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Biology & Life Science
Q:
Divergence of the green and red algal lineages at least partially explains how two different primary endosymbiosis events occurred to form different chloroplast types in different taxa.
Q:
The DNA in chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells is derived from Bacteria.
Q:
The green alga Botryococcus braunii is a candidate for production of biofuel due to its ability to produce
A) and withstand large amounts of alcohols.
B) hydrogen gas.
C) long-chain (C30C36) hydrocarbons.
D) short-chain (C8C14) hydrocarbons.
Q:
In a freshwater pond, a green alga is likely to be
A) colonial.
B) filamentous.
C) unicellular.
D) colonial, filamentous, multicellular, or unicellular.
Q:
What are the two main groups of green algae?
A) chlorophytes and chrysophytes
B) chlorophytes and charophyceans
C) chrysophytes and charophyceans
D) chlorarachniophytes and chlorophytes
Q:
The accessory pigment phycoerythrin is dominant in the ________ group of algae, which mostly lack flagella, have multicellular lifestyles, and occur in marine waters. Those in particular which deposit calcium carbonate in coral reef systems are classified as ________ algae.
A) chlorophyte / coralline
B) chlorophyte / rhodolithic
C) rhodophyte / coralline
D) rhodophyte / rhodolithic
Q:
The majority of basidiomycetes living in soil occur as
A) diploid mycelia.
B) diploid basidiocarps.
C) haploid mycelia.
D) haploid basidiocarps.
Q:
For a pure culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells that were all derived from a single cell to mate,A) a mating-type switch in one or more cells in the culture must occur.B) both the and the a gene must be fully expressed in the population.C) the gene must be fully repressed in the population.D) some cells must exist as diploids.
Q:
Ascospores are produced in all of the following taxa EXCEPT
A) Aspergillus.
B) Candida.
C) Rhizopus.
D) Saccharomyces.
Q:
Microsporidia were previously thought to be an early-branching taxon of Eukarya due to their parasitic lifestyle. However, new evidence suggests they have evolved into a parasitic lifestyle through adaptive gene loss which places them as close relatives of the zygospore-producing
A) ascomycetes.
B) chytridiomycetes.
C) glomeromycetes.
D) zygomycetes.
Q:
Obligate symbiotic fungi that form associations with plants by entering the cortical cells of plants without invading the plant cell's membrane are called ________ and include the genus ________.
A) ectomycorrhizae / Agaricus
B) ectomycorrhizae / Glomus
C) endomycorrhizae / Agaricus
D) endomycorrhizae / Glomus
Q:
Spoilage of bread, which appears dark green-blue to black in color, is MOST likely caused by the fungus
A) Aspergillus niger.
B) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
C) Glomus spp.
D) Rhizopus stolonifer.
Q:
The unusual ability for ________ being flagellated and motile enables ________.
A) ascospores / dispersal in aquatic systems
B) ascospores / spreading of pathogens in blood
C) zoospores / dispersal in aquatic systems
D) zoospores / spreading of pathogens in blood
Q:
In contrast to bacterial endospores, fungal spores LACK ________ resistance.
A) chemical
B) desiccation
C) heat
D) freezing
Q:
Which spores are NOT involved in sexual reproduction of fungi?
A) ascospores
B) basidiospores
C) conidia spores
D) zygospores
Q:
What are the MOST abundant biomolecules in a typical fungal cell wall?
A) amino acids
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) porins and channels
Q:
A fungal mycelium is a large accumulation of ________, which may appear dusty or fuzzy due to the presence of ________.
A) coenocytes / conidia
B) coenocytes / mycorrhizae
C) hyphae / conidia
D) hyphae / mycorrhizae
Q:
The earliest diverging lineage of fungi are the
A) chytridiomycetes.
B) zygomycetes.
C) glomeromycetes.
D) ascomycetes.
Q:
The amoebozoa that are parasitic for humans are the
A) gymnamoebas.
B) radiolarians.
C) entamoebas.
D) oomycetes.
Q:
The amoebozoa use what structures for movement and feeding?
A) threadlike pseudopodia
B) cilia
C) flagella
D) lobe-shaped pseudopodia
Q:
The function of the parabasal body is to
A) allow for photosynthesis to occur.
B) give structural support to the Golgi complex.
C) allow for the formation of energy from aerobic respiration.
D) give structural support to the endoflagellum.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Eukarya?
A) protists
B) fungi
C) viruses
D) red algae
Q:
Which microbial group is responsible for massive amphibian die-offs worldwide?
A) cercozoans
B) ciliates
C) chytrids
D) zygomycetes
Q:
How can the amebozoans, cercozoans, and radiolarians be distinguished from each other with microscopy if they all have pseudopodia?
A) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, cercozoans and radiolarians both have threadlike pseudopodia, and radiolarians have radial symmetry.
B) Amebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, and cercozoans are significantly smaller in size but contain threadlike pseudopodia just like radiolarians.
C) Amebozoans have large pseudopodia, cercozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, and radiolarians have radial threadlike pseudopodia.
D) Amebozoans have multiple lobe-shaped pseudopodia, cercozoans have one or two threadlike pseudopodia, and radiolarians have multiple threadlike pseudopodia.
Q:
Which group of amoebozoans is MOST likely to cause illness in humans?
A) dictyostelium
B) entamoebas
C) gymnamoebas
D) slime molds
Q:
What phenomenon accounts for the appearance of chloroplasts in some unicellular phototrophic eukaryotes?
A) endosymbiosis
B) secondary endosymbiosis
C) sequencing of chloroplasts' SSU genes
D) horizontal gene transfer
Q:
A geologist going through a sediment core is likely to find remnants of ancient calcium carbonate containing ________ and silica containing ________.
A) diatoms / cercozoans
B) cercozoans / diatoms
C) chlorarachniophytes / foraminiferans
D) foraminiferans / chlorarachniophytes
Q:
What would a fucoxanthin carotenoid stain be most useful in identifying?
A) brown or golden algae
B) flagellated algae
C) photosynthetic diatoms
D) slime molds from other molds
Q:
Endolithic phototrophic communities are MOST common in ________ environments.
A) dry
B) hot
C) humid
D) windy
Q:
Which algae are MOST closely related to plants?
A) red algae
B) green algae
C) brown algae
D) euglenoids
Q:
Diatoms are
A) an ancient group of algae.
B) more closely related to slime molds than to algae.
C) morphologically symmetric.
D) multicellular phototrophs.
Q:
Which statement is TRUE regarding the ecological role of plant degradation by fungi?
A) In brown rot the cellulose is attacked preferentially, and the lignin is left unmetabolized.
B) In brown rot the lignin is attacked preferentially, and the cellulose is left unmetabolized.
C) In white rot the cellulose is attacked preferentially, and the lignin is left unmetabolized.
D) In white rot the lignin is attacked preferentially, and the cellulose is left unmetabolized.
Q:
Which statement is TRUE regarding fungal spores?
A) Conidia are asexual spores.
B) Ascospores are sexual spores.
C) Basidiospores are sexual spores.
D) Conidia are asexual spores, and both ascospores and basidiospores are sexual spores.
Q:
Oomycetes ("water molds") contain ________ in their cell walls, while most fungi have ________ in their cell walls.
A) cellulose / chitin
B) chitin / cellulose
C) silica / chitin
D) cellulose / silica
Q:
Which statement BEST describes the habitats of the fungi?
A) Most fungi are aquatic, microscopic, and primarily freshwater.
B) Most fungi are aquatic and primarily marine.
C) Most fungi are terrestrial, microscopic, and inhabit soil or dead plant matter.
D) Most fungi are terrestrial and macroscopic.
Q:
Which group of eukaryotes LACK alveoli?
A) apicomplexans
B) ciliates
C) dinoflagellates
D) oomycetes
Q:
A drug that specifically inhibited the replication of the large DNA mass present in large mitochondria would be MOST effective at killing
A) euglenids.
B) ciliates.
C) Trypanosoma spp.
D) Toxoplasma spp.
Q:
A thin, crescent-shaped organism with a single flagellum originating from a basal body and which folds back laterally across the cell would most likely be a member of the genus
A) Trypanosoma.
B) Glossina.
C) Entamoeba.
D) Gambiense.
Q:
Many parabasalids lack ________, which makes them different than most other eukaryotes.
A) endoplasmic reticula
B) introns in their genomes
C) mitochondria and hydrogenosomes
D) Golgi complexes
Q:
Giardia are diplomonads which have nuclei that
A) appear as two separate chromosomes but are weakly joined.
B) contain one small and one large nucleus per cell.
C) have one nucleus enclosed in a mitosome and another nucleus in their cytoplasm.
D) occur as two similar sizes per cell.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a unifying characteristic of diplomonads and parabasalids?
A) having flagella
B) lacking chloroplasts
C) lacking mitochondria
D) being multicellular
Q:
Of the taxa listed, which is NOT classified as a protist?
A) Amoeba
B) Euglena
C) Giardia
D) Saccharomyces
Q:
Several genes are used in constructing the phylogenetic tree of Eukarya, but the gene(s) encoding for ________ is/are NOT used.
A) ATPase
B) cytoskeleton tubulins
C) RNA polymerase
D) tRNAs
Q:
Which group of Eukarya has complicated the phylogenetics of the domain by first being thought of as ancient to the more recent view of them being highly derived eukaryotes?
A) dinoflagellates
B) fungi
C) hydrogenosome-containing eukaryotes
D) stramenopiles
Q:
Evidence of ________ supports the hypothesis that eukaryotes are derived from bacteria.
A) antibiotic resistance
B) DNA content in the nucleus
C) ribosome contents
D) ribosome contents and DNA content in the nucleus
Q:
Primary endosymbioses gave rise to ________ and secondary endosymbioses gave rise to ________.
A) chloroplasts in algae / chloroplasts in plants
B) mitochondria in eukaryotes / chloroplasts in eukaryotes
C) chloroplasts and mitochondria in plants and red and green algae / chloroplasts in other eukaryotes
D) chloroplasts and mitochondria in green and red algae / chloroplasts and mitochondria in diatoms
Q:
What is the minimum concentration of sodium chloride that an extreme halophile requires for growth?
A) 2 M
B) 4 M
C) 6 M
D) 10 M
Q:
The presence of genes encoding RubisCO enzymes in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii and a species of Pyrococcus indicates that the organisms
A) incorporate carbon dioxide via the acetyl-CoA pathway.
B) incorporate carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle.
C) incorporate carbon dioxide via the reverse citric acid cycle.
D) utilize molecular hydrogen as an electron donor in chemolithotrophic metabolism.
Q:
One factor that seems to aid in maintaining lipid stability in hyperthermophilic Archaea is that dibiphytanyl tetraether lipids form a(n)
A) covalently bonded monolayer cytoplasmic membrane.
B) interlocking bilayer cytoplasmic membrane.
C) interlocking lattice with the cell wall.
D) pseudomembrane immediately inside the cytoplasmic membrane.
Q:
The factor that MOST affects the thermostability of a protein is its
A) highly hydrophobic core regions.
B) folding pattern.
C) ionic surface interactions.
D) number of hydrogen bonds.
Q:
Many hyperthermophiles of Archaea are ________; however, Staphylothermus is a chemoorganotroph.
A) chemolithotrophs
B) mixotrophs
C) parasites
D) photoheterotrophs
Q:
________ is a strict anaerobe with an optimum growth temperature of 105C that grows chemolithotrophically on H2 with S0 as an electron receptor or chemoorganotrophically on complex mixtures of organic compounds.
A) Pyrodictium
B) Pyrolobus
C) Pyrobaculum
D) Desulfurococcus
Q:
Which of the following is TRUE about the crenarchael genera Sulfolobus?
A) Sulfolobus grows in sulfur-rich hot alkaline springs.
B) Sulfolobus is an anaerobic chemolithotroph.
C) Sulfolobus can grow chemoorganotrophically.
D) Sulfolobus is a gram-positive rod.
Q:
Which of the following bioenergetic processes CANNOT occur in hyperthermophiles?
A) chemoorganotrophy
B) chemolithotrophy
C) photosynthesis
D) chemoorganotrophy, chemolithotrophy, and photosynthesis
Q:
What makes the metabolism of Ferroglobus interesting in the context of evolution?
A) Ferroglobus is an anaerobic iron-oxidizing chemolithotrophic autotroph that may represent a key metabolism that allowed for the oxidation of ferrous iron without molecular oxygen.
B) Ferroglobus can use H2 or H2S as electron donors in its energy metabolism and is thermophilic, thus representing the earliest hypothesized forms of life.
C) Ferroglobus lacks cells wall and becomes encrusted in oxidized iron.
D) Ferroglobus is both an iron- and nitrate-reducer and is probably the last common ancestor of all iron- and nitrate-reducing organisms.
Q:
Which archaeal phylum contains primarily extreme halophiles and methanogens?
A) Crenarchaeota
B) Euryarchaeota
C) Nanoarchaeota
D) Thaumarchaeota
Q:
Which genus within Archaea is capable of growth at the hottest temperature recorded of 122C?
A) Methanopyrus
B) Thermoproteus
C) Thermosphaera
D) Pyrococcus
Q:
What characteristic do mycoplasmas (Bacteria) and Thermoplasma and Ferroplasma (Archaea) have in common?
A) contain plasmids
B) hyperthermophilic
C) lack cell walls
D) relatively large genomes from duplicated genes
Q:
A chemoorganotroph growing optimally at 55C and pH 2 in complex media would most likely be a member of the genus
A) Methanocaldococcus.
B) Halobacterium.
C) Methanococcus.
D) Thermoplasma.
Q:
Some members of the Thermoplasmatales can grow at pH levels below
A) 4.
B) 7.
C) 0.
D) 10.
Q:
Approximately ________ of the Methanocaldococcus jannaschii genes have no counterparts in known genes from other sequenced organisms.
A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 40%
D) 70%
Q:
What special adaptation(s) has/have Thermoplasma evolved to survive in hot acidic environments?
A) Thermoplasma stabilize their cytoplasmic membrane by incorporation of tetraether lipoglycans in the cytoplasmic membrane.
B) Thermoplasma have a reinforced cell wall containing basic amino linkers in the peptidoglycan.
C) Thermoplasma excrete hydrogen ions and import hydroxyl ions.
D) Thermoplasma are highly motile to avoid destruction.
Q:
Which microbial grouping is the major oxygenic phototroph in most salt lakes?
A) cyanobacteria
B) Dunaliella, a eukaryotic alga
C) halophilic Archaea
D) purple nonsulfur bacteria
Q:
Which of the following are NOT substrates for methanogens?
A) acetate and pyruvate
B) carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and formate
C) glucose and sucrose
D) methanol, methylamine, and methylmercaptan
Q:
Most known methanogens are nonhalophilic
A) psychrophiles.
B) mesophiles.
C) thermophiles.
D) extremophiles (at either the psychrophilic or thermophilic end).
Q:
The taxonomy of the methanogens is based on
A) phenotypic analysis.
B) phylogenetic (comparative nucleic acid sequencing) analysis.
C) phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses.
D) neither phenotypic nor phylogenetic analysis.
Q:
Methanogens
A) produce methane as a part of their energy metabolism.
B) utilize methane as an energy source.
C) process and store methane to detoxify it.
D) produce, utilize, and detoxify methane.
Q:
Retinal in prokaryotes is part of
A) photosynthesis.
B) phototaxis.
C) light-driven ATP synthesis.
D) light-driven ATP synthesis and phototaxis.
Q:
The cytoplasmic proteins of Halobacterium are
A) highly acidic.
B) highly basic.
C) generally neutral.
D) variable, depending on the species.
Q:
Some strains of haloarchaea exhibit
A) anoxic growth at the expense of sugar fermentation.
B) anaerobic respiration.
C) anoxygenic photosynthesis.
D) light-driven ATP synthesis under oxygen-limiting conditions.
Q:
What do MOST halobacteria use for carbon substrates?
A) amino and organic acids
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
Q:
Some of the largest naturally occurring plasmids occur in the
A) methanogens.
B) genus Thermoplasma.
C) extreme halophiles.
D) genus Picrophilus.
Q:
Which of the following metabolisms is NOT found in Archaea?
A) photosynthesis
B) chemolithotrophy
C) chemoorganotrophy
D) aerobic respiration
Q:
The Archaea are
A) primarily ancient organisms that have not evolved very much in the last billion years.
B) phylogenetically diverse, but functionally restricted to extremophiles and chemolithotrophs.
C) diverse microorganisms that inhabit almost every environment on Earth, including the colon of humans and other mammals.
D) functionally diverse, but restricted to thermophilic or hyperthermophilic environments.
Q:
Which statement is TRUE of methanogenic and extremely halophilic Archaea?
A) The methanogens are obligate aerobes; the extreme halophiles are obligate anaerobes.
B) The methanogens are obligate anaerobes; the extreme halophiles are mostly obligate aerobes.
C) Both the methanogens and the extreme halophiles are obligate aerobes.
D) Both the methanogens and the extreme halophiles are obligate anaerobes.
Q:
The microorganisms that are thought to resemble the first cellular forms of life on Earth are
A) H2-oxidizing hyperthermophiles.
B) acidophilic Archaea.
C) the Nanoarchaeota.
D) fermentative thermophiles.
Q:
Speculate on the possibility of life on other planets. Use representatives of the hyperthermophilic Archaea and hydrogen chemolithotrophs as a guide to this discussion.
Q:
Why does Halobacterium pump large quantities of K+ cations into its cytoplasm from the environment? What would happen if Halobacterium did not do this?
Q:
Where is the thermosome found, and what is its apparent role?
Q:
Detail the mechanism by which halophilic Archaea obtain energy from light.