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Biology & Life Science
Q:
To ensure growth of a newly discovered bacterium with unknown nutritional requirements, it would be best to begin with a ________ medium rather than a ________ medium.
A) complex / minimal
B) minimal / complex
C) selective / complex
D) selective / differential
Q:
Aseptic technique refers to
A) the microbial inoculum placed into a test tube or onto a Petri plate.
B) a series of practices to avoid contamination.
C) the autoclave and other sterilizing procedures.
D) cleanliness in the laboratory.
Q:
Which is an example of a micronutrient?
A) arginine
B) inorganic phosphorous
C) iron
D) vitamin B12
Q:
The change in Gibbs free energy for a particular reaction is MOST useful in determining
A) the amount of energy catalysts required for biosynthesis or catabolism.
B) the potential metabolic reaction rate.
C) whether there will be a requirement or production of energy.
D) energy stored in each compound.
Q:
Based on your understanding of metabolism, generalize when an enzyme's rate of activity can be changed.
A) before enzyme production
B) during enzyme production
C) after enzyme production
D) at any point"before, during, or after enzyme production
Q:
Which element functions BOTH as an enzyme cofactor and as a stabilizer of ribosomes and nucleic acids?
A) iron
B) hydrogen
C) zinc
D) magnesium
Q:
All microorganisms require
A) carbon, iron, and sodium.
B) phosphorus, aluminum, and sodium.
C) calcium, potassium, and magnesium.
D) phosphorus, selenium, and sulfur.
Q:
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Most bacteria are capable of using ammonia as their sole nitrogen source.
B) Some bacteria are able to use nitrates or nitrogen gas as their nitrogen source.
C) Most available nitrogen is in organic forms.
D) Nitrogen is a major component of proteins and nucleic acids.
Q:
Which of the following would be used by a chemoorganotroph for energy?
A) C2H3O2-
B) H2
C) CO2
D) H+
Q:
Based on the functional roles of phosphate in various microbial metabolisms, deduce which compounds phosphate exists as in microorganisms.
A) organic compounds
B) inorganic compounds
C) both organic and inorganic compounds
D) neither organic nor inorganic compounds
Q:
The sum of all biosynthetic reactions in a cell is known as
A) metabolism.
B) anabolism.
C) catabolism.
D) synthatabolism.
Q:
Consider a pizza dough made by vigorously mixing to form gluten and evenly disperse the ingredients such as baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Predict the metabolic differences yeast would have in a thinly flattened dough and in a spherical dough ball.
Q:
Explain why a eukaryotic cell needs membrane-enclosed lysosomes and peroxisomes.
Q:
Predict what would happen to a motile bacterium undergoing chemotaxis if the Mot proteins suddenly ceased to function.
Q:
Elaborate on why discovering endospores was important to microbiology.
Q:
Compare and contrast the location and activities of periplasm-binding proteins of ABC transport systems in gram-negative and gram-positive Bacteria.
Q:
Explain why prokaryotes tend to survive and adapt more rapidly to extreme and dynamic environmental conditions than eukaryotes.
Q:
Construct a chart to show at least five major differences between the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall of bacteria and archaea. What are the implications of these differences?
Q:
You have discovered a new bacterial strain that causes urinary tract infections. Closely related bacterial species cannot cause infections. You compare the strains and find that your new strain has structures composed of protein external to its cell wall. What structures might your new strain have that the other strains do not? Why?
Q:
What type of microscope would you use to visualize the internal structures of a chloroplast? Support your conclusion with evidence based on the size of the structures you want to see and the resolution and magnification power of different types of microscopes.
Q:
What is the function of an endospore and how is an endospore formed?
Q:
Describe the mechanisms by which certain prokaryotes glide. What are the ecological advantages of gliding motility?
Q:
You are studying swimming motility in a pathogenic bacillus. You create mutations in random genes and then test which mutations effect swimming motility by looking at the mutant cells under the microscope. One of the mutant bacteria can not swim anymore, but still rotates around in a one spot when you watch them. Using electron microscopy you discover that some parts of the flagella are still present in the cell wall, but no long flagella are visible. Which gene do you think is mutated (i.e., missing) and which motility-related parts are still present in this mutant?
Q:
Explain the differences between uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.
Q:
Compare and contrast the chemical composition and structure of the cytoplasmic membranes found in Bacteria and Archaea. What is the advantage of the archaeal membranes in relationship to the types of environments many archaea inhabit?
Q:
Describe the makeup of the phospholipid bilayer. Include molecular orientation and proteins as well.
Q:
Why is energy required for nutrient transport? Give an example of a system that transports nutrients and describe what source of energy is used to move the nutrients into the cell.
Q:
Electron microscopes have less resolving power than light microscopes.
Q:
Macromolecules resulting from lysosomal digestion are used in cellular biosynthesis and energy generation.
Q:
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes, which supports the endosymbiosis hypothesis.
Q:
Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is a carbon- and energy-storing polymer.
Q:
Pathogenic bacteria that contain S-layers are protected against host defense mechanisms.
Q:
Photoreceptors are analogous to chemoreceptors in that they are both proteinaceous sensors.
Q:
Chemotaxis is a sensory response affecting the rotational direction of the flagellar motor.
Q:
In general, swimming is performed with flagella, whereas gliding uses other cellular components such as pili.
Q:
A bacterial cell is interpreted as gram-positive when it forms purple insoluble crystal violet-iodine complexes within the cell during the Gram stain.
Q:
Porins are channels in the outer membranes of gram-positive Bacteria.
Q:
Lysozyme is an enzyme that can ultimately lyse and kill eukaryotic cells by breaking β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan.
Q:
Despite the invariance of the peptidoglycan backbone's structure, there are more than 100 different types of peptidoglycan.
Q:
Teichoic acids are commonly found in gram-negative cell walls.
Q:
ATP-binding cassette transport systems have high substrate affinity and thus help microorganisms survive in low nutrient environments.
Q:
Both hydrophilic and charged molecules readily diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Q:
Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic reactions, while others are involved in membrane transport.
Q:
In general, lipids in archaeal cytoplasmic membranes lack true fatty acids.
Q:
Smaller prokaryotic cells generally grow faster than larger ones due to a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.
Q:
In general, most cell inclusions function as energy reserves or as a reservoir of structural building blocks.
Q:
Using bright-field microscopy to look at a slide prepared with a basic dye you observe cells under 400X magnification with a clear inner compartment within the cell. The cell is most likely a(n)
A) prokaryote.
B) bacterium.
C) archaeon.
D) eukaryote.
Q:
Which of the following types of microscopy could be used to visualize the layers of the cell membrane and the cell wall?
A) phase-contrast microscopy
B) transmission electron microscopy
C) bright-field microscopy
D) confocal microscopy
Q:
Which of the following types of microscopy can be used with live cells?
A) phase-contrast microscopy
B) transmission electron microscopy
C) bright-field microscopy
D) scanning electron microscopy
Q:
Some of the intestinal symptoms elicited by pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia are due to the presence of
A) pseudomurein.
B) S-layers.
C) lipopolysaccharides.
D) peptidoglycan.
Q:
The rigid layer that is present in the cell walls of Bacteria that is primarily responsible for the strength of the wall is known as
A) pseudomurein.
B) S-layer.
C) cellulose.
D) peptidoglycan.
Q:
Eukaryotes have ________ in their cytoplasmic membranes, which serve to strengthen and stabilize the membrane and make it less flexible. Many bacteria have similar molecules, known as ________, in their cytoplasmic membranes that have a similar role.
A) ether bonds / ester bonds
B) lipids / phospholipids
C) sterols / hopanoids
D) phospholipids / lipopolysaccharides
Q:
Type IV pili are involved in
A) attachment of cells to surfaces.
B) twitching motility.
C) pathogenesis.
D) attachment to surfaces, twitching motility, and pathogenesis.
Q:
The peptide interbridge crosslinking between peptidoglycan layers is found ONLY in the cell walls of
A) Archaea.
B) Eukarya.
C) gram-positive Bacteria.
D) gram-negative Bacteria.
Q:
Small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) protect DNA from ultraviolet light and are found in high numbers within
A) gram-positive Bacteria.
B) endospores.
C) inclusion bodies.
D) gram-negative Bacteria.
Q:
Based on the table of attributes given below, which of the following statements are FALSE about the two organisms?CharacteristicBacterium ABacterium BEndospore formationyesnoCapsulenoyesType IV piliyesnoFlagellanonoMorphologybacillusbacillusA) Bacterium A is more resistant to heat and ultraviolet light.B) Bacterium B likely forms a slime layer better than Bacterium A.C) Bacterium B is likely to exhibit motility.D) Both bacteria may attach to surfaces.
Q:
The energy source derived from the charge separation across the cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as
A) the proton motive force.
B) carbohydrate charging.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) the voltage source.
Q:
Where within a eukaryotic cell is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesized?
A) cytoplasm
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) nucleolus
Q:
The membrane-enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes in eukaryotic cells are called
A) cristae.
B) mitosomes.
C) lysosomes.
D) stromas.
Q:
The Golgi complex functions to
A) modify and secrete proteins to the external environment.
B) sort proteins used within the cell.
C) both modify and sort proteins into those destined for secretion and those that function in membrane structures.
D) synthesize proteins.
Q:
Membrane-enclosed organelles, such as nuclei, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and chloroplasts,
A) form specialized compartments within eukaryotic cells for specific functions to occur.
B) increase the structural complexity of eukaryotic cells.
C) help large eukaryotic cells overcome the limitations of diffusion imposed by their large cell size.
D) increase structural complexity, help eukaryotes overcome diffusion limitation due to their size, and form specialized environments for specific functions to occur.
Q:
Mitochondria and hydrogenosomes are similar in that they both
A) are the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells.
B) evolved via endosymbiosis of bacterial cells.
C) are the site of aerobic respiration.
D) evolved via endosymbiosis and are sites for aerobic respiration and energy production.
Q:
All eukaryotes contain
A) a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
B) mitochondria.
C) hydrogenosomes.
D) a nucleus, mitochondria, and hydrogenosomes.
Q:
Which is/are a function(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes?
A) It functions as a permeability barrier.
B) It is an anchor for many proteins involved in bioenergetic reactions and transport.
C) It is a major site of energy conservation.
D) It serves as a permeability barrier, a docking station for proteins involved in bioenergetics reactions and transport, and a site for energy conservation.
Q:
When does endospore formation commence?
A) when bacterial growth ceases due to limitation of an essential nutrient
B) when the bacterium is undergoing binary fission
C) when bacteria are dividing exponentially
D) following bacterial death
Q:
One of the many types of proteins found in the cytoplasmic membrane is involved in the chemotactic response and is called a
A) hydrolytic enzyme.
B) chemoreceptor.
C) binding protein.
D) porin.
Q:
Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains
A) pseudopeptidoglycans.
B) lipoteichoic acids.
C) poly-β-hydroxybutyric acids (PHB).
D) lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Q:
________ are charged molecules that are partially responsible for the ________ charge of the gram-positive bacterial cell surface.
A) Diaminopimelic acids / positive
B) Teichoic acids / negative
C) Phospholipids / negative
D) Peptide interbridges / neutral
Q:
The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is
A) the ABC transport system.
B) group translocation.
C) symport.
D) simple transport.
Q:
Electron microscopy has greater ________ than light microscopy, because the wavelengths of visible light are much larger than the wavelengths of electrons.
A) contrast
B) magnification
C) resolution
D) penetration
Q:
Aquaporins are
A) water transport proteins.
B) molecules that prevent water from crossing a membrane.
C) enzymes involved in the generation of water within cells.
D) cations bound to water molecules.
Q:
The lipids in the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacteria and ________ contain ester linkages, while the cytoplasmic membrane of ________ contain ether linkages.
A) Archaea / Eukarya
B) Archaea / fungi
C) Eukarya / prokaryotes
D) Eukarya / Archaea
Q:
What is the biological function of endospores?
A) They are bacterial reproductive structures.
B) They enable organisms to endure extremes of temperature, drying, and nutrient depletion.
C) They transport toxins.
D) Endospores can serve as reproductive structures, enable survival in harsh environments, and transport toxins.
Q:
The membrane of a gas vesicle is composed of
A) various phospholipids.
B) proteins.
C) carbohydrates.
D) both glycoproteins and phospholipids.
Q:
A major function of prokaryotic gas vesicles is to
A) confer buoyancy on cells by decreasing their density.
B) serve as a reservoir for oxygen and carbon dioxide.
C) keep the cell's organelles separated during flagellar motion.
D) store oxygen for aerobic growth when oxygen becomes depleted in the environment.
Q:
Cellular inclusions in prokaryotic cells serve to
A) store energy rich compounds.
B) protect DNA.
C) position cells in the appropriate environment for survival.
D) store energy rich compounds and position cells in the appropriate environment for survival.
Q:
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Fimbriae are generally shorter and more numerous than flagella.
B) Fimbriae enable cells to stick to surfaces.
C) Pili serve as receptors and facilitate genetic exchange between prokaryotic cells.
D) Fibriae are usually shorter than flagella and enable cells to adhere to surfaces, whereas pili are involved in genetic exchange.
Q:
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) A flagellar protein subunit is flagellin.
B) In flagellar motion, the basal body acts as a motor.
C) Flagellar rotation generates ATP.
D) The hook is the wider region at the base of the flagellum.
Q:
Using phase contrast microscopy on a wet mount of live cells, you observe motile bacilli moving rapidly and randomly through the field of view, changing directions after a brief tumble and taking off in a different direction. These cells are exhibiting ________ motility.
A) twitching
B) swimming
C) gliding
D) twitching or gliding
Q:
Hydrolytic enzymes function in the
A) initial degradation of nutrients.
B) transport of substrates within the cell.
C) chemotactic response, particularly in gram-negative Bacteria.
D) regeneration of the periplasm.