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Biology & Life Science
Q:
A pure culture
A) is sterile.
B) is a population of identical cells.
C) is made of a clearly defined chemical medium.
D) contains one microbial cell.
Q:
Predict how Pasteur's conclusions on spontaneous generation with swan flasks would have changed if he worked with and maintained the flasks in a sterile laminar flow hood.
A) Sterilization of the swan flask solutions would not have been necessary to reject spontaneous generation. If he did sterilize the flasks, the spontaneous generation hypothesis would have been supported.
B) His incubation times would not have been sufficient to refute spontaneous generation.
C) Pasteur's flasks never would have putrefied, and the experiment would not have refuted spontaneous generation.
D) Viruses would have still been present, and his conclusion would have been unchanged.
Q:
A Pasteur flask has a(n)
A) swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask.
B) double neck so two substances may be added at the same time.
C) secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage.
D) inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling.
Q:
The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of
A) Louis Pasteur.
B) Robert Koch.
C) Robert Hooke.
D) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT an accomplishment of Louis Pasteur?
A) determined that the alcohol-making process was mediated by microbial fermentation and thus refuted the theory of spontaneous generation
B) developed enrichment culture techniques
C) developed heat sterilization techniques that involved the creation of a specialized swan-necked flask
D) developed the first rabies vaccine and treated thousands of individuals
Q:
Microbes playing a role in nitrogen fixation in plants live in ________, while those playing a role in the digestive tract of certain herbivores live in ________.
A) rumens / nodules
B) nodules / rumens
C) nodules / fortrans
D) fortrans / rumens
Q:
Transparent double-sided dishes used for growing microbes are most commonly called
A) Petri dishes.
B) baker dishes.
C) sterilization plates.
D) culture medium plates.
Q:
Microbial sterilization is used to
A) decrease the possibility of contaminants growing in a culture.
B) kill bacteria but not necessarily viruses or other microbes.
C) kill all microbes in or on objects.
D) clean a work area.
Q:
The discovery of antibiotics and other important chemicals led to the field of
A) industrial microbiology.
B) agricultural microbiology.
C) marine microbiology.
D) aquatic microbiology.
Q:
Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine(s) for
A) anthrax.
B) fowl cholera.
C) rabies.
D) anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies.
Q:
Which statement is TRUE?
A) Populations are assemblages of microbial communities.
B) Microbial communities are assemblages of populations.
C) Habitats are assemblages of microbial communities.
D) Populations are assemblages of habitats.
Q:
Deduce why viruses are excluded from the ribosomal RNA-based tree of life.
A) Some viruses contain multiple strands of RNA.
B) Their genetic elements cannot be sequenced.
C) They can infect other organisms, which complicates the genetic comparisons.
D) They lack ribosomal RNA.
Q:
Which of the following is/are characteristic of ALL cellular organisms?
A) communication
B) evolution
C) motility
D) communication, evolution, and motility
Q:
Fannie Hesse is credited with giving ________ the idea to use agar as a solidifying agent.
A) Louis Pasteur
B) Ferdinand Cohn
C) Robert Koch
D) Sergei Winogradsky
Q:
The person who described the "wee animalcules" was
A) Robert Hooke.
B) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek.
C) Louis Pasteur.
D) Ferdinand Cohn.
Q:
Most prokaryotic cells reside
A) on Earth's surface.
B) in lakes, rivers, and oceans.
C) in and on nonprokaryotic organisms (including humans and other animals).
D) in the oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces.
Q:
Regarding early life on Earth,
A) microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life.
B) microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants.
C) microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time.
D) it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared.
Q:
Protein catalysts involved in the acceleration of the rate of chemical reactions are called
A) catalytic converters.
B) growth agents.
C) evolutionary molecules.
D) enzymes.
Q:
Determine which outcome is LEAST likely for a microorganism being motile.
A) avoidance of predation by bacteriovores
B) maintaining osmotic balance within a salt gradient
C) movement towards growth substrates
D) transfer of plasmids to progeny
Q:
In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented?
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukarya
D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Q:
Differential selection and reproduction of phenotypes occurs during a process called
A) cellular differentiation.
B) evolution.
C) growth.
D) transformation.
Q:
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from
A) microorganisms.
B) plants.
C) animals.
D) plants and animals together.
Q:
Applied microbiology deals with important practical problems in
A) medicine.
B) agriculture.
C) industry.
D) medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Q:
Basic microbiology can be used to
A) probe the fundamental processes of life.
B) study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms.
C) model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans.
D) probe the fundamental processes of life, study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms, and model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans.
Q:
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Microbial cells exist as single cells.
B) Microbial cells carry out their life processes of growth independently.
C) Microbial cells include both bacteria and viruses.
D) Microbial cells exclude the cells of plants and animals.
Q:
Discuss the advantages of obtaining foods grown locally versus globally.
Q:
What is meant by a person's "food footprint", and how is it determined?
Q:
Discuss the environmental impact of raising livestock.
Q:
Discuss the effects of water misuse in agricultural production.
Q:
Discuss how biodiversity is changing and how this affects food production.
Q:
List 3 ways the food industry could substantially reduce fossil fuel use and still remain sustainable.
Q:
Discuss the magnitude and impact of food waste.
Q:
What are the characteristics associated with acute and chronic malnutrition in children?
Q:
Compare and contrast the features of kwashiorkor and marasmus.
Q:
Discuss issues related to specific nutrient deficiencies in the developing world.
Q:
How does population growth contribute directly and indirectly to hunger?
Q:
Discuss the role of modern-day political crises as the primary cause of worldwide food shortages.
Q:
Explain how the provision of food to hungry poor people lowers their risk for obesity.
Q:
List and discuss the causes of hunger in the United States. What population groups are most vulnerable?
Q:
Define the subcategories of food security and food insecurity.
Q:
a. 1.4 k. Famine
b. 7 l. Methane
c. 8 m. Irrigation
d. 20 n. Dead zones
e. 25 o. Poverty
f. 85.5 p. Sustainable
g. 100 q. SNAP
h. 300 r. Food insecurity
i. 1500 s. Feeding America
j. Fossil t. ORT
1)Intermittent hunger caused by lack of money
2)The primary cause of hunger
3)USDA program aimed at preventing or remediating domestic malnutrition and hunger for the poor
4)Name of the largest national food recovery program
5)Approximate number, in billions, of people in the world
6)Extreme scarcity of food
7)How much more pesticides are used to produce a meat-based diet than a vegetarian diet
8)Treatment for diarrhea-related dehydration
9)Percentage of the world€s population with iron-deficiency anemia
10)Number of children, in millions, under age 5 with vitamin A deficiency
11)Percentage of the U.S. population classified as €food secure€
12)Coal is an example of this type of fuel
13)Produced in large quantities by cows
14)This source of water for crops increases the salinity of the soil
15)Oxygen-depleted areas of bodies of water in which marine life cannot survive
16)Number of pounds of grain needed to produce one pound of beef weight gain
17)Percentage of energy used in the U.S. that is consumed by the food industry
18)Number of barrels of oil, in millions, wasted as a result of food waste
19)Term that describes using resources at a replaceable rate with no net accumulation of pollution
20)Number of miles, on average, a food item is transported before it is eaten
Q:
____________________ is a paste made of local commodities such as peanut butter and powdered milk and fortified with vitamins and minerals and used to rehabilitate children with uncomplicated, severe acute malnutrition.
Q:
Severe malnutrition characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of body fat and muscle, and apathy is called ____________________.
Q:
Severe malnutrition characterized by failure to grow and develop, edema, changes in the pigmentation of hair and skin, fatty liver, anemia, and apathy is called ____________________
Q:
Malnutrition caused by recent severe food restriction; characterized in children by underweight for height (wasting) is called ____________________ malnutrition.
Q:
Of the world’s 7 billion people, ____________________ percent have no land and no possessions at all.
Q:
Neighborhoods and communities characterized by limited access to nutritious and affordable foods are known as ____________________.
Q:
In the United States, the largest federal food assistance program is ____________________.
Q:
Individuals who have access to enough food to sustain a healthy and active life with one or two indications of food-access problems but with little or no change in food intake have ____________________.
Q:
Individuals who have limited or uncertain access to foods of sufficient quality or quantity to sustain a healthy and activelife with reduced quality of life with little or no indication of reduced food intake have ____________________.
Q:
Collecting crops from fields that either have already been harvested or are not profitable to harvest is called ____________________.
Q:
On average, how many miles is a food item transported before a consumer eats it? a. 25 b. 100 c. 750 d. 1500 e. 3000
Q:
How much more grain is consumed by livestock than by people? a. Twice as much b. Three times as much c. Five times as much d. Ten times as much e. Twenty times as much
Q:
Compared to vegetarian diets, meat based diets use ____ times as much water. a. 1.9 b. 2.9 c. 3.9 d. 4.9 e. 5.9
Q:
Compared to vegetarian diets, meat based diets use ____ times as much energy. a. 1.5 b. 2.0 c. 2.5 d. 3.0 e. 3.5
Q:
What is the nutritional advantage of eating range-fed buffalo? a. The iron content is higher. b. The nutrients are more stable and less prone to oxidation. c. The fat content includes more omega-3 fatty acids. d. There is a greater variety of phytonutrients, especially those that reduce risk of heart disease and cancer. e. Range-fed buffalo has lower levels of polyunsaturated fats.
Q:
About how many kcalories of fuel are used to produce 1 kcalories of grains? a. <1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 10 e. 15
Q:
What term describes agricultural practices that are designed to minimize use of energy and chemicals? a. Integrated production b. Progressive agriculture c. Sustainable agriculture d. Resource management production e. Balanced farming
Q:
Which of the following is a major contributor to the world's supply of food energy?
a. Barley
b. Maize
c. Rye
d. Sorghum
e. Adzuki beans
Q:
Approximately what percentage of all energy use in the U.S. is devoted to the food industry? a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 e. 40
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of aquaculture?
a. All farmed fish must be fed to sustain the practice.
b. It provides about 10% of the world’s fish for consumption.
c. It is successful in freshwater lakes but not in ocean waters.
d. Currently available technologies cannot yet make it sustainable.
e. It provides nearly all of the world’s shellfish for consumption.
Q:
What is aquaculture? a. A seaweed growth system b. The practice of fish farming c. Replenishment of fish in the wild d. The raising of plants in a water environment e. Raising food crops in fluid rather than soil
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of farm irrigation? a. It makes the soil more porous. b. It helps preserve the water supply. c. It contributes to soil preservation. d. It increases the salt content in the soil. e. It raises water tables.
Q:
A sharp rise in the rates of hunger and malnutrition, usually set off by a shock to either the supply of, or demand for, food and a sudden spike in food prices is called a a. food crisis. b. famine. c. food inflation. d. food imbalance. e. cost imbalance.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of common agricultural practices in the developed world?
a. They promote protection of soil and water.
b. They frequently lead to higher crop prices.
c. They are designed to benefit mostly small family farms.
d. They tend to support the use of pesticides and fertilizers.
e. They emphasize "green" practices.
Q:
Which of the following is among the ingredients of a common oral rehydration formula? a. Iron b. Sugar c. Milk d. Zinc e. Powdered peanuts
Q:
The famine in Somalia has left ____ children under the age of 5 dead. a. 10,000 b. 20,000 c. 30,000 d. 40,000 e. 50,000
Q:
What percentage of the world’s children under the age of 5 have low weight for their height?
a. 5
b. 10
c. 15
d. 20
e. 25
Q:
What percentage of the world€s children under the age of 5 have short stature for their age? a. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. 20 e. 25
Q:
What is RUTF? a. An advanced stage of kwashiorkor b. An advanced stage of protein-energy malnutrition c. A paste of peanut butter and powdered milk plus micronutrients d. A sustainable agricultural practice that integrates farm-raised animals with aquaculture e. A fluid used to restore electrolytes in children with diarrhea
Q:
Which of the following is a characteristic of marasmus in children? a. It leads to inability to maintain body temperature. b. It promotes hyperactivity and excessive crying for food. c. It impairs brain development mainly from ages 2-5 years old. d. It leads to severe edema of the abdomen but insufficient water retention by the brain. e. It is rare even in very impoverished nations due to UN programs combating hunger.
Q:
What type of diet is advised to rehabilitate a severely malnourished child? a. RUTF b. Large amounts of the local diet c. Liberal quantities of lactose-free powdered milk until growth rate is restored d. High energy until normal body mass index is achieved, then moderate energy thereafter e. BRAT
Q:
Which of the following is true of RUTF? a. It restores fluids. b. It is powdered and must be rehydrated for use. c. It is administered IV. d. It is a paste made from local commodities. e. Children dislike the taste and often must be forced to eat it.
Q:
Which of the following is a feature of kwashiorkor?
a. It makes the child appear grossly dehydrated.
b. It usually occurs prior to the onset of marasmus.
c. It is usually found in communities where marasmus is present.
d. Children typically have a grossly swollen belly.
e. Children have a "skin and bones" appearance.
Q:
What is the most likely explanation for the fatty liver that develops from protein deficiency? a. Increased uptake of circulating fats b. Increased absorption of dietary fats c. Inability of adipose tissue to remove circulating fats d. Inability of the liver to synthesize lipoproteins for fat export e. Paradoxical storage of fats
Q:
In kwashiorkor, what mineral is often present in an unbound form that promotes bacterial growth? a. Iron b. Iodine c. Arsenic d. Calcium e. Sodium
Q:
In kwashiorkor, the loss of hair color is indirectly related to
a. lack of tyrosine.
b. elevated levels of blood homocysteine.
c. excessive exposure to the sun’s UV rays.
d. being nursed by a poorly-nourished mother.
e. increased blood lead levels.
Q:
The word "marasmus"means
a. terribly thin.
b. without muscle.
c. dying away.
d. empty stomach.
e. lacking food.
Q:
What term describes the malnutrition syndrome a child develops when the next child is born and the first child no longer receives breast milk? a. Marasmus b. Kwashiorkor c. Psychomalnutrition d. Postbirth malnutrition e. Sibling-associated anorexia
Q:
At the end of your class presentation on "Acute Malnutrition", a student asks you to clarify how the rapid onset of malnutrition occurs in kwashiorkor. How should you respond?
a. It is the result of an inborn error of metabolism.
b. It is usually synchronized with the drought season in each respective country.
c. It is typically seen in patients who are 2-5 years old due to the sudden change in diet arising from their dislike for breast milk as they grow older.
d. It is typically seen in patients after weaning due to the sudden change in diet arising from their being weaned from breast milk after the birth of a sibling.
e. It occurs when the family's finances are no longer able to afford food for all family members.