C) vector
D) vehicle
Q:
Pasteurization of milk is an example of a disease control measure aimed at
A) preventing host-to-host transmission.
B) controlling the disease vector.
C) preventing common source diseases.
D) eliminating the disease reservoir.
Q:
Diseases that suddenly become prevalent are referred to as ________ diseases.
A) indirect
B) emerging
C) vector
D) common source
Q:
Disease cases that exhibit new syndromes or characteristics or are linked to new pathogens are surveyed through regional laboratories and considered ________ cases.
A) zoonotic
B) index
C) endemic
D) epidemic
Q:
Diseases that are good candidates for eradication have
A) only a human reservoir.
B) no asymptomatic phase.
C) an environmental reservoir.
D) only a human reservoir and no asymptomatic phase.
Q:
A disease showing a relatively slow, progressive rise followed by a gradual decline in incidence is indicative of a(n)
A) host-to-host epidemic.
B) common source epidemic.
C) biological weapon.
D) endemic disease.
Q:
With regards to mode of disease transmission, respiratory pathogens are generally ________, and intestinal pathogens are generally spread by contaminated ________.
A) spread by direct contact / vectors
B) spread by indirect contact / carriers
C) more transmissible / needles
D) airborne / food or water
Q:
People who have a subclinical case of a disease are frequently ________ of a particular disease.
A) fomites
B) carriers
C) vectors
D) vehicles
Q:
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population is the field of
A) microbiology.
B) immunology.
C) epidemiology.
D) virology.
Q:
A nonliving source of an infectious agent that infects a large number of people is called a
A) fomite.
B) reservoir.
C) vector.
D) vehicle.
Q:
Why did the H1N1 strain of influenza virus cause a pandemic in 2009?
A) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the mortality associated with infection.
B) The H1N1 virus had a mutation that increased the basic reproduction number of the virus.
C) The H1N1 virus underwent a significant antigenic shift compared to other circulating strains of influenza.
D) The H1N1 virus acquired a new gene from pigs that resulted in increased virulence.
Q:
Disease ________ is measured by the total number of new reported disease cases within a population over a period of time.
A) incidence
B) frequency
C) morbidity
D) prevalence
Q:
The number of ill individuals within a population is referred to as
A) morbidity.
B) mortality.
C) residency.
D) prevalence.
Q:
Which of the following diseases would be the easiest to control in a human population?
A) an infectious disease with wild animals as a reservoir
B) an infectious disease with humans as the only reservoir
C) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir
D) an infectious disease with several possible reservoirs
Q:
Which public health measure(s) is/are MOST effective against pathogens transmitted through common vehicles?
A) water purification
B) mosquito control
C) food safety regulations
D) water purification and food safety regulations
Q:
Which group of organisms is difficult to control through immunization because of their rapid and unpredictable genetic mutations?
A) vector-borne organisms
B) RNA viruses
C) Archaea
D) DNA viruses
Q:
Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus) that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers generally have high ________ but low ________.
A) incidence / prevalence
B) prevalence / mortality
C) mortality / morbidity
D) morbidity / mortality
Q:
Which disease listed does NOT require quarantine?
A) smallpox
B) HIV/AIDS
C) plague
D) cholera
Q:
What is a/are potential reservoir(s) for viruses?
A) water
B) insects
C) bats
D) fomites
Q:
Middle eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae.
B) the influenza virus.
C) a coronavirus.
D) a rhinovirus.
Q:
Cholera is an example of a pandemic disease that
A) has multiple wild animal reservoirs and is thus difficult to eradicate.
B) spreads from a common source and could be controlled with adequate clean water and waste sanitation measures.
C) is spread through direct contact and has only a human reservoir.
D) has recently emerged due to overcrowding in urban centers.
Q:
Influenza pandemics occur cyclically because
A) less than 100% of the population is immunized.
B) new strains emerge due to reassortment between bird, swine, and human variants.
C) the vector is seasonal.
D) there are environmental reservoirs that release the virus during particular seasons.
Q:
Which body site is preferentially infected by foodborne pathogens?
A) gastrointestinal tract
B) respiratory tract
C) cerebrospinal fluid
D) liver
Q:
An example of a cyclical disease is
A) diphtheria.
B) smallpox.
C) influenza.
D) anthrax.
Q:
Which of the following are NOT vectors important in disease transmission?
A) fomites
B) insects
C) ticks
D) rodents
Q:
A marked seasonality to a disease is often indicative of
A) certain modes of transmission.
B) the presence of carriers.
C) a zoonotic infection.
D) a bacterial disease.
Q:
Which stage of an acute infectious disease occurs between the time the organism begins to grow in the host and the appearance of disease symptoms?
A) acute period
B) decline period
C) infection
D) incubation period
Q:
A large number of cases of a particular disease observed in a relatively short period of time in an area that previously experienced only sporadic cases of the disease is known as a(n)
A) pandemic.
B) outbreak.
C) endemic.
D) zoonosis.
Q:
The MOST common vectorborne disease in the United States is
A) influenza A.
B) Lyme disease.
C) malaria.
D) pneumonia.
Q:
Treponema pallidum is extremely sensitive to temperature changes and low moisture, thus it is transmitted
A) by intimate person-to-person contact.
B) by fomites.
C) by vectors.
D) through common sources such as food and water.
Q:
Which of the following emergence factors has contributed to the HIV/AIDS epidemic?
A) climate change
B) rapid pathogen adaptation and change
C) increasing travel to endemic areas
D) exotic pet and meat trade
Q:
Which of the following shows the correct relationship among the epidemiology terms listed?
A) prevalence > incidence > mortality
B) incidence > prevalence > mortality
C) mortality > morbidity > prevalence
D) mortality > incidence > prevalence
Q:
The incidence of HIV/AIDS among transfusion recipients has
A) increased since the discovery of HIV.
B) decreased since the discovery of HIV.
C) remained the same since the discovery of HIV.
D) never been more than a few individuals per year.
Q:
Potential candidates for biological warfare
A) are generally gram-negative rather than gram-positive.
B) can be virtually any pathogenic bacterium or virus.
C) are eukaryotic rather than prokaryotic.
D) must be genetically engineered to be effective.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of herd immunity?
A) Brucellosis is no longer found in farm animals in the United States.
B) If 70% of the population is immunized against polio, the disease will be essentially absent from the population.
C) Federal law requires that all cattle not immune to anthrax be destroyed.
D) All farm animals used for food must be immunized against all the common agents of disease that infect humans.
Q:
Which of the following diseases is NOT normally spread by a common source?
A) measles
B) foodborne diseases
C) waterborne diseases
D) cholera
Q:
The onset of a given epidemic is indicated by a sharp rise in the number of cases reported daily over a brief interval. This indicates that the mode of transmission is
A) host to host.
B) a common source.
C) insect vector.
D) mechanical vector.
Q:
Which of the following is/are considered (a) direct contact infection(s)?
A) syphilis
B) gonorrhea
C) skin infections
D) syphilis, gonorrhea, and skin infections
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a public health measure used to control the transmission of disease?
A) sanitary water and waste disposal methods
B) immunization
C) forced quarantine
D) genetic engineering
Q:
An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most appropriately called a
A) fomite.
B) carrier.
C) vector.
D) reservoir.
Q:
A ________ is a disease that primarily infects animals but can be transmitted to humans.
A) nosocomial infection
B) zoonosis
C) vector infection
D) mudurane
Q:
A disease that is present in unusually high numbers throughout the world is called a(n)
A) endemic.
B) epidemic.
C) sporadic.
D) pandemic.
Q:
Why are public health officials concerned about smallpox being used as a biological weapon? Give several reasons in your answer.
Q:
What are the five stages of a typical infectious disease? During which stage is the host likely to infect others?
Q:
How might climate change impact the incidence of a disease? Use a specific example to illustrate your answer.
Q:
Rodents have been associated with numerous severe epidemics in the past, prompting microbiologist Hans Zinsser in the 1930s to write a book, Rats, Lice, and History, in which he documented the important role of rodents in epidemics. Discuss why rodent control is still desirable, even in an age when it is perceived that the "magic bullets" of chemotherapy and immunization to control infectious disease are readily available.
Q:
List and discuss five factors responsible for the emergence of new pathogens or the reemergence of existing pathogens.
Q:
Explain the concept of coevolution in terms of host-pathogen interactions.
Q:
How can epidemiologist differentiate between common-source and host-to-host epidemics based only on the incidence of disease?
Q:
You are planning a whitewater rafting vacation in Kenya. Based on what you know about microbiology, what precautions should you take to return in the best of health?
Q:
What happened in Australia when rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus was released to control the rabbit population?
Q:
What measures would be taken if a case of smallpox were recognized in a world traveler after the individual had debarked from Heathrow airport in England following several days of sightseeing in London?
Q:
Why are diseases such as rabies that have a wild animal reservoir so difficult to eradicate while other diseases such as brucellosis that reside in domestic animals have been virtually eradicated.
Q:
Give an example of an acute and a chronic carrier of disease. What disease characteristics allow for chronic carriers to play significant roles in the spread of the disease? How are diseases with chronic carriers controlled?
Q:
A disease transferred by indirect contact with a high basic reproduction number and mortality would be an effective biological weapon.
Q:
A disease that is transferred by direct intimate contact with a mortality rate over 90% would be an effective biological weapon.